1. treaty of shimonoseki (also known as the Spring Sail Tower Treaty) ** 1 1, with "another agreement" and "negotiation terms" attached. The main contents of the treaty are:
(1) The Qing government withdrew its troops from the Korean peninsula and recognized North Korea's "independence";
(2) The Qing government is no longer the suzerain of North Korea;
(3) The Qing government ceded Taiwan Province Island and all its affiliated islands, Penghu Islands and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan;
(4) The Qing government compensated Japan for 200 million taels of military expenditure;
(5) The Qing government opened Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports;
(6) Allow Japanese to set up consulates and factories at trading ports and import various machines;
(7) Mutual most-favoured-nation treatment.
The third Liaodong Peninsula was given to Japan. Results Six days after the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, the Russian Empire intervened with France and Germany because Japan occupied Liaodong Peninsula and prevented it from expanding its power to the northeast of China. As a result, on May 4th of the same year, Japan announced that it would give up Liaodong Peninsula, but it wanted China to "redeem" it with 30 million taels of silver. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan blackmailed China for 232 million taels of silver.
However, the triple interference is still an unexpected trouble for Japan, which shattered Japan's attempt to occupy Manchuria (Northeast China) by winning the Sino-Japanese War, and also strengthened Russia's influence in the Far East, thus curbing Japan's expansion in North Korea. In order to realize the second step (annexing Korea) and the third step (marching into Manchuria) of Japan's "mainland policy", Japan reorganized its army to prepare for war and launched the Russo-Japanese War in China. There is no justice in this war. Two countries are at war on the land of another country! What a pity! Why is it like two people fighting in your house and smashing your house to pieces, and finally they are still studying how to divide your things!
2. Russo-Japanese War (English: Rilu War, Japanese: Russian:-) refers to the war between imperialist powers on the land of northeast China from 1904 to 1905 for the control of Liaodong Peninsula and Korean Peninsula in China. Ended in the failure of the Russian empire. In the later period of the Russo-Japanese War, the ruling group headed by Nicholas II in Russia completely lost hope of winning the war, and used the victory of the war to stifle the revolution. In view of the huge consumption of manpower and material resources, Japan also believes that it is unfavorable to continue fighting. After ten meetings, with the help of the United States and other countries, Russia was forced to sign a peace treaty with Japan in Portsmouth on September 5, 1905. The plenipotentiary of Russia is Count Sergei Witt (Russian:), and the plenipotentiary of Japan is Foreign Minister Hisataro Komura (Japanese:).
Article 15 of the main text of the Treaty has two annexes, mainly including:
Russia recognizes Japan's right to "guide, protect and supervise" North Korea politically, militarily and economically. Russia "should not prevent interference" in what Japan considers necessary.
"The Russian government, with the consent of the China government, transferred all the rights and public property of the Lvda concession that Russia seized from China to Japan.
The Russian government transferred the Middle East railway branch line from Changchun (Kuanchengzi) to Lushun and all its rights and property including coal mines to Japan. Japan and Russia can station fifteen railway guards every kilometer along the railway they occupy.
Russia announced the cancellation of all rights and interests that violate equal opportunities in northeast China.
Russia extends to Sakhalin Island (from the Sea of Okhotsk in the east and Gong Jian Strait in the west) south of 50 degrees north latitude, with a total length of 130 km. East Sea of Okhotsk: 50 degrees 0 minutes 0 seconds north latitude, 0/43 degrees 59 minutes 24 seconds east longitude; The sovereignty of the westernmost Miyako Strait: 50 degrees 0 minutes 0 seconds north latitude, east longitude 142 degrees 9 minutes 16.25 seconds) and all the islands nearby, as well as all the public buildings and properties there, will be ceded to Japan forever.
After the signing of the contract between Japan and Russia, Japan forced the Qing government to recognize the provisions concerning China in the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, obtained the right to operate the An (East) Feng (Tian) Road, built the railway from Changchun to Jilin, cut down trees on the right bank of the Yalu River, and opened 16 commercial ports in the three eastern provinces.
Since then, the northeast of China has become the sphere of influence of Japan and Russia, from the dominance of one country to the situation that the two countries are divided into the north and the south. Japan once again tightened its control over North Korea, and by 19 10 (the second year of Xuantong), it completely annexed North Korea (called Japan-Korea alliance).
In the Russo-Japanese War, there were 270,000 Russian casualties (including more than 50,000 killed in battle) and 270,000 Japanese casualties (including 86,000 killed in battle). Russia's fiasco in the Russo-Japanese War declared the failure of Russia's Far East policy, greatly weakened Russia's strength and accelerated the arrival of the Russian revolution.
