I. Development of Lingnan Gardens
Lingnan, the general name for the south of the five mountains in southern China, mainly involves southern Fujian, all of Guangdong, eastern and southern Guangxi, and is located at the southeast edge of Eurasia at low latitude. There are five mountains as barriers in the north and the South China Sea in the south. It is mountainous, sparsely populated, with a criss-cross river network, influenced by strong sunshine and sea-land monsoon, and has excellent climatic conditions. The Tropic of Cancer runs through this territory. Due to the adjustment of the monsoon, it is still beautiful, with lush plants all year round, showing a typical subtropical and tropical natural landscape, which is known as the scenery of the South China and is famous at home and abroad. Natural gardens formed by natural landscapes and private gardens suitable for Lingnan people's living habits are also different from the magnificent atmosphere of northern gardens and the delicate beauty of Jiangnan gardens, but have the characteristics of lightness, agility, freedom and openness in Lingnan. According to historical records, Lingnan Garden began in Zhao Tuo (? -Former 137), modeled on the palaces and gardens of many emperors, a palace was built in Panyu (now Guangzhou), the capital of Vietnam. The existing Jiuyao Garden, whose predecessor was the remains of Hu Xian, pushed the Lingnan Royal Palace to its peak, and then disappeared with the decline of the separatist regime. However, with the gradual rise of social economy, the development of culture and art and the increasingly frequent exchanges at home and abroad, Lingnan gardens gradually show more and more local folk customs.
Second, the classification of Lingnan gardens
Lingnan gardens are divided into royal gardens, private gardens and public gardens according to ownership types. There are four royal gardens of Nanyue King, Sangxi of Fujian Yue King, Western Imperial Garden of Southern Han Dynasty, Crystal Palace of West Lake in Fujian and so on. Jiuyi Stone in Yaozhou, Southern Han Dynasty is still in Jiuyi Garden in Guangzhou. Jiuyaoshi was bought by Liu Wang from Taihu Lake, Lingbi and Sanjiang in the south of the Yangtze River. Private gardens include four famous gardens in Guangdong, Wild Goose Garden in Guangxi, Xinzhuang in Fujian and Taiwan Province Province. The best preserved garden in Lingnan is Yuyin Mountain Residence in Panyu. Gray plastic lintels, stone mounds, regular pool banks, wood-carved cave covers and covered bridges are all examples of Lingnan gardens. Public gardens include West Lake in Huizhou, Qixingyan in Guilin, Qingyuan Mountain in Fujian and Longhuyan in Taiwan Province.
From the perspective of layout types, Lingnan gardens have garden style, natural landscape style and comprehensive style. Courtyard style is a major feature of Lingnan gardens, as small as Japanese classical gardens. Almost all private houses, restaurants, teahouses and hotels have courtyard gardens, such as Dongguan Keyuan, Guangzhou White Swan Hotel and Haikou Overseas Chinese Hotel.
Geographically, Lingnan Gardens include Guangdong Gardens, Guangxi Gardens, Fujian Gardens, Taiwan Province Gardens and Hainan Gardens. Guangdong Garden is the mainstream of Lingnan Garden, which is characterized by the cliff pattern, the gentle roof and wide eaves of the building, the cold alley of the watchtower, the three sculptures of decoration, the contrasting colors of blue, green and yellow, the covered bridges and the flowers of the four seasons plants. Guangxi gardens are characterized by the accumulation of natural landscape, history and culture, which are manifested as stone forests, stone peaks, stone cliffs, stone ponds and wall carvings. Hainan gardens are characterized by sea view, island view, reef view and beach view, with grass tops, fish ornaments and simplicity as architectural features, and coconut groves, betel nuts and bougainvillea as plant features. Coral stones are used to build mountains of various gardens, slopes of Dadonghai, gates of Ocean Park and mountains of Wugong Temple. Fujian gardens take rocks and plastic drum stones as landscapes, with straight ridges and the tail of high waves as architectural features, and with straight ridge dragon carvings, fish grass, mountain flowers and stone carvings as decorative features. Gardens in Taiwan Province Province are characterized by gray plastic stone mountains, goo goo stone mountains and imitation of famous mountains in Fujian, with Minnan architecture as the architectural feature, flat-topped arch bridges as the bridge feature, and gray plastic or brick carved melon and fruit utensils as the decorative feature.
