1. Mixed mode of ecological landscape-ecological landscape construction in estuaries and coasts
It is characterized by the organic combination of architectural sketches and vegetation. By introducing evergreen or deciduous broad-leaved trees with good soil and water conservation effects, the hierarchical structure of coniferous pure forests with poor soil and water conservation benefits in the past can be improved, and the comprehensive benefits of shelter forests can be improved. Taking Xin 'anjiang Estuary as an example, the design and construction of ecological landscape mixed mode are explained below.
Xin 'anjiang is located in the east of Yantai High-tech Park. It is an important water conservation area and ecological corridor for flood control in the city, and it is also an important part of the landscape pattern of "one mountain and two rivers" in the overall urban planning.
With the adjustment of urban industrial structure and the gradual formation of "one heart and two wings" urban development pattern, Xin 'anjiang River Basin has been incorporated into the high-tech park in the east wing of the city, and this boundary river, which was originally only used as Laishan and Mu Ping, has also become an important landscape river in the park. In the spatial pattern of "one heart and four belts" in high-tech parks, Xin 'anjiang, as one of the four belts, has also become an important carrier to promote the overall development of parks and build high-quality parks.
Because of the important role of Xin 'anjiang, combined with various special studies on high-tech parks, urban waterfront and "ecological RBD" at home and abroad, the main problems and design strategies of Xin 'anjiang landscape planning are expounded, and it is considered that several successful factors such as regionality, diversity, accessibility and quality of life should be grasped to plan Xin 'anjiang into an ecological belt full of vitality and cohesive urban ties.
(1) design strategy
Xin 'anjiang should embody the diversified interactive development mode of livable, business-friendly and travel-friendly, with the theme of science and technology returning to humanity and culture merging into nature. To this end, the main strategies of this planning and design are as follows:
Infiltration of open space. Through the mutual infiltration of coastal and riverside water corridors, the waterscape space will be extended, a high-quality environment will be won, and the value of surrounding land will be appreciated.
Combine tourism and leisure. Starting from Yantai's grand tourism, we should make full use of the characteristics of Xin 'an's connection between mountains and rivers, and develop special tourism products such as ecology, riverside leisure, seaside holiday, science and technology culture according to the resource advantages of different river sections.
Multi-level center. Fully combine the overall planning of high-tech parks, strengthen the function of waterfront space to serve the city, build a series of distinctive science and technology cultural theme parks along the coast, and create a hydrophilic and popular urban public activity corridor.
Diversified life. Based on the concept of people-oriented and city management, we will develop various residential blocks such as tourism real estate and landscape real estate along the Xin 'anjiang River. Create an ideal ecologically livable city.
Natural growth. Give priority to ecology, respect nature, protect the original natural mountain, sea and river environment to the maximum extent, fully tap and utilize landscape resources, and organically integrate the city with the natural environment.
(2) Landscape design
Xin 'anjiang landscape design is closely related to the overall planning of high-tech parks and urban design on both sides of the strait. In order to strengthen the connection between landscape and city, we introduced four thematic concepts from north to south to highlight the landscape characteristics and characteristics of each river section:
First, the northern estuary, with the theme of "city leading vitality", highlights the modern, iconic and vibrant river and sea landscape group.
On the right bank of the estuary, combined with the coastal ecological forest belt, waterfront leisure and entertainment facilities will be built to fully reflect the charming modern coastal new landscape.
On the left bank of the estuary, combined with the reconstruction of Xin 'anjiang tributary, a sea sightseeing tower is set up, which becomes the axis end point of science and technology, commerce and finance area. These landmark facilities with their own characteristics on the left and right banks will jointly form the beautiful scenery of Xin 'anjiang estuary.
On the west bank of the estuary, combined with the original sewage treatment plant and the discharge of reclaimed water, a wetland landscape belt with ecological water circulation will be established in the wide floodplain, and a youth ecological science popularization base will be set up to entertain and educate.
On the east bank of the estuary, the original combination of black pine forests will be extended to the riverside green space. On the basis of protecting and maintaining the original ecological features, natural design techniques and materials will be used for proper layout, and tourist plank roads and forest rest facilities will be set up for tourists to form forest oxygen bars and urban oases.