In the past, Changchun and Kuanchengzi were used together. Changchun was Kuanchengzi, and Kuanchengzi was also Changchun. 1905, the Russo-Japanese War ended in Russia's defeat. The Plymouth Treaty signed by Japan and Russia in Britain has a core content, which is to transfer the section south of Changchun of the Russian Middle East Railway and its affiliated rights and interests to Japan, the victorious country, for free. When referring to the demarcation of the Middle East railway between the two countries, the details are as follows: Kuanchengzi (Changchun) is the border, and Kuanchengzi is the Russian sphere of influence (commonly known as the Beiman Railway). Even today, Kuanchengzi, the time-honored brand of Changchun, is often mentioned. Today, Changchun still retains Kuancheng District; So, how did the place name Kuanchengzi come from?
Long before the Qing government established Changchun Hall, there were many villages and settlements on both sides of Yitong River, and Kuanchengzi is the largest of these settlements, and its specific location is in Nanguan District today. Take a look at the map at that time; This is the location and scope of Kuanchengzi.
The old map of that year
Changchun city developed from this place. Main Street, Toudao Street, Erdao Street, Mishima Street and Sidao Street are all old streets of more than 100 years, worthy of the name.
Kuanchengzi has been controversial in the history of Changchun. The focus of the debate is whether it is the ruins of the ancient city. The debate comes from the "Rule of the Qing Dynasty" rebuilt during Jiaqing period. There is a sentence: "Kuanchengzi is 50 miles north of Changchun, and there is no test for setting up a waste year." Later, the revised Annals of Changchun County followed this theory, and further explained that because of the irregular shape of the city wall, it was called Kuanchengzi. Generally, the city wall is long from north to south and short from east to west, which is a vertical rectangle; Kuanchengzi, on the other hand, is a horizontally placed rectangle, which looks wider, so it is called Kuancheng. Accordingly, people think that Kuanchengzi is an ancient city, and Changchun developed on the ruins of the ancient city. In fact, there is no evidence of this in historical materials and underground archaeology. Practically speaking, Kuanchengzi was a village that existed before Changchun Guild Hall appeared. It was gradually formed after the Han people came to reclaim land. It may also be the largest village in Changchun Hall. Due to the convenient waterway transportation, it has gradually developed into a central market town. So, when was Kuanchengzi formed? According to the record in Nong 'an County Records that "Gao's father fled from Shandong to Kuanchengzi in the last years of Yongzheng", it can be seen that Kuanchengzi formed a market town at least before the last years of Yongzheng, that is, 1735, because Gao's father came here to open a shop for business.
1825, Changchun hall government moved from Xinli North to Kuanchengzi, and the political center and economic center merged into one. Kuanchengzi became more famous, especially those businessmen who used the name Kuanchengzi for a long time to communicate with the outside world. Kuanchengzi has become a business card in communication and a symbol of Changchun. In order to facilitate communication, people have always called it Kuanchengzi. In contrast, for example, in Hebei and Shandong, they are in contact.
At 1865, the city wall and several dirt roads were built here. The first block in Changchun has taken shape. At that time, the area was about 5 square kilometers. This is the first block in Changchun, collectively known as Changchun City.
1865 Changchun City Gate
1899, Middle East Railway was built in Changchun, which is a subsidiary of Russian Middle East Railway and the first railway station in Changchun, located in today's locomotive factory.
1899 completed kuanchengzi station
Russians think Kuanchengzi is very famous, and the railway station is on the north side of Kuanchengzi, so they named their own railway station after Kuanchengzi. The bell of the train not only brought the goods in Changchun to a distant place, but also made Kuanchengzi more famous. Therefore, in a certain stage of historical materials, Kuanchengzi appeared much more frequently than Changchun, even after the Russo-Japanese War on 1905, when the two countries signed the Portsmouth Treaty, it was still in it.
This is Kuanchengzi Railway Station rebuilt during the Puppet Manchuria period.
Because Kuanchengzi is very famous, it is said that Kuanchengzi has moved. For example, during the Puppet Manchukuo period, Kuanchengzi District Office was established in the name of Kuanchengzi in the north of Mengjiaqiao, and then Kuanchengzi District moved from Tiebei to Mengjiaqiao. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang era and the early liberation, the name of Kuanchengzi District has been used here, which is also the source of the name of Kuancheng District.
Place names are relatively stable elements in the process of historical development. Of course, there are many changes. However, the place names in China are relatively stable except for some ethnic minority areas that have changed greatly due to translation and other reasons. So some people say that place names are living fossils of history. I think place names are not only historical fossils, but also an impulse to find individual life. (Excerpted from the blog of Gobi quicksand) Thanks to the blogger! It is a node to understand the history of Northeast China! !