1. The jade produced in Jilin includes Changbai jade. Changbai jade is produced in Panshi County, Changbai County, Malu Township, and Changlingzi, Shuangyang County, Jilin Province. It is green in color and has a waxy luster.
2. There are three varieties of jade in Liaoning, two of which are famous nationwide; one is Xiuyan County jade, which represents the origin of Xiuyan jade in my country, referred to as Xiuyu; the other is Fuxin agate jade. The other is Haicheng jade produced in Haicheng. Xiuyan jade is turquoise, green, light green, gray, white, black gray, flower color, yellow, and has good transparency. It can be divided into five grades; pure white, white green, emerald green, dark green and yellowish. Agate is produced in the Zhenjiawobu and Meiliban areas of Fuxin Laohe. Mostly in red, white, black-green, gray, porcelain white, sauce purple, yellow, etc. Among them, chicken blood agate ranks first, followed by landscape and figure agate. The middle grades include cypress agate, zygote agate, truncate agate (red and white), sardonyx (red and white as diverse as silk), moss agate, and jasper agate. , coral agate, brocade red agate, cricket agate; the lower grade is fresh water-colored slurry water (with black lines in the middle) agate, the color is like jellyfish-colored ghost stone flower agate; Haicheng stone is produced in Haicheng, the jade is slightly transparent, gray green.
3. Xinjiang jade is divided into Hotan mutton-fat white jade, sapphire, green white jade, jasper, black jade, topaz, honey jade, honey jade, Manas jasper, serpentine jade, chalcedony , hibiscus stone, lilac jade, fluorite jade, Xinjiang Dushan jade, Xiu jade, Tes jade, etc. Top-grade mutton-fat jade has two colors, with flawless, dotted and stranded jade being the most expensive. Mutton-fat white jade has a waxy luster, a mutton-fat white color, and is warm and pleasant. It is mostly produced in the Yulong Kashi River and Karakash River basins in Hotan, Xinjiang. There is also a slightly bluish-gray mutton-fat jade, which is warm and pleasant, with a strong waxy feel. Sapphire is mostly green with a hint of gray; blue and white jade alternate with green and white; jasper is as dark as lake blue water; black jade has dark green, dark gray black spots and haloes, with dark green as the treasure; topaz is gray-green with yellowing , hard texture; chalcedony is another branch of agate, mostly yellow or white; the color of the newly discovered honey emerald is close to malachite; hibiscus stone is the pink of rose flowers, which is actually a variety of crystal. The high-quality jade produced in Xinjiang is located in the Kunlun Mountains of southern Xinjiang, starting from Qiemo in the east to Taxkorgan in the west. There are more than 20 jade mines in the country, and the jade belt is more than 1,200 kilometers long. The jade distribution centers in Xinjiang include Yarkand, Taxkorgan, Hotan, and Qiemo; in the central part, there are Manas in the Tianshan region and the Altyn Mountains in northern Xinjiang.
4. The jade produced in Tibet includes Renbu jade, Guori Ajade, white jade, ivory white jade, amber stone and amethyst, etc. Renbu jade has three colors: grey-green, dark green and light green, which are three varieties, and is slightly transparent. The jade is produced in Renbu County, Tibet, and its quality is low-grade. Gori Ajade is light gray or off-white, slightly transparent; ivory white is slightly yellowish and has an enamel texture.
5. The jade varieties produced in Qinghai include Xiu jade, Qaidam jade, dark green jade, blue jade, etc. Qinghai Xiu jade is produced in Erzhihara Jade Shigou and Ledu County Jade Terrace. It is white, yellow-green, black and gray-green, opaque or slightly transparent, and has a waxy luster. Qaidam jade is produced in Mangya and Ulan counties. In the Huilanggou area, there are yellow-green jade, gray-white jade, green spotted jade and green-spotted jade, etc. The stone quality is better. Qinghai dark green jade is produced in Wutuogou, Dulan County. It is slightly transparent, dark green in color and of good quality. Although Dulan jade is oil jade, it is very similar to Henan Dushan jade, with rich color but mostly dull luster.
