Ability is a necessary condition for carrying out activities, which affects and determines the efficiency of individual activities.
Temperament refers to the dynamic characteristics of psychological activities, including the speed, intensity, persistence and directionality of psychological activities. It is determined by the individual's physiology and nervous structure, and it is congenital.
Personality is the psychological characteristic of behavior, which is formed and changed in the social environment.
Question 2: What are the basic characteristics of psychology? Psychology is a science that studies the occurrence, development and laws of human psychological phenomena or activities. We elaborate from two aspects: psychological process and personality psychology.
(A), the psychological process
It includes three aspects: cognitive process, emotional process and will process. Among them, cognitive process is a basic psychological process, and emotion and will are produced on the basis of cognition.
1 cognitive process
This refers to people's psychological phenomenon in the process of understanding objective things in order to find out the essence and laws of objective things. Psychological activities such as feeling, perception, memory, imagination and thinking are collectively called cognitive processes in psychology.
2 emotional process
This refers to people's experience or feeling of an attitude towards objective things in the process of understanding them. Psychological activities such as pleasure, satisfaction, love, disgust, satisfaction and regret are collectively called emotional processes in psychology.
3 put the process
This refers to the process that people consciously overcome internal obstacles and external difficulties and persist in achieving their goals with the support of cognition and the promotion of emotion.
Cognition, emotion and will all have their own development processes, but they are not independent of each other. The process of emotion and will contains the elements of cognition, which are derived from the process of cognition; Emotion and will affect the cognitive process, which are different aspects of unified psychological activities. As a part of the research object of psychology, the process of cognition, emotion and will is collectively called psychological process.
(B), personality psychology
Personality psychology is a stable psychological phenomenon that every individual has. It promotes personality tendency and personality psychological characteristics.
1. Personality tendency
Personality tendency is an internal dynamic system that determines the attitude and behavior of individuals towards things, and it is a psychological component with certain dynamics and stability. Personality tendency is an important part of personality psychology and plays a leading and controlling role in related psychological activities.
2. Personality and psychological characteristics
Personality psychological characteristics are essential and stable psychological characteristics that individuals often show. It mainly includes ability, temperament and personality, with personality as the core.
Basic principles of psychological research
1. Principle of objectivity
The so-called objectivity principle is the principle that any psychological phenomenon must be studied and investigated according to its original appearance without any subjective will. Although human psychology is an activity in the mind, it is a reflection of objective reality. All psychological activities are caused by internal and external factors, and are manifested in people's external activities through a series of physiological changes. Studying people's psychology is to study from these activities that can be observed and checked. No matter how complicated people's psychological activities are, what illusions and disguises they make will be manifested in their actions or reflected in their internal neurophysiological processes. Therefore, in the study of psychology, we should avoid subjective speculation and simple introspection, and explore the law of human psychological activities according to objective facts.
2. The principle of contact
People live in an extremely complicated natural and social environment, and the emergence of human first psychological phenomenon is influenced and restricted by many natural and social factors. Under different time, environment and subjective conditions, people's reactions to some kind of * * * are often different. Therefore, in the research and experiment of a certain psychological phenomenon, we should strictly control the conditions. We should not only consider the influence of other related factors, but also explore the real laws of psychological activities in contact and relationship.
3. Development principle
Everything in the world is moving, changing and developing. The same is true of psychological phenomena. This requires that psychological research should also reveal the law of psychological occurrence and development from different aspects such as psychological prehistoric development, consciousness development, individual psychological development and changes in environment and educational conditions.
4. Educational principles
Studying students' psychology is to better educate students, not to study for research's sake. Therefore, the research in this area should not only consider the educational significance in the topic selection, so that the results will help improve the quality of education and teaching, but also consider the good educational impact on students in the design and actual process of the research plan, and do nothing that will harm the healthy development of students' body and mind. This truth is easy to understand, but it is often ignored by researchers, so researchers should always keep the consciousness of "being an educator" and coordinate the task of promoting students' growth with the research task.
5. The principle of analysis and synthesis
It is the depth of any science to break down complex things into simple components and combine all parts into a unified whole ... >; & gt
Question 3: What are the main characteristics of personality? The main characteristics of personality are:
1, uniqueness
A person's character is formed under the interaction of heredity, environment, education and other factors. Different genetic, survival and educational environments have formed their own unique psychological points. People don't have exactly the same personality characteristics. The so-called "different people have different faces" is the uniqueness of personality. However, the uniqueness of personality does not mean that there are no similarities between people. There are both biological and social factors in the formation and development of personality. Personality, as an integral feature of a person, includes not only different psychological characteristics of each person from others, but also the same psychological and appearance aspects between people. For example, people of every nationality, class and group have their common psychological characteristics. Personality is the unity of generality and difference, and the unity of biology and sociality.
2. Stability
Have a stable personality. The psychological tendency and characteristics that an individual occasionally shows in his behavior cannot represent his personality. As the saying goes, "a leopard cannot change his spots", and "temperament" here refers to character. Of course, emphasizing the stability of personality does not mean that it is unchangeable in a person's life. With the maturity of physiology and the change of environment, personality may change more or less, which is the plasticity of personality. It is precisely because of the plasticity of personality that personality can be cultivated and developed. Personality is the unity of stability and plasticity.
Step 3 synthesize
Personality is an organic whole composed of various components, which has inherent unity and consistency and is regulated by self-consciousness. Personality integration is an important indicator of mental health. When a person's personality structure is harmonious in all aspects, his personality is healthy. Otherwise, there may be difficulties in adaptation and even split personality.
4. Function
Personality determines a person's lifestyle, even a person's fate, so it is one of the fundamental reasons for the success or failure of life. In the face of setbacks and failures, the strong can work hard and the weak will be devastated. This is the performance of personality function.
According to its characteristics, we can define personality in psychology as: it is a systematic and unique way of response in the process of adapting to the environment, which is formed by the interaction of factors such as heredity, environment, maturity and learning, and has great stability.
Question 4: What are the interesting psychological characteristics of human beings? 1, broken window effect.
The so-called "abnormality law" is an understanding of the implied or induced influence of the environment on human psychology. The theory of "broken window effect" means that if someone breaks the window glass of a building and this window cannot be repaired in time, then others may be connived by some hints to break more windows.
Philip, a psychologist at Stanford University in the United States? Philip zimbardo conducted an experiment in 1969. He found two identical cars, one in a middle-class neighborhood in Palo Alto, California, and the other in the relatively dirty Bronx, new york. The car was parked in the Bronx. He took off the license plate and opened the roof. It was stolen that day. And the one in Palo Alto was ignored for a week.
Later, Simbadu knocked a big hole in the car glass with a hammer. And it disappeared a few hours later. Based on this experiment, political scientist Wilson and criminologist Karin put forward the theory of "broken window effect", arguing that if someone breaks the window glass without timely maintenance, others may break more windows. Over time, these broken windows give people a sense of disorder. Therefore, in the insensitive atmosphere of the public, crime will breed and prosper. 2. Stereotype effect
The so-called stereotype effect, also known as stereotype and social stereotype, refers to a relatively fixed and classified view of a person or a certain class of people. It is a common phenomenon that we have an unchangeable, general and simple evaluation of a certain kind of people before substantive communication.
Some people are always used to mechanically classifying people, treating a specific person as a typical representative of a certain type of people, and treating the evaluation of a certain type of people as an evaluation of a certain person, thus affecting the correct judgment. Stereotype is often a kind of prejudice. People will not only stereotype the people they have contacted, but also stereotype the people they have not contacted based on some indirect and unreal information. For example, the elderly are conservative and the young are impulsive; Northerners are generous, southerners are good at doing business and so on.
Stereotype effect is manifested in many aspects. For example, some leaders think that people who love to find faults must be "prickly" and those who are taciturn must be very smart; Lively and active people must be rude, and introverted people must be honest and obedient; Young people are childish and impulsive, while old people are experienced and conservative. In addition, there are regional prejudices. 3. Witt effect
The so-called "Witt effect" refers to a novel named Young Witt published by Goethe, a great German writer, 200 years ago, which tells the story of a young man who committed suicide after falling in love. After the publication of the novel, it caused a great sensation, which not only made Goethe famous in Europe, but also triggered an upsurge of imitating Witt's suicide throughout Europe. Therefore, young Werther was banned in several countries.
