The first stage is mainly in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era, which is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original wooden bridge and Tingbu bridge, there are mainly two forms of bridge: beam bridge and pontoon bridge.
At that time, due to the backward level of productivity, most of them could only be built in areas with flat terrain, narrow rivers and gentle water flow, and bridges could only be wooden beams, so the technical problems were relatively easy to solve. On the other hand, pontoons are often used in rivers with wide water surface and fast flowing water.
The second stage is dominated by Qin and Han dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, which is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges. Qin and Han dynasties are a dazzling development stage in the history of Chinese architecture. At this time, not only the bricks of artificial building materials were invented, but also the arch coupon structure with the theme of masonry structure system was created, which created the prerequisite for the emergence of arch bridges later.
The appearance of ironware in the Warring States period also promoted the multi-faceted utilization of stone materials in buildings, thus adding new components such as stone pillars, Liang Shi and stone bridge surfaces to the log beam bridge. Not only that, but also its great significance lies in the stone arch bridge came into being.
The establishment of stone arch bridge has played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient bridge construction in China, which is not only practical, but also economical and beautiful. The great development of Liang Shi stone arch bridge not only reduces the maintenance cost and prolongs the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology.
Therefore, the use of building stone and the emergence of arch coupon technology in Qin and Han dynasties are actually a major revolution in the history of bridge construction. Therefore, according to some documents and archaeological data, about the Eastern Han Dynasty, four basic bridge types, namely, beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, were formed.
The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, supplemented by the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, which is the heyday of the development of the ancient bridge. Compared with Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties had stronger national strength, and Tang and Song Dynasties achieved long-term stability and unity. The level of industry and commerce, transportation and science and technology was very developed, and it was the most advanced country in the world at that time.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because a large number of Han nobles moved south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which made the economy of the southeast water network area develop greatly, and the development of economy and technology in turn stimulated the great development of the bridge.
Therefore, many bridges that attracted worldwide attention came into being at this time, such as Zhao Zhouqiao, the open-shouldered stone arch bridge initiated by Li Chun, a stonemason in Sui Dynasty, the stoplog wooden arch bridge Hongqiao invented by abandoning soldiers in Northern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Wan 'an Bridge supported by rafts in Northern Song Dynasty, Liang Shi Bridge in Southern Song Dynasty and Chaozhou Bridge in Guangdong Province.
These bridges are very famous in the history of bridges in the world, especially in Zhao Zhouqiao. Seven centuries later, similar bridges appeared in other countries in the world. Throughout the history of Chinese bridges, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete for the first place in the world, were produced at this time.
The fourth stage is Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is the saturation period of bridge development, and there are almost no major innovations and technological breakthroughs. At this time, the main achievement is to repair and transform some ancient bridges, leaving many construction documents for bridge construction, providing a lot of written materials for future generations.
In addition, some arduous projects, such as Wannian Bridge in Cheng Nan, Jiangxi and Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou, were completed. At the same time, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places have built many cable bridges, and the construction technology of cable bridges has also improved. In the late Qing Dynasty, that is, 188 1 year, with the opening of the first railway in China, another technological revolution in the history of Chinese bridges was ushered in.
Extended data:
1, main function
That is, in order to solve the problem of water or traffic with developers, let vehicles or pedestrians on the bridge unimpeded. Judging from its earliest or most important function, a bridge should refer to a road across the water. Therefore, Duan Yucai's explanation of "Wen Jie Zi" is: "The word' Liang Zi' uses wood to cross the water, and today it is also a bridge."
It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage with trees on the water, and later it is extended to the form of "plank road" on the cliff and "climbing over the wall" between pavilions and pavilions.
Modern bridges also play an important role in urban traffic. Building a bridge (overpass) on the flat ground to connect the east, west, north and south will not only help alleviate traffic congestion, but also become a beautiful scenery in modern cities. China, the hometown of bridges, has been known as "the country of bridges" since ancient times and developed in the Sui Dynasty.
2. High ranking
First place: Siduhe Bridge in Badong, Hubei, China (height: 560m).
Siduhe Bridge is a steel truss stiffening girder suspension bridge with a single span of 900 meters, a deck width of 24.5 meters and a one-way slope, ranking first in the world. The height difference from the top of the tower to the bottom of the valley is 560m, and it is known as the first Gao Qiao in the world. It is the first time at home and abroad to use rocket rope throwing system to guide cables through deep canyons. The stiffening beam is hoisted by cable crane with the largest span of 900 meters in China.
Second place: Yanxigou Bridge in Qianjiang, China (280m high).
Yanxigou Bridge is located between Nongqiao Village and Zhengyang Town, Shuitian Township, Qianjiang District, Chongqing. It is divided into two pieces, each with a total length of 560m, in which the main bridge is 3 10/0m, the main span is150m, and the vertical height between the bridge deck and the bottom of the valley is 280m, which is10m higher than the French Milo Bridge, which is known as the "best in the world".
Third place: French Milo Bridge (height: 270 meters)
Known as "the first Gao Qiao in the world", Milo Bridge is located in the Tanner Valley in the south of France, with a vertical height of 270 meters at the bottom. Designed by British designer Norman Foest, after three years of construction, it was completed and opened in June 5438+February 65438+July 2004, and then French President Jacques Chirac made a special trip to cut the ribbon.
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