6. Qilian Mountain jade and Yuanyang jade have the highest output in Gansu. Qilian Mountain jade, commonly known as Jiuquan jade or Laoshan jade, is produced in the Qilian Mountains. Its colors include white, green, yellow, blue and variegated. Yuanyang jade is produced in the steep mountains of Yuanyang Town, Wushan County. It comes in yellow, green, dark green and black, with green being the best.
7. The jade produced in Sichuan includes jasper, tortoise jade, summer pearl jade, black jade, tooth topaz, Huili jade, lapis lazuli jade, summer pearl jade, blue jade, peach blossom jade, nephrite and Longxi Jade and others. Longxi jade is produced in Longxi Township, Wenchuan County. The jade is light green and dark green, between the two colors of Xinjiang sapphire and topaz. Nephrite from western Sichuan is emerald green in color with yellow stars in between, has a waxy luster, and has a good texture. Peach blossom jade is produced in Yanbian, Dukou, Derong, Mianning and other places. It is pink in color, has a massive fine crystal structure and is brightly colored. Blue-grained jade is produced in Nanjiang and Wangcang. It is light blue and blue-grey, similar to Brazilian blue-grained jade. Xia Zhu Jadeite is produced in Derong and Ganzi. It is emerald green in color with white or off-white spots in between, like jadeite. Lapis lazuli jade is produced in Kowloon and Kangding, and its color is fruit green and sky blue. Huili jade is produced in Huili. It is leaf green and dark green in color and has a waxy luster. Tooth topaz is produced in Xide and Dechang. Light yellow or yellow.
8. Guizhou jade includes Venus jade, Guicui, purple fluorescent jade, candle coal jade, jasper, chrysoprase, agate, etc. Venus jade is produced in southern and western Guizhou. There are beautiful patina stars in the stone, the texture is fine and slightly transparent. Guicui is produced in southwestern Guizhou and is light green in color, but has more blisters. Zhu coal jade, commonly known as black jade, is produced in Shuicheng. It is bright, dense in shape, without cracks or wrinkles, and has acceptable hardness. Jasper is produced in northwest Guizhou. It is gray-green or oily green in color, has a waxy luster, and has a fine texture. Chrysoprase is produced in northern Guizhou and is green in color.
9. Yunnan jade includes jasper, grape jade, aventurine, Xiuyan jade, blue chalcedony, soft crystal, turquoise, malachite and various feldspars.
10. The jade produced in Guangxi includes agate and serpentine, which are produced in Du'an, Luchuan, Bobai and Sanjiang counties.
11. The jade produced in Guangdong includes Xinyi Jade, green jade and malachite.
Xinyi jade is produced in Xinyi County and comes in three colors: black, yellow-green and turquoise. Green jade is produced in Guangning County. It has a strong waxy luster, fine texture, and rich colors, including gray and white, black gray, light green, dark green, emerald green, white ground green head, yellow ground green head, yellow ground red head, green ground gold Yellow head with green stripes on the white ground.
12. The jade produced in Hunan includes agate, black jade and fluorescent jade. Agate is produced in Bazi Road, Taoyuan County, and comes in red, milky, white, and yellow colors. Black crystal jade is produced in Chongshan and Baixi in New Taipei County. It has fine texture and good color. Ying jade is produced in Linwu and has green and purple colors, which are relatively bright.
13. The jade produced in Hubei includes turquoise, silicified malachite, Baihe jade and agate. Turquoise is produced in Yun County, Yunxi County and Zhushan County, and silicified malachite is produced in Daye Tonglushan. The former are mostly fish-white, green, and sky blue; the latter are green, emerald green, and brightly colored. Baihe jade is produced in Hefeng County and has a blend of three colors: rosy red, fruit green, and milky white.
14. The jade produced in Henan includes Dushan jade, dense jade, plum blossom jade, black green jade and Xixia jade. Dushan jade, also known as Nanyang jade, is produced in Dushan in the northeastern suburbs of Nanyang City. It has rich colors, including purple, black, brown, blue, green, cyan, red, white and various mixed colors. It is divided into red hibiscus jade, green jade, green white jade, sky jade, jadeite, green Dushan, black Dushan and purple Dushan. Among them, the three colors of emerald, green and red are the top grade, and water white jade is the best. The above four colors of jade are commonly known as Nanyang jade. Except for jadeite, which is translucent or transparent, the rest of the Nanyang jade is opaque. Mi jade is produced in the western mountainous area of ??Mi County. It has a fine texture and comes in colors such as flesh red, emerald green, orange, soot, and dark brown. Xixia County also produces a kind of jade called Xixia, which is transparent or opaque, milky white, slightly fine in texture, and has a yellowish-brown and reddish stone skin on the outside.