Wit effect, from the perspective of social psychology, is like an emotional flu. The media's hype about suicide news has a powerful implication and inducement for some people on the verge of life and death. A typical example is that on April 1 day, 2003, after the suicide incident in Leslie Cheung, the media reports were voluminous and exaggerated. Results From late at night to 9: 00 the next morning, six men and women committed suicide by jumping off a building in Hong Kong, and five of them died. The number of suicides in Hong Kong in that month was 13 1, an increase of 32% compared with that in March. Several of the deceased left a suicide note, clearly indicating that their suicide was related to Leslie Cheung's suicide.
In China, about 250,000 people die of suicide every year, and at least 6,543,800 people attempt suicide. Since 2000, 22.2 out of 654.38+10,000 people have committed suicide every year, with 1 person committing suicide and 8 people attempting to commit suicide every 2 minutes. It can be said that if every suicide is reported, I am afraid that the whole newspaper will not be filled.
In fact, in recent years, the proportion of people who commit suicide in China is increasing, which is of course related to the social transition period in China ...
Question 5: What are the psychological manifestations of people? Behavioral characteristics include:
1. Know yourself and accept yourself. A mentally healthy person can experience his own existence value, know himself, accept himself, and have self-knowledge, that is, he can make an appropriate and objective evaluation of his own ability, personality, emotion, advantages and disadvantages, and will not put forward harsh expectations and requirements for himself, but also set realistic goals and ideals for his own life, so he is always satisfied with himself; At the same time, strive to develop their own potential, even if their own defects can not be remedied, they can be handled safely. A mentally unhealthy person lacks self-knowledge and is always dissatisfied with himself. Because the set goals and ideals are unrealistic and the distance between subjective and objective is too far, he always blames himself, blames himself and feels inferior, but he can never be perfect. Therefore, he always has a hard time with himself. In this way, his mental state will never be balanced, and he will never get rid of the psychological crisis he thinks he will face.
2. Accept others and be kind to others. Mentally healthy people are willing to associate with others, and can not only accept themselves, but also accept others, accept others, and recognize the importance and role of others' existence. He can be understood by others, accepted by others and the collective, communicate with others, have harmonious interpersonal relationships, be integrated into the collective life, and have a strong music group. He can not only share happiness when he is reunited with his close friends, but also feel lonely when he is alone and meditating. When dealing with people, a positive attitude (such as sympathy, friendliness, trust, respect, etc. ) is always more than negative attitude (such as doubt, jealousy, fear, hostility, etc. ), so they have strong adaptability and enough sense of security in social life. An unhealthy person is always different from the collective and incompatible with the surrounding environment and people.
3. Love life and enjoy work. Mentally healthy people cherish and love life, actively participate in life, and enjoy the fun of life in life. They give full play to their personality and intelligence as much as possible in their work, get satisfaction and encouragement from the results of their work, and regard their work as fun rather than a burden. He can store all kinds of useful information, knowledge and skills accumulated in the process of work, so as to extract and use them at any time, solve new problems that may be encountered, overcome all kinds of difficulties, and make his behavior more efficient and his work more effective.
4. Face the reality, accept the reality, adapt to the reality and change the reality. A mentally healthy person can face the reality, accept the reality, actively adapt to the reality, and further transform the reality, instead of escaping from the reality, make an objective understanding and evaluation of the surrounding things and environment, and keep good contact with the real environment. He has higher ideals than reality, but he will not indulge in unrealistic fantasies and extravagant hopes. He is full of confidence in his ability and is full of difficulties and challenges in his life, study and work. People with unhealthy psychology often substitute fantasy for reality, dare not face reality, have insufficient courage to accept the challenge of reality, and always complain that they are born at an untimely time or that the social environment is unfair to them, so they cannot adapt to the real environment.
5. Be able to coordinate and control emotions and be happy. People with mental health always have advantages in positive emotional states such as happiness, optimism, cheerfulness and satisfaction. Although there will be negative emotional experiences such as sadness, superiority, sadness and anger, they generally will not last long. He can properly express his emotions, be happy or unhappy, worry or not, win or lose, be humble or not, have self-esteem, be neither conceited nor afraid in social communication, be not too greedy for what he can't get, strive to meet his various requirements within the scope permitted by social norms, be satisfied with everything he can get, and always be cheerful and optimistic.
6. Harmonious and complete personality. A mentally healthy person's personality structure, including temperament, ability, personality and ideals, beliefs, motives, interests, outlook on life and other aspects can develop in a balanced way, and personality, that is, a person's overall mental outlook, can be fully and harmoniously expressed. The way of thinking is moderate and reasonable, and people can adopt an appropriate and flexible attitude. They will not have biased emotional and behavioral responses to the outside world, but can keep up with the pace and integrate with the collective.
7. Normal intelligence. Normal intelligence is the most basic psychological condition of people's normal life and the main standard of mental health. Intelligence is the synthesis of people's operational abilities such as observation, memory, imagination and thinking.
8. Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics. Someone's life >>
Question 6: What are the psychological characteristics of teenagers (1)? Physical changes and psychological reactions.
When adolescence comes, young people will experience rapid growth and changes in their bodies, such as muscles, bones and other tissues, and their height and weight will increase rapidly. Moreover, with the maturity of the reproductive system, the secondary sexual characteristics will gradually appear, such as the beard and Adam's apple of boys getting bigger, the voice getting thicker, the development and changes of girls, the increase of body fat, fullness, chest circumference and buttocks. In addition, both sexes are long. These changes took about two years to reach the peak of youth, and were marked by the appearance of living cells in girls' menstruation and boys' urine.
The age of puberty varies from person to person. Some girls can menstruate as early as 1 1 years old, and some girls may not menstruate until 17 years old, with an average age of 12 years and 9 months. Boys reach sexual maturity in the same age range, but on average, boys enter the peak and mature stage two years later than girls. Until 1 1 year, the average height and weight of boys and girls are the same; 1 1 year old, girls suddenly surpassed boys in height and weight. Girls keep this gap for about two years, then boys surpass girls and keep ahead from now on. This difference in the speed of physical development is the most significant in junior high school, and it is often found that a group of undeveloped boys are sitting next to quite well-developed young women.
With the development of the body, young people must adapt to the new self that is developing, and at the same time, they must adapt to the reaction of others to his new image. For developing teenagers, unlike adults and children, their bodies may be slender, and the proportion of each part may not match, which will make some young people feel very uncomfortable, and some adverse reactions from people around them will also aggravate their depression. For example, people around you may call slender teenagers hemp stalks, call teenagers with thick beards beards beards, and comment on teenagers with fast physical development, slow brain development and simple mind.
Sooner or later, the speed of development will also put pressure on young people. For example, boys who develop late have to face particularly difficult adaptation, because strength and courage are very important in the activities of their peers. If you are shorter and thinner than your classmates, you may lose in some competitions, and you may never catch up with boys who develop early and are dominant in physical activities. Research shows that boys with late development are generally not as gregarious as their classmates, have poor self-concept, and often make some immature and attention-seeking behaviors. They feel abandoned and oppressed by their peers. On the other hand, children who develop early tend to be more confident and independent, and these personality differences caused by early or late development may continue into adulthood. The influence of development speed on personality is not obvious for girls. Some precocious girls may be at a disadvantage because they are more like adults than their peers in the late primary school. However, in the early junior high school, precocious children often have more prestige among their classmates and take the lead in school activities. In this period, late-maturing girls, like late-maturing boys, may have inappropriate self-awareness and are not closely related to their parents and peers.
The physiological changes brought by sexual maturity are not only the capital of pride, but also the cause of confusion. Whether young people feel comfortable with their brand-new physique and the impulse that comes with it depend largely on their parents' attitude towards their sexual development. Parents' secret and taboo attitudes towards sex will cause anxiety among young people, which may be gradually overcome because their peers have more realistic views.
(B) to achieve identity
With the rapid change of the body, the previous trust in the existence and function of the body is seriously doubted, and only by re-evaluating the self can it be rebuilt. Young people want to know who I am. Where are you going with me? The answer.
In the process of physical changes and sexual maturity, young people will have some new experiences and feel the new reactions of people around them. They will try to find out their real situation now and what they will become in the future. The contact between partners and the emergence of new social relations have also expanded their space for self-activity and self-exploration. They also need to know what the world is like. What is society? What is my relationship with them? Wait a minute.
Teenagers' early cognition of their own characteristics is developed from children pretending to be their own roles. Children's values and moral standards mainly come from ... >>
Question 7: What are the interesting psychological characteristics of human beings? First, the Romeo and Juliet effect.
The story of Shakespeare's masterpiece Romeo and Juliet is almost widely known: Romeo and Juliet fell in love, but their love was greatly hindered by feud. But oppression did not separate them, but made them love each other more until they died. Psychology refers to the phenomenon that people in love are "more difficult to move forward" as "Romeo and Juliet effect", that is, when external forces interfere with the love relationship between two lovers, their feelings will be strengthened and their love relationship will be stronger. This is a strange phenomenon about love.
Cognitive dissonance theory explains this romantic effect well. When people are forced to make a certain choice, they will have a high degree of psychological resistance to this choice, which will prompt people to make the opposite choice and actually increase their love for the selected object. Therefore, when people choose a love object, their feelings will be stronger because of their parents' opposition and other people's resistance to love. When this kind of love resistance does not exist, the two sides may separate. Love that has experienced many obstacles and life and death tests may not be able to withstand the impact of ordinary life. When the resistance of love disappears, maybe two people who love each other lose the power of love instead.
Second, herd mentality.
Scholar Ashi once did a psychological experiment of conformity. As a result, only 1/4~ 1/3 subjects in the test population did not follow the herd behavior and maintained their independence. So this is a common psychological phenomenon. Conformity is a kind of will quality that people oppose independence; People with strong conformity psychology lack independent opinions, are easy to be hinted, and are easy to accept other people's opinions without analysis and put them into practice.
There are many people who follow the crowd in life, and some people use people's conformity psychology to achieve a certain goal. Some commercial advertisements use people's herd mentality to speculate on their own goods, thus achieving their goals. There are indeed some shocking events in life that will cause bombing effect, and the masses are scrambling to spread, discuss and participate. However, there are also many cases that have attracted public attention because of artificial propaganda and rendering. It is often that when public opinion is "fried", people will easily follow "hot". Advertising and news media reports are normal things, but people with herd mentality tend to follow suit.
It is an unhealthy mentality to "obey" a certain propaganda effect without analysis and to "follow the crowd" or even "blindly follow". More independent thinking, less blindly following the crowd, so as not to be deceived, is a healthy psychology.
Third, the halo effect
Halo effect, also known as "prejudice effect", is a strongly perceived quality or characteristic, just like the halo in the form of moonlight, which spreads around, thus covering up other qualities or characteristics, so it is vividly called halo effect.
Sometimes the halo effect will have a positive effect on interpersonal relationships. For example, if you are sincere to others, even if your ability is poor, others will trust you very much, because the other party only sees your sincerity.
The most typical example is that when we see a star breaking some scandals in the media, we are always surprised. In fact, the image of this star in our hearts is simply the circle of "moon halo" that she showed us on the screen or in the media. We don't know its true personality, but we just infer it.
Fourth, Matthew effect.
Matthew effect refers to a phenomenon that the better the worse, the more and the less. The name comes from the Bible? The fable in Matthew. In the Bible? Chapter 25 of Matthew in the New Testament says, "If you have anything, give it to him to make it redundant; No, even what he has will be taken away. "
1968, Robert, an American researcher in the history of science? Robert king merton put forward this term to summarize a social psychological phenomenon: "Compared with unknown researchers, famous scientists usually gain more prestige, even if their achievements are similar. Similarly, on the same project, fame usually goes to researchers who are already famous. For example, an award is almost always awarded to the most senior researcher, even if all the work is done by a graduate student. "
Robert? Morton summed up the "Matthew effect" as: once any individual, group or region achieves success and progress in a certain aspect (such as money, reputation, status, etc.). ), there will be an accumulated advantage, and more ... >>
Question 8: What are the psychological and personality characteristics of conceited people? Conceit is unhealthy. A conceited person has an advantage in his major (study) and a superior family. Mainly in showing off their own advantages and ignoring their own shortcomings. This has also led to the suppression of the desire for further study to a certain extent.