Third, the natural elements of Lingnan landscape architecture
There are several gardens in the south of Shanling Mountain: one is the cliff in the cliff waterfall pool bureau, such as Jiushi Mountain and Fenglai Peak in Qinghui Garden; The second is Gushi Island of Gushitan Bureau, such as Zhengushi in Shiwan Lake of Shiwan Botanical Garden and Plastic Gushi in Nanhu Park; The third is the reef island, such as turtle stone and lake stone in Foshan Liangyuan; Fourth, general heaped mountains, such as Coral Stone Mountain in Wugong Temple in Haikou. There are few mountains in Lingnan gardens, even in modern parks, because water is water and mountains are mountains, such as the real landscape in Guilin gardens, which has hardly been transformed.
The gardens at the southern foot of Shuiling Mountain are dominated by water, and water is controlled by various patterns: first, the stone pools and waterfalls in the Cliff Waterfall Bureau, such as the hometown water and water pools in the White Swan Hotel and the Sandie Spring in the Guangzhou Villa Hotel; The second is the lake scenery, such as the West Lake in Huizhou, Chaozhou, Leizhou, Fuzhou and Quanzhou, the Star Lake in Zhaoqing, the Liuhua Lake in Guangzhou, the Dongshan Lake and the Liwan Lake. The third is the pool, which is different from the Cliff Waterfall Pool Bureau in that there is no waterfall and the water surface is wide, such as Longtan in Longtan Park, Tan Lei and Sun Moon Lake in Taiwan Province. Fourth, winding water, such as Yunxi in Guangzhou Sculpture Park; Fifth, Jing Quan, such as Li Anquan and Ganquan in Guangzhou, and the well site of Sanjie Building in Yufeng Park in Liuzhou; The sixth is the boat pond.
Stone and marble are different from gardens in the south and north of the Yangtze River. Stone materials include Guangxi Hushi, Guangdong Huangshi and Shi Ying, Minnan Granite, Hainan Coral Stone and Taiwan Province Otolith. Lingnan stone management does not overlap, but develops horizontally, which can be divided into stone placing method, stone piling method, wall hanging method and plastic stone method. Stone materials are placed in yellow wax stone, lake stone and granite, which are divided into three ways: paving, throwing stones and burying stones. If the stone body is placed on the soil, if it is thrown at will, it will throw clouds, such as Jin Chahua Park; Shi Gen is half buried, which is called Ping, such as Huli Park; More than half of Shi Gen is called buried stone, such as Nanshan Temple. Rock-piling method is mostly used for lake rocks or coral rocks, such as Haishijiao Mountain in Zhongshan Park, Coral Mountain in Wugong Temple in Haikou and Eyan Mountain in Wuyuan, Taiwan Province. The method of stacking stones is mainly used in Shi Ying's cliff hanging method, which has the most Lingnan charm. For example, Sandie Spring in Guangzhou Hotel can be used both outdoors and indoors. The former is like a cliff in the teahouse of Liuhua Lake Park in Guangzhou, and the latter is like a cliff in the stone room of White Swan Hotel. Plastering method uses gypsum and cement to imitate stone, saving stone. Almost all the ancient caves in the children's play area of modern parks are made of plastic stones, and it is best to use plastic drum stones in southern Fujian, such as Nanhu Park in Xiamen.
From the architectural types, there are watchtowers, ship halls, covered bridges and so on. Diaolou originated from blockhouses, such as Keyuan Invitation Mountain Pavilion, Qinghui Garden Liu Fenting, Liyuan Yu Pei Building and so on. In addition to Zhou Shi in Jiangnan Garden, there are boats in Lingnan, such as the Purple Cave Boat in Baomo Garden, and a unique boat hall, which integrates the living room with the building and has a slight sense of boat. It is often used for good girls, so it is commonly known as Miss House, such as Qinghuiyuan and Yuyin Mountain House. Pavilion practices are very irregular and varied, or surrounded by cloisters and walls, or interspersed with corner beams and beams, or ethnic, Russian or Western European styles. In classical gardens, bridges are often combined with corridors, forming stone arch bridges at the top of corridors, such as yuyin mountain houses, wind and rain buildings of ethnic minorities and cable bridges in mountainous areas.
As far as the combination mode is concerned, the courtyard of the building is combined with multiple courtyards through "high walls and cold alleys", or the building and courtyard are integrated through "joint houses"; As far as a single form is concerned, most of them are high column foundation, wide eaves gallery, thick wall, blue tile roof, pressed tile, upturned roof ridge, stained glass window, brick carving window and gray plastic door; As far as decoration is concerned, the most typical ones are "three carvings and three sculptures": wood carving, brick carving, stone carving, pottery sculpture, clay sculpture and gray sculpture. In classical gardens, there are three carvings all over the garden, such as doorways, door couplets, window lintels, pedestals, desks, cornices, cornices, moon beams, melon pillars, sparrows, seats, railings and roofs. Among them, the gray carving and brick carving have the most Lingnan flavor, such as the "Suwu Shepherd" gray carving in Qinghui Garden and the melon and fruit brick carving in Banqiao Garden.
Painting and Calligraphy There are relatively few paintings and calligraphy in ancient gardens, especially in modern gardens, but there are also many masterpieces. For example, the back door couplet of Huizhou Xiaotaoyuan is "neither deep nor shallow lake, half brick and half pavilion"; Yu Yinshan's couplet "can hold three bows and red rain, and the dark green clouds in the corner of cloudy days"; Haishan Fairy Hall in Liwan Lake Park has a joint name "Lotus World, Lizi Time"; Keyuan invited Shan Ge to join "There is a river crossing before, and the bright moon goes straight in", Keyuan yuechi county Pavilion joined "You can float in a house and don't want to go with the flow", and the main entrance joined "One hundred thousand people buy more neighboring water, and half the house grows flowers"; People live in Luting, "three points of water and four points of bamboo add seven clear months, and the five-step building and ten-step pavilion look at the Yangtze River"; Huizhou West Lake Liu Ruting couplet "does not increase or decrease, does not live or die, is unclean, like a dream like a bubble, like a shadow like a shadow, like dew like electricity" and so on.
Plants are summarized as "flowers bloom in four seasons, tropical scenery", and the characteristic trees are palm-shaped king coconut, fake betel nut, king coconut and bottle coconut; There are rattan fireworks, cordate telosma, wisteria, rhododendron and green radish; There are shade-tolerant orchids, bananas, taro, ferns and sunflowers; And banyan and litchi.
Fourthly, Lingnan garden culture.
Lingnan garden culture can be divided into coastal culture and tropical culture, and the latter can be divided into distant Confucian culture and secular culture, hedonic culture and commercial culture, open culture and compatible culture, relegated culture and practical culture. From nature to culture, such as the relationship between high active surface of buildings, high column foundation and waterlogging, gentle roof and typhoon, wide eaves gallery and rainy weather, high wall cold alley and high temperature, dragon-shaped, fish-shaped, aquatic plants, turtles, snakes and bananas theme and decoration, plastic drum stone and sea banana, cliff waterfall and pond bureau and natural landscape. , can be used to imitate natural things.
Far Confucian culture is the most incisive interpretation of Lingnan garden culture by Lingnan literati. If the Confucianism of Jiangnan Garden and Northern Garden is strong, the Confucianism of Lingnan Garden is weak. Lingnan people's disobedience and rebellion to stay away from the political center are manifested in the nonstandard beam frame of classical garden buildings and their neglect of modern garden literature and art circles. In addition, the barbarian tradition living in southern Xinjiang for a long time has created Wu Jia culture, which is manifested in the form of watchtowers in Qing gardens and the "fat" facade and simple thick columns in modern gardens. Far Confucianism can be said to be vulgar in taste, that is, secular culture, which is the mainstream of Lingnan culture. Especially after the late Qing Dynasty, politicians and bureaucrats in the north, literati and poets in the south of the Yangtze River and businessmen in the south of the Yangtze River became the creative subjects of the three regional gardens, which were manifested by the practicality of space and the integrated design of gardens and residences in the south of the Yangtze River.
The openness, compatibility and diversity of Lingnan gardens are first manifested in the overall absorption of the Central Plains garden culture by the royal gardens in South Vietnam. In the Qing Dynasty, colored glass was widely used in classical gardens, which was very different from that in Jiangnan and North China. In addition, western-style garden buildings such as Chen Mansion and Liyuan, Russian-style garden buildings in Longyan Zhongshan Park, western-style planning and layout of Caonuan Park and Yuntai Park, and a large number of Manchu windows in classical gardens all reflect openness and compatibility.