15. The jade produced in Anhui includes turquoise, cauliflower jade, Fengyang jade and black jade. Turquoise is produced in Ma'anshan City and is blue, blue-green or blue and yellow-green. Cauliflower jade is produced in Dianqian Village, Yuexi County. Fengyang jade is produced in the hills and mountains of Fengyang County. Black jade is produced in Fanchang, Tongcheng and other places.
16. The jade produced in Jiangxi includes aventurine, green jade, tortoise jade, coral jade, jadeite, jasper, black jade, fluorescent jade, hibiscus stone and agate. Agate is produced in Jinxi, hibiscus jade is produced in Guixi, fluorescent jade is produced in De'an, and jasper is produced in Geyang.
17. The jade produced in Fujian includes agate, Xiuyan jade, jasper and silicified malachite. Agate is produced in Shanghanghang, Shunchang, Taining, Hua'an, Pingheguanfeng and other places.
18. Only Qingtian and Changhua colored stones in Zhejiang are famous.
19. In Jiangsu, only Donghai and Xinyi crystal stones and Nanjing and Liuhe Yuhua stones are famous.
20. The jade produced in Shandong includes agate and Taishan jade. Agate is produced in Junan, Juxian, Feixian, Yishui, Linyi and other cities and counties in Linyi area. The texture of earth agate is not good, translucent, mostly gray, white and red, with moss and walnut textures on the stone. Taishan jade is produced in Tai'an City. The jade is hard, transparent and green-blue in color, such as top-grade Xiuyan jade, Xinyi jade and Fengyang jade.
21. The jade produced in Shanxi includes chalcedony and agate. Chalcedony is produced in Louzigou, Hengqu County, and Zhangjiashan, Zhaojiagou Township, Tianzhen County. Chalcedony and agate are in irregular spherical shapes and are flesh-red, red, orange and white in color.
22. The jade produced in Shaanxi includes turquoise, epidote, peach blossom jade, lilac jade, Shangluo jade, Luo jade, jasper, Lantian jade and black jade. Turquoise is produced in Baihe, Ankang, and Pingli counties and comes in fish-white, green, sky blue, and yellow-blue colors. Green curtain jade is transparent or translucent, in green, red, reddish brown, and often has cracks on the jade. Peach blossom jade is transparent or translucent, has no wrinkles, and is pure in color, mainly rose red, followed by deep red and pink. Lilac jade is produced in the Shangnan Mountains. It is in the shape of clumps, light red and pink, and translucent. Shangluo jade is produced in Zhaochuan Cave in Shangnan County. It is green, slightly transparent, and has a fine texture. The jade has slight cracks and white impurities. Luo Cuijade is produced in Huanghuazhang, Luonan County. It is tender blue, blue-green, slightly transparent, and has many wrinkles. Jasper is produced in Shuangmiaoling and Daweiyuan areas of Shangnan County. Blue-grey, slightly transparent or opaque. Lantian jade is produced in Yuchuan Township, Lantian County. It is gray, yellow, green and black in color, with patterns in the middle, fine texture, smooth and crystal clear. Black jade is produced in Songshugou, Heshangnan County, Fuping County. The jade is dark brown and opaque. The better varieties are aquatic green and oolong eyes.
23. The jade produced in Inner Mongolia includes agate, hibiscus, Shetaicui and Deling ruby. The output of agate is extremely large, and it is easily available in the Molidawa Dahaner Desert from the Jina Banner of the Alxa League in the west to the Molidawa Dahaner Desert in the Hulunbuir League in the east.
24. The jade produced in Heilongjiang includes agate, Longjiang jade, etc.
As the saying goes: Thousands of agates and thousands of jade. There are many types and quality levels of jade. A preliminary understanding of the types of jade and simple identification methods is the basis for getting started with jade. Jade can be divided into two categories: nephrite and jade. Among nephrites, only Hetian jade, Russian jade and Qinghai jade can be used as wearable jewelry. