What dynasty is the bronze mirror with a diameter of 5 cm?

Bronze mirror is a mirror made of copper in ancient times. Bronze mirror, also known as bronze mirror. Mr. Zhou, a member of China Collectors Association, recorded in "Wuling Treasures": In ancient times, people looked at each other with water. After the invention of bronzes, they took photos with copper pots filled with water. In the pre-Qin works such as Shangshu, Guoyu and Zhuangzi, it is mentioned that the ancients thought water. Shuo Wen Jie Zi Bu interprets the sword as a basin, so Mr. Zhou, a member of China Collectors Association, can say that the basin (sword) filled with water is the earliest mirror. With the appearance of alloying technology, the history of making bronze mirrors with copper and tin or silver and lead began. Bronze mirrors are generally made into a round or square shape, with inscriptions and patterns cast on the back and buttons for threading, and the front is polished with lead and tin to make it clear. A small bronze mirror with a history of more than 4,000 years, unearthed from the tombs of Qijia culture, is relatively primitive in shape and decoration, and should be the earliest known bronze mirror in archaeological data. Bronze mirrors in Shang Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period were found sporadically, and they became popular in the Warring States Period, and the output increased greatly. In the Han Dynasty, due to the large demand of daily life and the rapid economic prosperity after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the production of bronze mirrors made a qualitative leap. The bronze mirror has excellent technology, thick texture and rich inscriptions on the back of the mirror. After two development peaks in the Tang and Song Dynasties, to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the birth of modern glass, bronze mirrors gradually faded out of the historical stage. [1] In ancient times, bronze mirrors were closely related to people's daily lives and were indispensable daily necessities. Bronze mirrors are exquisite handicrafts. It is well-made, beautifully shaped, with gorgeous patterns and rich inscriptions, and is a treasure in the ancient cultural heritage of China. The ancient mirror means big basin, which is called prison. Shuowen said: "The prison can take the water of the bright moon, so it is a mirror because it can go smoothly." At the beginning of the Three Dynasties, the prison was made of tile, so there was no gold beside the word prison in ancient times. In the early years of Shang dynasty, bronze swords were cast, and later the characters of the swords also had gold characters. In Shang and Zhou dynasties, although there were bronze mirrors, tile mirrors were still popular. It was not until the Qin Dynasty that bronze mirrors were cast. Because mirrors were better than mirrors in many aspects, water was no longer used as mirrors after the Qin Dynasty. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, mirrors were used more widely and made better. Its materials include gold, silver, copper, iron and so on. , with copper as the most, gold-plated silver, gold and silver on the back, or inlaid with gold and silver wires. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been various patterns with handles and squares. It was not until the late Ming Dynasty that glass was used as a mirror. After Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, glass became popular among the people. Until the early years of the Republic of China, a few remote areas still used copper as a mirror. Qin and Wei Dynasties are the oldest mirrors, but what has been handed down from Qin Jing to today is unearthed, and what has been handed down from generation to generation is gone. Because in ancient times, the dead used mirrors to give to the dead, that is, they were buried with mirrors to take the meaning of ghosts, and the times followed and became a trend. Therefore, most famous ancient mirrors were buried. However, the bronze of the ancient mirror is still good, and it will not lose its beautiful texture after being buried for many years. Therefore, after thousands of years, you can still see the great tools of the ancients. Although a large number of casting mirrors began in the Qin Dynasty. But the real Qin Jing is actually hard to get. Because the Qin dynasty was short in time, its products were limited, and the martyrdom was not better than that of later generations, most of the oldest mirrors obtained now were products of the Han dynasty. Mirrors in the Han dynasty were beautifully made, and many of them were inlaid with jewels. Most of the inscriptions are twelve Chen, which is probably a sign of self-encouragement. There are many imperial mirrors on the square, so the unearthed ancient mirrors are brightly painted, with bright patterns, even and flawless strokes and criss-crossing. Bronze mirrors in the Han dynasty all have inscriptions, which are auspicious statements, such as prosperity of the family, suitability of children and grandchildren, great wealth, great luck and so on. The names of mirrors are Sun Moon Mirror, Twelve Birthday Mirror, Fangshang Imperial Mirror, Exorcism Mirror, Immortal Mirror, God Man Mirror, Appropriate Official Mirror and so on. Probably with the inscription or name given by the author. Only when there was a transparent mirror in the Tang Dynasty, when facing the sun or lights, the words on the back of the mirror could be clearly mapped on the wall. Throughout the development history of ancient bronze mirrors in China, since the bronze mirrors appeared in China 4,000 years ago, the bronze mirrors in each period have reflected its early stage (Qijia culture and Shang and Zhou bronze mirrors), its popularization stage (bronze mirrors in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period), its heyday (bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty), its middle decline stage (bronze mirrors in the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties), its prosperity stage (bronze mirrors in the Sui and Tang Dynasties) and its decline stage (bronze mirrors in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries). Judging from its popularity, casting technology, artistic style and achievements, the Warring States, Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty are the three most important development periods. The origin of bronze mirrors The bronze mirrors