Planets and satellites in the solar system are generally named after characters in Roman mythology, such as Mars; God of war;
This comet is named after the discoverer, and it will get an international number of the International Astronomical Union. For example, Halley's comet is also called "1p/1982 u1";
Asteroids have the official international number of the International Astronomical Union and are also named according to the suggestion of the discoverer. For example, the asteroid 2045, also known as the "Beijing" star, was discovered by the Purple Mountain Observatory.
Stars are named after their constellations+Greek letters, such as Lyra α, and numbered when the Greek letters are not enough, such as Bojiang 32;
The naming of variable stars (within a constellation) begins with capital letters R to Z, then R, rs ... to ZZ, and then QZ is known from A. After 334 combinations are used up, they are numbered with V and numbers, such as Bear V 1840.
As for "pulsars, white dwarfs, binary stars and pulse binary stars", these are completely different things. This is not naming, but classification, and it is not classified according to a classification standard. You can search Baidu Encyclopedia for a detailed explanation, so I won't repost it.
Seeing the supplement of LZ, I would also like to add that the so-called messier catalog is just one of the nebula cluster lists, numbered by astronomer messier, with a total of 1 10 celestial bodies. Now, it seems that there are many problems and even mistakes in the M watch (for example, M40 is only a pair of binary stars), but because of its long history, everyone is used to using it (especially astronomy enthusiasts like it). At present, the general catalogue of star clusters and nebulae is NGC, which was compiled by Danish astronomer Derel in 1888 according to the early catalogue of British astronomer Herschel's family. The catalogue contains about 8,000 celestial bodies, and the number of the first catalogue (NGC) and the second catalogue (also called Supplement to the Master Catalogue of New Nebulae and Clusters, abbreviated as IC) published in 1895 and 1908 respectively has increased to about13,000 celestial bodies. Although many celestial bodies that can be observed with modern instruments are not listed in the table, NGC and its supplement are catalogues that include the whole sky area. Therefore, a celestial body can have several names. For example, the crab nebula is called NGC 1952 in addition to M 1. In addition, there are detailed classification tables such as cosmic radio source table and gamma radio source table.
As for the numbering rules of pulsars, tylande has already said it in detail, so I won't go into details.