Second, the central and northern reaches with the theme of "Better City, Better Life" provide leisure, fitness, entertainment and other life landscape groups for a large number of residential communities on both sides of the strait.
We will build lush trees, shuttling mirrors and other beautiful green environments on both sides of the riverside, and improve trails, leisure facilities and various artistic sketches. At the same time, in order to enrich citizens' activities, node spaces such as music square, waterfront celebration square, citizens' fitness square and various cultural gardens will be set up to create a lively waterfront activity space.
Third, in the south-central reach, with the theme of "city driving scientific and technological innovation", the development momentum of high-tech parks is highlighted, and a number of scientific and technological creative landscapes are formed.
Combined with the two R&D groups adjacent to this section, a landscape theme park, such as animation culture and creative park, aerospace science and technology square and IT square, has been set up on the west bank of Binjiang, showing that the development of science and technology is closely related to citizens' lives. Each theme park fully explains the future development of park industry with rich content, diverse forms and advanced technology. The east coast is equipped with art galleries, exhibition halls and commercial facilities to display technology and culture.
Fourth, the southern reach. With the theme of "city extending green ecology", it emphasizes the development trend of eco-city in the future, and it is also the back garden of high-tech park.
Combined with the characteristics of this section, which is surrounded by mountains and waters and shallow beaches, we will develop scientific and technological sightseeing agricultural parks, ecological flower botanical gardens, pond wetland leisure parks and other landscapes to experience pastoral customs, especially to let the citizens enjoy the familiar and cordial memories of fragrant flowers and fruits, pastoral pastoral songs and frogs croaking in the lotus pond on holidays and feel the kindness of returning to simplicity.
(3) Special ecological design
With the goal of maintaining and restoring the wetland characteristics and biodiversity in Xin 'anjiang River Basin, the interests among "ecology", "flood control" and "landscape construction" are effectively balanced.
The land-water ecological pattern of Haikou, rivers and wetlands gradually evolves to land, which provides an environmental basis for the ultimate realization of the unity of habitat, biology, landscape and activity diversity.
The design principle of river regulation project is to meet flood control, multi-level landscape and ecological integrity, and effectively coordinate the contradiction between flood discharge, landscape hydrophilicity and water sightseeing.
Combined with the comprehensive management plan of Xin 'anjiang River, four rubber dams are set within the design scope. The new rubber dam and the original rubber dam are used to store water by stages. Locally, constant water levels with different heights and widths are formed to meet the landscape needs of rivers in dry season.
We believe that the planning, construction and development of Xin 'anjiang will bring vitality and a better tomorrow to the high-tech park and Yantai!
2. Ecological mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest model-the way to improve coastal shelter forest.
(1) Current Situation and Problems of Coastal Shelterbelt Construction
Coastal shelterbelts are coastal forests, trees and shrubs whose main purpose is protection. Coastal shelterbelts play an extremely important role in disaster prevention, revetment and sand fixation, ecological maintenance and landscaping, and are the first line of defense for building green islands.
The coastline of Chinese mainland is 18340km long, starting from the mouth of Yalu River in Liaoning in the north and reaching the mouth of Beilun River in Guangxi in the south, covering 0 coastal provinces 1 195 counties (cities, districts). More than 70% of the big cities, more than 50% of the population and nearly 60% of GDP are concentrated in coastal areas, which are the "locomotives" for China's economic and social development. However, due to frequent natural disasters such as typhoons and storm surges, economic losses of tens of billions of yuan are caused every year. During the 10 year at the end of the 20th century, the direct economic losses caused by natural disasters such as storm surges reached 2 134 billion yuan. For the ecological security and economic and social development in coastal areas, the Ministry of Forestry started the construction project of coastal shelter forest system 65438-0989. The project starts from Dandong, Liaoning Province in the northeast and reaches Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea in the southwest, including Changshan, Miaodao, Zhoushan Islands, Hainan Island in Taiwan Province Province, China and its surrounding islands.
After nearly 20 years of engineering construction, 381.8000 hm2 has been planted in coastal areas, the forest coverage rate has increased from less than 25% to 34.2% now, and the total length of coastal backbone forest belt is1.7000 km, which has initially achieved the goal of closing hills for afforestation. 22,000 hectares of farmland shelterbelts were built, and the control area of newly added farmland shelterbelts was nearly 500,000 hectares, with a control rate of 80%. The greening of villages and towns in coastal areas has been further accelerated, which has greatly improved the local living environment. The basic framework of coastal shelter forest system construction is initially established, which takes village greening as "point", coastal backbone forest belt construction as "line", barren hills and wasteland greening and farmland forest network construction as "surface", combining point, line and surface, and three-dimensional configuration.
The ecological function of forests has gradually recovered, and the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation has initially appeared. According to the investigation, the coastal shelter forest can reduce the wind speed by 28% ~ 40%, the relative humidity of the air in the shelter forest is increased by about 10% compared with that in the open field, the evaporation in the forest is reduced by 20%, the rate of dead leaves is reduced by 30% ~ 60%, the rate of rotten seedlings is reduced by 37.3%, the loss of rice per mu can be reduced by 7.5~30kg, and the wind folding rate is reduced by 37.3%. The first phase of China coastal shelter forest system construction project 1.988 will build 2.49 million hectares of forest and coastal backbone shelter forest1.80 million hectares by 2000. By the end of 1998, 2178,000 hm2 of afforestation and 0/50,000 hm2 of coastal backbone shelterbelt had been completed, which increased the forested area in coastal areas from 1988 to 7.306 million hm2 and the forest coverage rate from 24.9% before implementation to 2,965,438.
With the development of social economy and the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, Yantai coastal shelter forest construction has made gratifying achievements, but there are also some problems and difficulties. Mainly in the following aspects:
First, there are few tree species, the forest age is aging and the structure is unreasonable. Black pine and Robinia pseudoacacia are the main forest belts along the sandstone coast, with an area ratio of more than 90%. Single tree species, poor ecosystem stability, hidden danger of large-scale occurrence of harmful organisms. These tree species were planted in the 1950s. Robinia pseudoacacia has entered the aging period, and the trees have begun to die, and their protective function has been declining year by year, which is in urgent need of renovation. Muddy coasts are mostly Populus deltoides developed in the early 20th century, with single tree species, unreasonable structure and low protection efficiency.
Second, the gap fault zone of the backbone forest belt is heavy, and the width of some sections is narrow. The curve of Yantai mainland coast is 702km long, and the length of main forest belt suitable for coastal shelterbelt construction is 38 1.4km, among which the length of main forest belt meeting the national standard for coastal shelterbelt construction is 298.5km, accounting for 78.3% of the length of main forest belt suitable for coastal shelterbelt construction. The length of notch fault zone is 63.2km, accounting for16.6%; The afforestation length needs to be widened by 19.7km, accounting for 5. 1%. The gap and narrow length of coastal trunk forest belt is 82.9km, accounting for 265,438 0.7% of the suitable greening length, which seriously affects the protection function.
Third, man-made destruction still exists. Due to the need of economic development, individual sections violate the Regulations on the Management of Special Protected Forest Zones in Coastal Countries, and sand mining, mudflat farming, highway construction and illegal construction occur from time to time in the backbone forest zone, resulting in damage to the backbone forest zone and loss of forest land, which undermines the continuity and integrity of the backbone forest zone.
Fourth, the investment in coastal shelter forest construction is seriously insufficient. Coastal shelterbelt construction belongs to ecological public welfare undertakings, and governments at all levels are the main body of construction and investment. In recent years, the state has invested 2-3 million yuan in Yantai coastal shelter forest every year, and the matching funds of local governments are also roughly the same. Rural areas are mainly labor-intensive. These inputs are obviously insufficient, far from meeting the needs of engineering construction, which affects the construction of coastal shelterbelts and the consolidation of achievements.
(2) The ecological mixed mode of coniferous broad-leaved forest improved the afforestation quality.
Due to the interaction between tree species, it can effectively play the complementary role between tree species and the beneficial influence of coordination and promotion, promote the growth of stands, improve the quality of forests, and receive good afforestation results. However, attention must be paid to the distribution of mixed proportion, and various effective measures should be taken to adjust in time according to the development and change of interspecific relationship in the process of stand growth to ensure the smooth growth of mixed forest.
Because the forest environment affects the diversity of biological communities, a single pure forest of Pinus thunbergii will inevitably lead to the decrease of biological communities and make the forest ecosystem fragile. From the ecological point of view of sustainable development, it is an important subject and a very arduous task to change a single tree species into multiple trees and a simple forest into a mixed forest to create a good ecological environment for the biodiversity of coastal defense forests. Therefore, in order to maintain the sustainable development of ecology, it is necessary to change the pure forest of a single tree species into a mixed forest of multiple trees, create a good ecological environment for the diversity of biological communities, adopt various afforestation techniques and methods, further stabilize the ecosystem, control various pests for a long time, and achieve the goal of sustainable development.
Typical conifers are: loblolly pine, Korean pine, Chinese pine, black pine, cedar, white pine, Osaka pine, five-needle pine, Pinus massoniana, Pinus armandii, larch, spruce, fir and so on. Typical broad-leaved trees are: Alsophila spinulosa, Liriodendron chinense, silkworm, bean tree, aesculus aesculus, tung tree, Pistacia chinensis, Albizia Albizia, Tilia amurensis, Luan tree, Gleditsia sinensis, Liriodendron chinense, Pterocarya stenoptera, willow, poplar, peach, plum, pear and so on. Among them, poplars, willows, Robinia pseudoacacia, paulownia and Ailanthus altissima are often planted vegetation.
(3) Planting and transformation methods of ecological evergreen deciduous needle and broad-leaved mixed mode.
Methods and principles of planting and transformation of ecological evergreen deciduous needle and broad-leaved mixed mode: the necessity of tree species adjustment and tree species selection. At present, most of the coastal defense forests are pure forests of black pine, and they are of the same age. Groundwater, nutrients and above-ground space utilization form synchronous competition, and the ecological function is weakened. In order to change this situation, it is imperative to change single tree species into multi-tree species and simple forest into mixed forest. In recent years, through field investigation, experiment and screening, we think that the suitable tree species for coastal shelterbelts are: arbor, black pine, locust, Quercus acutissima, torch, Ailanthus altissima, elm, and shrubs are: Vitex negundo, breast, dustpan willow, Sophora japonica and jujube. These tree species are more salt-tolerant, drought-tolerant and barren-tolerant, and can be said to be pioneers in the construction of coastal shelterbelts in Jiaodong.
Standing transformation mode. Gradually transform the pure forest of Pinus thunbergii into a multi-tree mixed forest; Change the single-layer canopy structure into a three-dimensional structure of main forest layer, auxiliary layer and shrub layer. Specific methods: First, thinning among plants is planned, and the methods of keeping sparse and removing dense, keeping superior and removing inferior, and taking proper care of distance are adopted. Then black pine, Quercus acutissima, mixed black pine and loblolly pine are selected for afforestation, and Quercus acutissima, loblolly tree and black pine are configured to form an auxiliary layer. Second, thinning should be planned between rows, and black pine and Quercus acutissima can be mixed according to the terrain. There are black pine and Ailanthus altissima on the gully slope; Black pine mixed with torch. 3. Clear-cutting in strips and blocks in a planned way (clear-cutting in strips should be combined with opening fire exits, and the cutting width should be controlled within 10 times of the tree height), and clear-cutting in strips and blocks can be mixed with pine and thorn. Four, the implementation of mixed trees and shrubs, whether it is mixed between plants, mixed between rows, mixed between belts or mixed between blocks, shrubs can be mixed appropriately. The shrubs that can be selected are: Vitex negundo, Jujube, dustpan willow, Sophora japonica and so on. Sophora japonica and dustpan willow are raw materials for weaving strips, which are mixed with black pine. After collecting branches in winter, we can not only get forest by-products, but also play a role in fire prevention. Sophora japonica has the function of nitrogen fixation, which can achieve the effects of vigorous tree growth, increased yield and good harvest on the ground. The reformed mixed forest is not only beneficial to the biodiversity of biological communities, but also can improve the protection efficiency. Because different forest canopies have resistance to different levels of sea breeze, the cross section on the forest canopy is uneven. When the sea breeze passes through the top of the forest canopy, it forms a whirlwind updraft, which can effectively resist the erosion intensity of the sea breeze.
Pay attention to afforestation density. Density is the main factor affecting stand growth and protection efficiency, and there is no optimal density value in the study of density at present. As far as the protective structure is concerned, if the density of coastal defense forest belt is divided into three parts: frontier forest belt → middle forest belt → rear forest belt, its density should be sparse → dense → dense. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, when the sea breeze invades, this structure can quickly reduce the static pressure of the wind, reduce the updraft, gradually resist the wind and weaken the permeability of the wind. With the appropriate increase of density, the tree height increases relatively, forming a gradient that the crown of the forest belt gradually increases from the former forest belt to the later forest belt. When the sea breeze sweeps over the top of the canopy, the airflow is inclined upward, increasing the protected area.
3. Eco-economic mixed model-restoration and construction of wetland vegetation
Eco-economic mixed mode is an ecological construction mode based on ecological economics, which makes ecological construction and economic development develop in harmony. Focusing on the interactive relationship between human economic activities and natural ecology, from the perspective of comprehensiveness, hierarchy, regionality and strategy, the eco-economic mixed model is suitable for popularization and application in wetland vegetation restoration and construction.
Wetlands, forests and oceans are also called the three major ecosystems in the world. As an important habitat for many organisms, wetland has many functions, such as water conservation, flood storage and waterlogging prevention, water purification and degradation of environmental pollutants. It is one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, the cradle of biodiversity and the repository of important genetic material (gene bank).
Wetland ecosystem is distributed along the river corridor. The main wetland types are shoal wetland, estuary wetland, river wetland, river beach wetland, small lake wetland, reservoir pond wetland and paddy field wetland. Jiahe wetland is located in the middle of Yantai city, which is the largest combination of river wetland and reservoir wetland in Yantai city. The water source of Jiahe wetland is relatively stable, which provides a basis for species diversity.
Taking the restoration and construction of ecological wetland vegetation in Jiahe East Zhu Yan as an example, this paper expounds the application of eco-economic mixed model in wetland restoration project.
In recent years, due to blind and unreasonable development and utilization, as well as frequent human activities, the wetland area has shrunk, the wetland vegetation has decreased, and the wetland ecological function has obviously declined, which poses a serious threat to wetland protection. Therefore, the wetland restoration project can restore the wetland vegetation and improve the wetland ecological function by returning farmland to humidity, planting aquatic plants such as reeds, turf slope protection, artificial afforestation and other measures.
(1) Returning Farmland to Humidity
Dongzhuyan wetland covers an area of 760 mu. Of which 450. 1 1 mu has been reclaimed as agricultural land, and 16.25 has simple and temporary buildings, which need to be collected, compensated and returned as wetlands, totaling 466.36 mu.
(2) Diversion culvert
In order to control the water quality of Qinhe River and Zhuyan River flowing into Jiahe River, water diversion culverts were built near the wet area of Qinhe River and Zhu Yan River estuary to control the water diversion and drainage in the wet area, and the Qinhe River and Zhuyan River were introduced into the surface flow wet area of Dongzhuyan wet area for biological purification. The newly-built diversion culvert vertically passes through the existing dam and is a single-hole breast wall culvert, including four parts: entrance section, lock chamber section, tunnel body and exit section. The downstream length of the inlet section is 10.0m, and the splayed wing wall and bottom plate are adopted to form an integral structure, which is a reinforced concrete structure; The downstream length of the lock chamber is 5.0m, the gate is a down-the-hole flat steel gate, the orifice size is 2.0m×2.0m, and the top elevation of the gate floor is10.50m.: : The tunnel is a reinforced concrete box culvert with a section of 2.0m×2.0m, the elevation of the entrance tunnel bottom is 10.50m, the bottom slope I = 0, and the length of the tunnel body is14.0m.: : The downstream length of the outlet is 5.0m, which is connected by the splayed wing wall and the reinforced concrete structure. The outlet energy dissipation adopts mortar masonry to protect the bottom.
(3) earthwork adjustment
The existing waterlogged depressions and agricultural land in the project area need to be excavated in the wet area of Dongzhuyan, and the flood detention pond is excavated in the center of the wet area, which has comprehensive functions such as flood detention, storage regulation and landscape. The flood detention pond covers an area of about 190 mu, the designed pond bottom elevation 10.00 m, the water surface elevation 12.00 m ... and the total earthwork adjustment is required 152075m3.
In the wet area of the river corridor, some terraces and wasteland need to be excavated to restore the original appearance of the wetland, about 300,000 m3, and a total of 284080m3 of earthwork needs to be adjusted.
In order to reduce the excavation traffic, excavation can be used for nearby wetland cofferdams, patrol roads and other projects.
(4) Planting of aquatic plants
According to the improved topography of the project area, different aquatic plants are planted according to different water depths; At the same time, rewetting the farmland outside the wetland and planting Arundo donax, Salix psammophila and moisture-tolerant trees; In addition, greening projects are carried out on roads in wet areas, such as Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus mandshurica and weeping willows, and lawns are planted on slope protection. By taking the above measures, the ecological environment of Dongzhuyan wetland has been protected.
Emergent and floating leaf plants. In beaches and shallow waters (0 ~ 1.2m), plants with strong purification ability can be selected: wet plants (onion, cress, Melaleuca, etc. ) and emergent plants (cattail, reed and water bamboo); The water depth is relatively deep (1.0 ~ 1.5m). Choose floating-leaf plants (lotus, wild water chestnut, water lily, Euryale ferox) with purification ability and ornamental ability. Through the construction and restoration of beach vegetation, the water purification capacity and ecological stability of wetland system can be improved
Submerged plants in the deep water area of wetland system, such as Ceratophyllum demersum, Sophora alopecuroides, black algae, red grass, POTAMOGETON crispus, etc., are selected and planted in blocks. The technical route of aquatic plant planting project is shown in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5-4 Technical Route of Aquatic Plant Planting Project
(5) Artificial afforestation and turf slope protection
There are some waterlogged depressions in Dongzhuyan wet area and river corridor wet area, which are now planted by local farmers with fast-growing poplars, with little economic and landscape benefits. Based on the above situation, ecological forestry is carried out in waterlogged forest land, and the main tree species in forest land are wet poplar, willow, slash pine, Taxodium ascendens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens and so on. So as to establish a stable ecosystem in humid areas. Among them, the afforestation area of Dongzhuyan wet area is 230 mu, and the afforestation area of Helang wet area is 924 mu.
Turf is planted on the natural slope in the wet area of river corridor, and the grass species are common in the local area. Common species are drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant shrubs and herbs: Chinese rose, Zoysia Ophiopogon japonicus, Bermuda grass, alfalfa and so on. Lawn slope protection 1386 mu. The main construction contents of wetland restoration project are shown in Table 5-20:
Table 5-20 List of Main Construction Contents of Wetland Restoration Project
(6) Plant species
1) Plant species and flora. There are 688 species (including 24 varieties, 3 forms and 3 subspecies) belonging to 395 genera in the wild vascular plants 104 family, and families, genera and species account for 70.7%, 62.0% and 43.0% of the wild vascular plants in Shandong province respectively. There are 9 1 family, 377 genera and 663 species of wild seed plants (including 23 varieties, 3 forms and 3 subspecies), and families, genera and species account for 74.0%, 63. 1% and 44.2% of the families, genera and species of seed plants in Shandong Province respectively. Among them, there are 2 national first-class protected plants (cultivated) and 2 national second-class protected plants; 4 species of endemic plants in Shandong; Three plants listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; 3 species of plants listed in the Red Book of Rare and Endangered Plants in China; 20 species of Rare and Endangered Plants in Shandong Province; 5 species of endemic plants in China. The vascular plants in this area include ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. See table 5-2 1 for details.
Table 5-2 1 Statistical Table of Family, Genus and Species of Vascular Plants
This area belongs to the Sino-Japanese forest plant sub-region of pan-Arctic flora-Liaodong in North China and hilly sub-region in Shandong. Located in the hills of eastern Shandong, the climate is warm and humid, and the terrain is relatively diverse. The flora is characterized by rich plant species, obvious dominant phenomena, many endemic species, diverse distribution types, complex geographical elements, ancient diversity and so on. The main families, genera and species of seed plants in this area are shown in Table 5-22. More than 50 species in 2 families, namely Gramineae (83 species) and Compositae (77 species); 20 ~ 40 species belonging to 7 families, namely, Leguminosae (36 species), Rosaceae (36 species), Cyperaceae (27 species), Cruciferae (26 species), Labiatae (25 species), Liliaceae (23 species) and Polygonaceae (23 species); There are 7 families 10 ~ 19 species, such as Dianthus (16 species), Umbelliferae (15 species), Scrophulariaceae (14 species), Ranunculaceae (/kloc-0 There are 75 families 10 species, totaling 2 18 species. There are more than 16 families and 10 species, among which 445 species belong to 238 genera. Genus and species account for 63. 1% and 67. 1% of the flora in the construction area, respectively, while families only account for 17.6%, indicating that the above families constitute flora seed plants. More than 20 species belonging to 9 families are widely distributed in the world, among which Gramineae and Compositae are the two largest families in Shandong Province, and often become the constructive species or dominant species of various grassland vegetation (herbaceous layer); Rosaceae is a transitional type from primary to intermediate in the evolution of angiosperms, which is distributed all over the world, but the temperate and subtropical components in the northern hemisphere are the most, and it is often regarded as a typical family in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Leguminosae is a widely representative family in temperate and tropical regions of the world, and it is an important component of artificial grassland, animal husbandry and grassland. Liliaceae and Cyperaceae are widely distributed, but there are many species in temperate and cold temperate regions. Labiatae and other families are widely distributed, from pantropical to temperate, but Mediterranean-Central Asia is the center of their distribution and diversification. From the above, it can be seen that the dominant families of the flora in the construction area are temperate flora as a whole, and the temperate elements are absolutely dominant, and there are transitional elements between the northern temperate flora and the subtropical flora.
Table 5-22 Statistical Table of Main Families, Genus and Species of Seed Plants
See Table 5-23 for the main genera and species of seed plants in the construction area. There are 3 genera with more than 10 species, namely Artemisia (16 species), Polygonum (15 species) and Carex (13 species). There are 16 genera and 5 ~ 10 species, such as erigeron (8 species), Potentilla (7 species), Viola (7 species), Lespedeza (6 species), Euphorbia (5 species), Vicia (5 species) and Poa (5 species). There are more than five species of 19 genera, accounting for 5.0% of the total genera in this area, and the total number of species is 132, accounting for 19.9% of the total species in this area. Among them, there are major genera in the world, such as Polygonum, Artemisia and Carex. There are also very evolved genera, such as crabgrass, Kentucky bluegrass and thrush in Gramineae. According to the analysis of dominant families and dominant genera in flora, dominant families and dominant genera constitute the main body of flora, and the dominant phenomenon is obvious.
Table 5-23 Statistics of Species Number of Main Genera of Seed Plants
Distribution of endemic species. This area is located in the east of Shandong Peninsula, with superior geographical position, good climatic conditions, no mountains around, and unique plants in Shandong. According to the investigation, there are four species of plants endemic to Shandong in the construction area, namely clematis. Arrowhead, tree tongue, Taishan garlic and peucedanum praeruptorum. At the same time, five endemic plants in China, such as Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Eucommia ulmoides, Fructus Aurantii, Pinellia palmatum and Phyllostachys pubescens, can grow normally in the construction area.
2) Key protected plants. According to the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (First Batch) published by the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Agriculture in September (1999), there are two vascular plants in this area: Zoysia japonica and wild soybean. There are three kinds of plants listed in the Red Book of Rare and Endangered Plants in China, namely Astragalus membranaceus, Sophora japonica, Eucommia ulmoides and Eucommia ulmoides. According to the rare and endangered protected plants in Shandong, there are 20 species of "rare and endangered protected plants in Shandong" in the Plan, including 8 species of endangered plants and 2 species of rare/kloc-0. See Table 5-24 for details.
Table 5-24 Statistics of Rare and Endangered Protected Plants in Shandong Province