Kyoho grape is one of the main varieties in production, which has strong adaptability, good disease resistance and cold resistance, and likes fat and water. Since 2003, due to one-sided pursuit of output, management lags behind and quality declines, which affects its commodity value and market competitiveness. Therefore, we should start with limiting production and improving quality, pay close attention to comprehensive management and improve the quality of Kyoho grape. The technical measures are as follows:
Fertilization and irrigation
Kyoho grape has higher requirements on fertilizer and water conditions, and stricter requirements on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Generally, per 100 kg of berries, nitrogen 1 kg, phosphorus 0.3 kg and potassium 1 kg need to be increased. Therefore, more organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer should be applied in winter, which is beneficial to improve fruit quality. Kyoho grows vigorously, so it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the growing season. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer is easy to cause plants to grow white and drop flowers and fruits, and at the same time affect the annual output in the future. Appropriately increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. At the early stage of berry growth, the leaves can be sprayed with 1-2 times effective nitrogen fertilizer; At the end of May, combined with irrigation, 0.2 kg of potassium sulfate was applied to each plant; Spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time in June and 2 weeks before mining. Adequate water supply should be ensured from grape germination to berry coloring, and irrigation should not be done 2-3 weeks before harvest.
Plastic trimming
Use hedge frame and T-frame, and keep 2-3 main vines per plant. When pruning in winter, give priority to with medium and long branches, and use short branches as little as possible. Leave 6-8 fruiting branches per square meter, and pay attention to stagger them up and down. Pay attention to pruning in summer, and the spacing between new shoots is 8- 10 cm to ensure ventilation and light transmission. The new shoots are cored in time, and the secondary branches are left 1-2 leaves for repeated coring.
blossom and fruit thinning
One of the main reasons for the decline in the quality of Kyoho grape is its high yield. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the output, which is 2000-2500 Jin per mu. Through reasonable load, thinning flowers (sequence) and fruits (ear), adjust the growth of trees and keep the growth of trees moderate, so as to achieve the purpose of high yield, stable yield and high quality. Generally, the elongation and weak branches leave no spike, the moderate branches leave 1 spike, and the strong branches leave 1-2 spike. The ratio of effective leaves to ears is15-20:1. Take off the inflorescence tip 1/5— 1/4 and the first secondary spike before flowering. After the fruit expands, remove small grains, pests and diseases and crack fruit in time.
Fruit bagging
Bagging can effectively reduce the occurrence of grape diseases and insect pests, ensure that the fruit is not polluted by pesticides and endangered by birds and bees, make the peel bright, bright in color and improve the quality. Bagging is generally carried out after grape physiological fruit drop. When grapevine mung bean is big, after the whole fruit is drained, the whole tree is sprayed with 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution, and after the medicine is dried, it can be bagged, and then the bag mouth is tied tightly on the new shoots or adjacent branches and vines with fine iron wire or string. Remove the bag 2 weeks before fruit harvest. Use special bags for grapes or homemade paper bags. Greenhouse grape cultivation, due to the change of growth and development environment, can produce high yield in one year, but the flower bud differentiation is poor, and the flower amount in the second year is seriously insufficient, and some even fail to produce, which seriously restricts the development of greenhouse grape cultivation. In view of this, we regard high-yield cultivation techniques for successive years as an important subject to tackle key problems. Since 20 13, through repeated research and continuous exploration, the supporting cultivation techniques for high yield in greenhouse have been basically improved. For two years and three years in a row, the yield per mu in winter greenhouses was 3030.9 kg and 3 109.68 kg respectively, and109.68 kg was accepted on May 25th, 1997.
Materials and methods
The tested variety is Jufeng, 3-year-old and 4-year-old. Greenhouse is mainly planted from south to north, and hedges are trimmed in fan shape, and the planting density is1.5m× 8 ~1m. The site condition is sandy loam with organic matter content of 0.8% and P2O535× 10-6(ppm). K2O90 ~ 100× 10-6, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 100× 10-6. The local annual average temperature 1 1.5℃, precipitation 600 ~ 800 mm, sunshine 28 18 hours, frost-free period 180 ~ 190 days. All experimental sheds are greenhouses in winter. Among them, the shed was buckled for two consecutive years from the second year of planting, with a length of 55m, a width of 7.2m and an area of 396m2；; The greenhouse, which has been converted for three consecutive years, is also converted for two years after planting, with a length of 74m, a width of 9m and an area of 666m2. The time to hold the tent is199665438+February 9. Demining time1June 30, 997. The film covering material is polyethylene drip-free greenhouse film, and the thermal insulation material is straw curtain with a thickness of 2-2.5 cm.
Yield and benefit analysis
When the two greenhouses were accepted on May 25th, they began to mature. Because the flowering period of greenhouse cultivation is prolonged, the harvesting period is also prolonged by about 10 days compared with that of the field, and the harvesting in both greenhouses ends in early June (there are other sales factors that limit the harvesting time). The local wholesale price is 30 ~ 36 yuan per kilogram in the early stage, 24 yuan per kilogram in the middle stage and Kloc-0/6 yuan in the later stage, and the average unit price is about 20 yuan. The income per mu is more than 60 thousand yuan, and the economic benefit per mu is more than 45 thousand yuan after deducting the cost (new shed 1.3 thousand yuan, chemical fertilizer and pesticide 2000 yuan). According to the actual investigation, the average fruit weight is 9 ~ 1 1g, the fruit is well colored, and its appearance and quality are similar to those of Kyoho cultivated in the open field. Especially the color is obviously better than that planted in the field. The main reason is that the temperature difference between day and night in mature period is larger than that in open field cultivation, which is beneficial to the formation of anthocyanins. According to the measurement, the temperature difference between day and night in the mature stage of field cultivation is generally 6 ~ 10℃ (not exceeding 10℃), while the temperature difference between day and night in the mature stage of greenhouse cultivation is 13 ~ 15℃, so the coloring is better.
Main techniques of grape cultivation in greenhouse
Temperature management
Temperature control is the key to the success or failure of fruit tree cultivation in protected areas. Therefore, 3 ~ 5 days at the initial stage of film buckle is the full curtain covering period. After the ground was completely thawed, after natural preparation and short-term adaptation, the grapes began to open and heat up during the day. According to the different growth stages, the temperature rise can be roughly divided into three stages. From germination to flowering in the early stage, the temperature in the shed can be quickly increased to 23 ~ 25℃ during the day. The greenhouse with good lighting and heat preservation can be raised to 27 ~ 28℃. It should be noted that when it exceeds 25℃, it is necessary to put down the headwind in time and control the temperature.
The early temperature is too high, and the growth and development are often irregular. In addition, CO2 can be supplemented. At this time, pay attention to heat preservation at night and keep the temperature at 7 ~ 8℃.
In the middle stage, before and after flowering, because flowering and pollination are extremely sensitive to the requirements of light, it is necessary to increase the sunshine as much as possible, raise the temperature and breathe in time during the day. The temperature control range is 25 ~ 28℃. When the temperature exceeds 30℃, pay attention to open the headwind and take a breath to cool down. Keeping warm at night keeps the temperature above 65438 04℃, which is beneficial to pollination and fertilization and improves the fruit setting rate.
In the later stage, the berries swell and mature, and the natural temperature begins to rise. The temperature difference between inside and outside the shed is small, and it is easy to control the temperature inside the shed, which can be maintained at 28 ~ 32℃ during the day and 15 ~ 17℃ at night. The temperature difference between day and night is controlled above 10℃, which is beneficial to berry coloring.
Humidity management and irrigation
According to the characteristics of water demand for Kyoho grape growth, there are different requirements for humidity management: from bud germination to flowering, the relative humidity should be controlled at 70% ~ 80%; The flowering period needs to be relatively dry, which is beneficial to anther opening and pollen spread. However, if it is too dry, it is easy to appear that the corolla does not crack and fall off, but is dry on the stamens, which affects fruit setting. The humidity in the shed should be controlled between 60% and 65%, which is close to the air humidity (60% ~ 69%) cultivated in the open field at the same time under natural conditions.
Water resources management. Pouring 1 time after the shed is buckled, and watering for the second time when the buds germinate. A few single flowers were watered with 1 water before opening. After that, the whole garden was sealed with film. Raise ground temperature, prevent water vapor from rising, and reduce air humidity. When 95% of the flowers in the garden wither, uncover the plastic film and water the flowers for the first time 1 time, water them for the second time every 20 days, and water the berries for the first time 1 time before softening. The watering management in the shed is basically completed.
Fertilize soil or land
During the open-air management, organic fertilizer was applied to greenhouse grapes in June 1 time. The application rate should be 4.5 ~ 5t (ton) per mu. Add 50 kg of potassium sulfate and 50 kg of diammonium phosphate. Sufficient organic fertilizer will produce a large amount of CO2 in the decomposition process, which can supplement the CO2 in the shed.
Top dressing should be done in time after the shed is closed, and quick-acting fertilizer should be supplied in the early stage. 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50 kg of urea and 50 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu should be topdressing at the germination stage. Spraying foliar fertilizer (urea, amino acid compound fertilizer, photosynthetic micro-fertilizer, etc.) before flowering. ) is to make up 2 ~ 3 times. After flowering, combined with watering, topdressing 50 kg mu of urea, topdressing 50 kg mu of potassium sulfate 1 time when berries begin to soften in late April. At the same time, foliar fertilizer is continuously applied for 2-3 times.
Integrated pest control
Greenhouse grapes grow in a specific environment, and the pests and diseases are generally light. The main control targets are young ear shaft rot, white rot, brown spot, downy mildew and so on. Focus on spraying 3 ~ 5be stone sulfur mixture before bud, spraying nail support twice before flowering, and alternately applying Bordeaux solution and ethyl aluminum phosphate according to field management to prevent and control the growth period.
decrease
Due to the influence of greenhouse cultivation, pruning is divided into two periods:
Summer pruning: the focus is on the cultured secondary branches. One is to flatten and lower the branches after uncovering the film, leave 1 ~ 2 secondary branches of summer buds at the top, and then raise them vertically and tie them up for culture. For example, if the primary secondary branches and leaves are insufficient (generally 2-4), they can be supplemented by secondary secondary branches. When the leaves are 8- 10, the core is picked and the length is controlled, and the lower axillary buds are enriched, which is reserved for the second year. Secondly, after uncovering the film, leave 2 ~ 3 buds to cut short, so as to promote the formation of new shoots in winter buds. When the shoots grow to 8 ~ 10 leaves, pick the heart and enrich the axillary buds below them for use in the next year.
Winter cutting: after defoliation, cut it short according to the development degree of new shoots. Generally, 2 ~ 5 buds are cut off from the branches with secondary tips, and those with a large shelf position and a thickness of more than 0.7cm can be longer, while those with thin tips are generally shorter (2 ~ 3 buds). After heavy and short pruning, the fruiting vine can be appropriately left long (close to 5 ~ 7 buds of conventional pruning) when it is cut in winter. The experiment proved that the second year's yield was the highest when the branches were pulled out and the second grade tips were left. The yield of secondary branches cultured by heavy chopping is also considerable; According to the conventional pruning method, the tendrils in the second year will have more flowers and more buds, less fruit or even no production. The comparison of biological characteristics shows that the first two methods are significantly different from conventional pruning.
Attention should be paid to greenhouse cultivation:
(1) The ripening period of grapes in greenhouse is later than that in conventional production. The reason is that the covering material has a certain filtering effect on the light quality, and the insulation of the covering curtain affects the sunshine hours, which leads to the growth days of greenhouse grapes from germination to maturity at least 150 ~ 155 days, which is extended by 10 ~ 15 days.
(2) The cultivation method with secondary branches as fruiting mother vines can continuously produce good flowers and high yield. The reason is that the growth period of the secondary branches after uncovering the film is completely in the natural environment, and the flowering conditions are better than those in the shed. However, due to the influence of light quality and illumination time, the differentiation was inhibited during flowering in greenhouse. In addition, after uncovering the film, the leaves on the original fruiting vine are completely aged, the exposed temperature is high, the consumption is greater than the accumulation, the nutrient reserve level of the tree is low, the nutrient supply in the secondary differentiation stage is less, the flower quality is poor, the tendrils are more, and the fruit setting is poor.
(3) Compared with heavy and short cutting, the effect of directly pulling branches and leaving secondary branches to promote the flowering of secondary branches is better, mainly because the secondary branches after heavy and short cutting have a construction period, a relatively short nutrient accumulation period and a low storage level, so the number of inflorescences is small and compact. Xing 'an develops 35,000 mu of Kyoho grapes, with an annual output of 40,000 tons and an output value of 80 million yuan. It is the largest Kyoho grape production base in Guangxi and even South China. The Kyoho grapes in Xing 'an are crystal clear, and some are red, which are famous for their large size, bright color, juicy, delicious and fragrant. Bagging technology is used in grape cultivation during the whole growth period, which avoids all kinds of pollution and ensures the fruit is pollution-free, and has a strong market competitive advantage.
Since 2003, the quality of Kyoho grape began to decline. Some fruits are immature, uneven in size, poor in color, and hard and sour in flesh. Some fruit stalks turn brown, wither and rot, which seriously affects the market competitiveness of fresh Kyoho grapes and brings certain economic losses to the majority of fruit farmers. Therefore, active measures should be taken to improve its due quality.
The first is to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. Kyoho grape has great growth potential and requires high fertilizer and water conditions.
Usually 100 kg berries need 1.5 kg pure nitrogen, 1.0 kg phosphorus and 1.5 kg potassium. At the same time, in the process of berry growth, sufficient water can increase fruit grains and increase yield. However, if excessive irrigation is carried out from berry coloring to ripening, the fruit will have low sugar content, high acidity, color difference and fruit cracking, which will easily induce gray mold and late rot, affect the color, aroma and taste of Kyoho grape and reduce its quality. Therefore, irrigation should be done properly, especially 20 days before 15- picking. It is necessary to control the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and prevent excessive growth of plants, closed branches and leaves, poor ventilation and insufficient light, so that grape berries can not grow and mature normally, the fruit stems are crisp and tender, the skin is thin, and the resistance to various germs is poor. Therefore, spraying 800 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves of berries during coloring period and spraying it once every half month can improve the quality of berries. After defoliation in autumn, apply 2% phosphate fertilizer and 2000-3000 kg decomposed organic fertilizer per mu. At this time, the high ground temperature is beneficial to the decomposition of organic fertilizer and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by roots.
Second, reasonable pruning. In order to pursue high yield, many fruit farmers do not sparse their inflorescences in summer.
Without pinching the spike tip, the nutrient supply is scattered, and the fruit size and maturity are different. In winter, when cutting lightly for a long time, more branches and vines are left, which leads to the rapid movement of the fruiting parts and the intensive concentration of fruit ears on the upper part of the frame surface. Due to excessive load, uneven distribution and unbalanced nutrition, it is difficult to form high-quality fruits. Therefore, Kyoho grapes should pick the main branches in time before flowering, erase the secondary branches, so that more nutrients can be transported to the flower organs, and at the same time, some inflorescences should be properly thinned, and the end of 1/4- 1/5 should be pinched off 3-5 days before flowering, so that nutrients can be supplied to the remaining fruit grains in a centralized way. Pruning medium and long branches in winter, it is appropriate to leave new branches 10- 15 branches per square meter, staggered up and down, to ensure that the growth of grapes per ear reaches 15-25 leaves, and the yield per mu is controlled within 2500 kg. This can make the ear compact, the fruit grains neat and mature, and improve the flavor and color of berries.
Third, the prevention and control of pests and diseases. When harvesting in winter, we should thoroughly clean the fields and eliminate all kinds of germs.
Spraying 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before spring germination of Kyoho grape to prevent powdery mildew and felting disease; Spraying the same amount of Bordeaux solution 200 times a week after flowering to prevent and control black pox; From the beginning of June, spray 600-800 times of 50% dimethoate 3-4 times every 10- 15 days, spray 400 times of ethyl phosphate to control downy mildew, and spray 1000- 1500 times of 40% dimethoate emulsion to control pests such as floating dust. If the harm of grape piercing moth is found on the branches, 50% dichlorvos can be poured into the wormhole, and then the wormhole can be sealed with clay. In order to prevent grapes from being contaminated by pesticides after listing, spraying pesticides should be stopped about half a month before picking.
Fourth, timely picking. The growth period of Kyoho grape is 130- 150 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3000-3200℃. Under proper cultivation measures, coloring usually begins in early July and matures in late August.
Only in late August, when the grape berries are purple, the sugar content is above 15%, the acid content is 0.6%-0.8%, and the flavor is strong, can they be picked. However, in order to seize the fresh grape market, some fruit farmers picked Kyoho grapes and put them on the market in early August, resulting in immature blue berries and low contents of sugar and aromatic substances. In order to reduce the infection of gray mold, spraying 700-800 times of thiophanate methyl 7- 10 days before picking can significantly reduce the incidence of Kyoho grape during storage and sales.
Picking should be done in the morning or afternoon after dewdrops are dried, not in cloudy or foggy days, so as to eliminate the heat and humidity brought by grapes from the field as much as possible, and at the same time, it should be lightly cut to avoid breaking fruit particles and wiping off fruit powder. The main causes of fruit cracking are:
Jufeng grape fruit cracking mostly occurs near the harvest time. Kyoho grape fruit has poor swelling resistance and is sensitive to ethylene, but the ethylene content in the fruit is high near maturity, and the fruit is easy to crack. There is often drought and little rain in the early stage of fruit growth, and it is rainy or even rainy when the fruit is ripe. After ripening, the temperature rises rapidly and the weather begins to dry, which makes Kyoho grape easy to crack at harvest. The tree vigor of Kyoho grape is weak, but the amount of fruit left is large, and the fruit is too tight, which also easily leads to serious fruit drop. Apply more nitrogen fertilizer; Grapes on clay ground are prone to waterlogging and drought, and the external environment changes quickly and fruit is easy to fall; Following the traditional pruning method, the core removal leads to fewer leaves, which reduces the ability of trees to adjust water and easily leads to fruit cracking when it rains; The application of ethephon to ripen and crack fruit, among which a large number of early applications have serious fruit cracking.
Control measures of fruit cracking
1, pay attention to spraying more water or water in the early and middle stages of fruit growth. In this way, the cell wall of the secondary epidermis and the lenticels of the fruit stalk will be obviously developed, which can increase the critical expansion pressure that causes fruit cracking; Spraying NAA 15 mg/kg and ABA 100 mg/kg near the ear and leaves can increase the pressure of fruit expansion, increase the fruit and prolong the life of leaves. Try not to use or delay the use of ethephon in the late growth stage.
2. Covering vineyards with plastic film can prevent excessive rainwater accumulation at roots, resist evaporation of surface water and reduce the change of soil moisture. In drought, the combination of plastic film mulching and irrigation can effectively prevent grape from cracking.
3. If the fruit carrying capacity of Kyoho grape is too large, it will cause poor fruit coloring and increase fruit cracking. Therefore, we should pay attention to adjusting the fruit carrying capacity to reduce the fruit cracking due to the fixed yield of trees.
4. Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and more organic fertilizer should be applied, and the amount of calcium fertilizer should be increased in cohesive soil.
5. Change the traditional coring method and leave more leaves. All the secondary branches above the ear were cored with 2 leaves, and all the winter buds and summer buds between the secondary branches and leaves were removed. It reaches more than 25-26 normal leaves per fruit branch, which enhances the water regulation function of the tree.
6. Spraying NAA 20 mg/kg and ABA 100 mg/kg twice at the initial stage of fruit cracking can resist the activity of ethylene in plants and prevent fruit cracking caused by ethephon application.