In general, China's steel industry can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage (1949-1978) is the development stage of "steel as the key link"; the second stage (1978-2000) It is the stage of steady and rapid development, and the third stage (2001 to present) is the stage of accelerated development.
1. The development stage of "steel as the key link"
When New China was founded in 1949, the foundation of my country's steel industry was very weak, and there was almost no complete steel complex in the country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the iron and steel industry began to gradually recover and develop. With the assistance of the Soviet Union, steel plants such as Anshan Iron and Steel, Wuhan Iron and Steel, and Baotou Iron and Steel were built. Small” pattern.
With the spread of the "third-line construction", a number of new steel companies such as Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Jiugang Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., and Chengdu Seamless Pipe Factory were built in the southwest and northwest, initially forming the steel industry of New China. layout.
Considering the important position of the steel industry in the national economy, the country has established the industrial development guidelines of "taking steel as the key link" and proposed the "Great Leap Forward", "National Steelmaking", "Super Britain catches up with America" ??and other slogans. Therefore, at this stage, China's steel industry embarked on an extensive development path aimed at pursuing output value and output growth rate.
Through the efforts of the whole country, the output and output value of China's steel industry have increased significantly during this stage. In 1978, steel production was 31.78 million tons, accounting for 4.5% of the world's steel production, ranking fourth in the world. According to statistics, from 1952 to 1978, the output of the steel industry increased by an average of 12.9% annually, the output value increased by 11.8% annually, and profits and taxes increased by 9.67% annually.
It should be pointed out that under the development guidelines of "taking steel as the key link", it is inevitable to encounter the problem of coordinated development of the steel industry sector and other sectors of the national economy. Due to the excessive investment in fixed assets in the steel industry sector, there are two impacts. On the one hand, under the premise of limited funds, excessive investment will restrict the development of other industrial sectors;
On the other hand, the profit and tax contribution of the steel industry sector is low compared with other industrial sectors. To a certain extent, it shows the characteristics of "high investment, low output", so a higher proportion of investment will affect the accumulation of funds required for further development. Since the steel industry is an industry that consumes large amounts of resources and energy, the development of the steel industry at this stage also consumes a large amount of energy.
According to statistics, in 1978, investment in the steel industry accounted for 7.36% of the country's fixed asset investment, and energy consumption accounted for 12.97% of the total energy consumed by the entire national economy. In addition, the low level of corporate management and low employee enthusiasm were also problems existing in the development of China's steel industry at that time.
In fact, between 1970 and 1975, China's steel industry had formed a production capacity of 30 million tons, but the production capacity could not be fully realized. From 1974 to 1976, the goal of producing 26 million tons of steel that had been planned for three consecutive years was not achieved. People called it "three against 2,600 tons".
2. China’s steel industry is developing steadily and rapidly
At this stage, the development of China’s steel industry has encountered two important opportunities. In 1978, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, my country implemented the policy of reform and opening up, creating conditions for the use of foreign funds, technology and resources. In 1992, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the reform direction of building a socialist market economic system, which greatly stimulated the vitality of enterprises. Facing good development opportunities, China's steel industry has accelerated the pace of modernization of the steel industry.
At this stage, in addition to building modern large-scale steel companies with world-leading levels such as Shanghai Baosteel and Tianjin Seamless Steel Pipe Factory, some old large-scale steel companies have also undergone technological transformation and upgrades, such as Anshan Iron and Steel, Wuhan Iron and Steel, Shougang, Baotou Iron and Steel and other enterprises. In 1981, by signing a compensation trade contract with Australia's Cobos Company, my country realized the first use of foreign funds and technology to transform the asphalt coke workshop of Anshan Iron and Steel Coking Plant after the reform and opening up.
In 1987, the State Planning Commission approved project proposals for five enterprises to utilize foreign capital: Anshan Iron and Steel, Wuhan Iron and Steel, Meishan (which was merged into Baosteel Group after 1998), Benxi Iron and Steel, and Laiwu Iron and Steel. Through the introduction, digestion and absorption of technology, the modernization level of process equipment of Chinese steel enterprises has been continuously improved.
In addition, some non-state-owned enterprises have also entered the steel industry, such as Shagang, Haixin, etc., and have developed rapidly. At the same time, before 1992, Chinese steel companies conducted a series of explorations, from decentralizing power and profit to contracting and operating responsibility systems, hoping to release strong internal development momentum through corporate reforms, and achieved two breakthroughs in steel output of 50 million tons and 100 million tons. In 1986, China's steel output (crude steel) exceeded 50 million tons, reaching 52.21 million tons.
With the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system and modern enterprise system, strong internal driving force has been injected into the development of the steel industry.
Since 1994, 12 enterprises in the steel industry, including Wugang, Benxi Iron and Steel, Taiyuan Iron and Steel, Chongqing Iron and Steel, Tianjin Steel Pipe Factory, "Daye" and "Bayi", have been included in the national 100 modern enterprise system pilot projects; Handan Iron and Steel, 57 enterprises, including Fushun Iron and Steel Company, Tianjin Iron and Steel, and Jiuquan Iron and Steel, were included in local reform pilots.
By 1998, the pilot work was basically completed. The pilot steel enterprises were reorganized in accordance with the "Company Law", the main body of national asset investment was initially clarified, the investment relationship was straightened out, and the enterprise legal person property system and Corporate governance structure. In 1996, China's steel output (crude steel) exceeded 100 million tons for the first time, reaching 101.24 million tons, accounting for 13.5% of the world's steel output, surpassing Japan and the United States to become the world's largest steel producer. In 2000, China's steel production was 128.5 million tons.
3. Period of Accelerated Development
During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, China's steel industry achieved sustained and rapid development. China's crude steel output increased from 130 million tons in 2000 to more than 200 million tons in 2003. By 2005, China's crude steel output reached 360 million tons, becoming the first country in the world to exceed 300 million tons of crude steel output. In 2006, crude steel output reached 420 million tons, achieving three consecutive leaps in steel output of 200 million tons, 300 million tons and 400 million tons.
During the period from 2001 to 2007, the average annual growth rate of steel production was 21.04%. Among them, the annual growth rate in the four years of 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005 remained above 20%. In 2005, the annual growth rate of steel production was 21.04%. Compared with the previous year, the growth rate of output reached a record high of 30.42%. At the same time, China's steel industry also occupies an important position in the entire industry.
In 2006, China's steel enterprises above designated size achieved sales revenue of 2,573.5 billion yuan, ranking second among 39 industrial industries, only lower than communications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing; total profits achieved 136.7 billion yuan, ranking third among 39 industrial industries, only lower than the oil and natural gas extraction industry, and the production and supply of electricity and heat.
Extended information:
The main achievements of the steel industry during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan":
1. Supported the stable and rapid development of the national economy
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, my country's crude steel output increased from 350 million tons to 630 million tons, with an average annual growth of 12.2%. The domestic market share of steel products increased from 92% to 97%. In 2010, the steel industry achieved a total industrial output value of 7 trillion yuan, accounting for 10% of the country's total industrial output value; total assets were 6.2 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.4% of the total assets of industrial enterprises above designated size in the country, including construction, machinery, automobiles, The rapid development of home appliances, shipbuilding and other industries as well as the national economy provides important raw material guarantees.
2. Variety quality has improved significantly
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, my country's steel product structure has been further optimized, with a complete range of steel products, product quality continues to improve, and the self-sufficiency rate of most varieties has reached 100 %.
Great progress has been made in the development of key steel products, including high-strength steel plates for construction, high-strength threaded steel bars for earthquake-resistant buildings, alloy materials for spacecraft, high-performance pipeline steel, steel for large hydropower stations, high magnetic induction oriented silicon steel, and high-speed railways. The use of high-performance steel materials such as rails has strongly supported the development of related fields;
It has ensured the construction of major national projects such as Beijing Olympic venues, Shanghai World Expo venues, post-disaster reconstruction, manned spaceflight, and lunar exploration projects, as well as the Western Gas Project. The smooth implementation of key national projects such as the East-East Pipeline Project, the Three Gorges Project, and the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ??Railway.
3. The level of technical equipment has been greatly improved
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the proportion of blast furnace production capacity of 1,000 cubic meters and above in key steel enterprises increased from 48.3% to 60.9% %, the proportion of steelmaking converter production capacity of 100 tons and above increased from 44.9% to 56.7%. Most enterprises have been equipped with molten iron pretreatment and molten steel secondary refining facilities, and the refining ratio reached 70%.
The steel rolling system has basically realized full continuous rolling, and the long-term shortage of hot continuous rolling and cold continuous rolling wide steel rolling mills has increased from 26 and 16 sets to 72 and 50 sets respectively. The technical equipment of large steel companies such as Baosteel, Anshan Iron and Steel, Wuhan Iron and Steel, Shougang Jingtang, Maanshan Iron and Steel, Taiyuan Iron and Steel, Shagang, Xingcheng Special Steel, Dongte Dalian Base and other large steel companies have reached the internationally advanced level.
4. Remarkable results in energy conservation and emission reduction
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the government eliminated 122.72 million tons of backward ironmaking capacity, 72.24 million tons of steelmaking capacity, and 72.24 million tons of blast furnace tops. Energy-saving and emission-reducing technologies such as differential pressure power generation, gas recycling and regenerative combustion have been widely used. Some large enterprises have established energy management centers, promoting energy-saving and emission reduction in the steel industry.
In 2010, the energy conservation and emission reduction indicators of key steel enterprises were comprehensively improved. The comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel dropped to 605 kilograms of standard coal, new water consumption was 4.1 cubic meters, and sulfur dioxide emissions were 1.63 kilograms. Compared with 2005, Year-on-year decreases of 12.8%, 52.3% and 42.4% respectively. The comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste increased from 90% to 94%.
China.com-The development history of my country’s steel industry