in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were all round. The mirror surface is nearly flat or slightly convex, the mirror body is thin, and there is an arched bow (or bridge-shaped) button in the center of the back. The bronze mirror of the Western Zhou Dynasty is also round, with a straight or slightly convex body and a thin body. There are many kinds of mirror buckles, such as bow, semi-ring, rectangle and so on. It can also be divided into three categories: plain mirror, heavy ring mirror and bird and beast mirror. At this time, the mirror is mainly plain, and the bronze mirror with patterns appeared in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the later period, the pattern on the back of the mirror changed, and animal patterns appeared, breaking the traditional style. Plain mirror: refers to a mirror with no decorative pattern on the back. Heavy ring mirror: the mirror surface is slightly convex, with bow buttons on the back and heavy ring patterns. Bird and beast mirror: the mirror body is straight, and there are two parallel bow buttons on the back. The top of the button is deer pattern and the bottom is winged bird pattern. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the mature and great development period in the history of the development of ancient bronze mirrors in China, and the transitional stage of ancient bronze mirrors in China from naivety to maturity. It is also an important period for the bronze mirror casting center to shift from north to south. Bronze mirrors in Han Dynasty [2] Bronze mirrors in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period developed by leaps and bounds on the basis of three generations (Xia, Shang and Zhou). Both the casting process of bronze mirrors and the number of castings have greatly exceeded before. In Qijia culture and Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze mirrors were mostly plain without ornamentation, and those with ornamentation were mainly geometric patterns. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the decorative patterns had reached 15, and various special decorative arts appeared, such as red ink painting patterns, gold and silver staggered patterns, and aerial carvings. The early crude bronze mirrors, created and decorated during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, have reached a beautiful state. The styles of bronze mirrors in the Spring and Autumn Period not only inherited the tradition of bronze mirrors in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but also were diversified. For example, the mirrors were mainly plain mirrors, and the button system was not finalized. At the same time, there have been many important developments in bronze mirrors in the Spring and Autumn Period. It broke the circular format of bronze mirror and appeared a square mirror; In addition, the early bronze mirror patterns were only outlined with positive lines, and the composition was simple, with intricate patterns cast. Judging from the performance of decorative patterns, bronze mirrors in the Spring and Autumn Period have caught up with the development of bronzes, and decorative patterns have more characteristics of the times. This laid the foundation for the great development of bronze mirrors in the Warring States period. Mid-late Spring and Autumn Period to early Warring States Period. The mirror types that appeared and became popular in this period are: plain mirror (all-plain mirror, single-ring mirror and double-ring convex-chord mirror), pure ground mirror (few square mirrors with ground patterns but no inscriptions), mosaic mirror, four-mountain mirror and multi-button mirror. Mirrors are mostly round and square. Generally, the material of the mirror body is thin and has many edges. The whole modeling rules give people a light and elegant feeling. The mirror button is mainly an arch button, but the top of the button is decorated with 1 to three convex strings, so it is also called "chord button". There is no pattern on the back of the mirror, except in the early stage. The decorative pattern is slender and has many ground patterns. In the mid-Warring States period, there were many kinds of bronze mirrors. The decorative patterns of bronze mirrors have also changed. For example, the leaf mirror in the flower leaf mirror has changed from simple three leaves and four leaves to eight leaves, as well as Yun Leiwen petal mirror and mosaic mirror. The mountain characters of the Four Mountains Mirror are thinned from short to thin, and there are petal patterns, long leaf patterns and rope patterns between the mountain characters, which are quite complicated. There are also five mountain mirrors and six mountain mirrors. At this time, there are diamond mirrors, animal mirrors, flat mirrors, arc mirrors, gold and silver staggered mirrors, painted mirrors and so on. From the late Warring States to the Qin Dynasty, there were no four-leaf flat mirrors, flat mirrors and three-layer cloud-thunder flat mirrors. In addition to the Warring States mirror, the most popular bronze mirrors in Han Dynasty are Pan Guo mirror, Pan Qiu mirror, Cao Zhang mirror, walking cloud mirror, Lei Yun continuous arc mirror, bird and beast mirror, rearranged animal mirror, continuous arc inscription mirror, reunited inscription mirror, four rows of animal mirrors, multiple rows of animal mirrors and deformed four-leaf mirror. Han Dynasty is an important period for the development of bronze mirrors in China. Han mirrors are unearthed in the largest number and have a wide range of uses. Han mirrors are not only more in number than those in the Warring States period, but also have made great progress in production form and artistic expression. Judging from its development trend, it can be divided into three stages, and the important changes appeared in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the period of Wang Mang at the end of Western Han Dynasty and the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. The early Western Han Dynasty was a period in which the mirror of Warring States and the mirror of Han Dynasty alternated. It was not until the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, around the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that some new mirrors became popular. These new mirrors have played a connecting role in the development of bronze mirrors in later generations. According to the data of bronze mirrors unearthed in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the following types of bronze mirrors were popular in this period: animal mirrors: rearranged animal mirrors, surrounded animal mirrors, painted animal mirrors with Buddha. Deformable four-leaf mirror: Deformable four-leaf driving phoenix mirror, Deformable four-leaf Buddha-bird-phoenix mirror, Deformable four-leaf beast head mirror, double rhombic mirror and auspicious beast mirror. At this time, Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku, Xuanwu and God beast are combined into a decorative theme. At this time, the inscription is difficult to identify because of the text. Although some mirrors with inscriptions were found, they were rarely clearly identified. Wu Jingzhong found the most inscriptions on the year number, including the year number of Sun Wu, such as Huanglong One Bird, Jianxing, Wufeng, Taiping, Shuian, Ganlu and Fenghuang. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were not many new mirror types, mainly following the Han mirror style. At this time, there are not many types of bronze mirrors, and the types are concentrated and there are few innovations. At this time, the mirror of the god beast spread the most widely. Among the deformable four-leaf mirrors, the deformable four-leaf mirror and the eight-phoenix mirror are the majority. Judging from the development history of bronze mirrors, this period is in a period of stagnation and decline. The Tang Dynasty of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties is another new historical period in the history of the development of bronze mirrors in China. Compared with the previous generation, the bronze mirrors of Sui and Tang Dynasties have made new progress. Adding tin to copper alloy makes the bronze mirror appear silver, which is both beautiful and applicable. In the shape of the bronze mirror, besides continuing to use the round and square of the previous generation, it also created a diamond-shaped and thicker grape mirror for birds and animals. And apply auspicious and happy pictures reflecting people's life and pursuit of ideals to the mirror, such as the moon palace, immortals, mountains and rivers and so on. And there are gold and silver mirrors and mother-of-pearl mirrors with novel themes, gorgeous patterns and exquisite details. This is the product of high artistic level in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which fully shows the characteristics of the tang dynasty bronze mirror. The development of bronze mirrors in Sui and Tang Dynasties went through three stages. During the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the theme decoration of bronze mirrors was mainly auspicious animals, which was popular and was an important type in the development of Sui and Tang Dynasties. It not only inherits the tradition of ancient bronze mirrors in China, but also has new innovations. Ruishou Grape Mirror is an eye-catching mirror in the Tang Dynasty, which started the theme decoration of the mirror in the Tang Dynasty. From Tang Gaozong to Tang Dezong, new forms, new themes and new styles appeared in bronze mirror decoration, which made bronze mirrors enter moderns. From Tang Dezong to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, bird mirrors, flower mirrors and panlong mirrors were popular. A major feature of the Tang Dynasty mirrors is the diversity of artistic styles or techniques. Bronze mirror art also presents a strong "prosperous Tang Dynasty" atmosphere. Before the Tang Dynasty, the bronze mirrors of Song, Liao, Jin and China were mainly round, and rarely square. After the Song Dynasty, in addition to inheriting the past round mirror, square mirror, sunflower mirror and rhombic mirror, sunflower mirror and rhombic mirror are the most common. Their edges are different from those of the Tang Dynasty, and some of them are straight, forming a hexagonal mirror. In addition, there are mirrors with handles, rectangles, chicken hearts, shields, bell-shaped ding and other styles. There are many bronze mirrors with flowers, birds and animals, mountains and rivers, small bridges and flowing water, terraced fields and people's stories as decorative themes, as well as plain mirrors and narrow button mirrors without decorative patterns, all of which have a strong flavor of life. In addition, there are some immortals, character story mirrors and gossip mirrors. Judging from the bronze mirrors of the Jin Dynasty unearthed from archaeological excavations in recent decades, their main body and ornamentation are also very rich. Although many of them are bronze mirrors imitating Han, Tang and Song dynasties, there are also some unique patterns. Common ones are double front mirrors, historical story mirrors, panlong mirrors, Rui beast mirrors and Ruihua mirrors. The decorative patterns of bronze mirrors in the Jin Dynasty, one is to imitate the decorative patterns of bronze mirrors in the Han and Tang Dynasties; The second is to absorb the former model and create some new models. Pisces mirror and character story mirror are more common, especially Pisces mirror and boy climbing mirror. Most of the bronze mirrors in the Yuan Dynasty were hexagonal flowers or sunflower shapes, but the ornamentation gradually became rough. At this time, the bronze mirrors include peony bound mirror, fairy mirror, character story mirror, Shuanglong mirror, inscription mirror of "Shoushan Fuhai", plain mirror and four-year dragon mirror. In the Ming Dynasty, there were the Dragon Mirror in Hongwu period and the inscription mirror in Daming Xuande period, and the Dashun Three-year Mirror (inscription) created by Li Zicheng, the leader of the uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty, bronze mirrors were gradually replaced by glass mirrors. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the production of bronze mirrors went from bad to worse. In addition to the traditional styles, Pisces, Shuanglong and character stories, such as Liu Yi's biography, are relatively novel styles. But at this time, the bronze mirror was roughly made, with only the inscription of the year and no ornamentation. During this period, especially in the Ming Dynasty, imitation of Han mirrors and imitation of Tang mirrors were very popular. Bronze-like mirrors are mostly Liubo mirrors in Han Dynasty and Ruishou grape mirrors in Tang Dynasty. Generally speaking, the imitation bronze mirror is small in size, and the decorative pattern is vague, losing its former elegance.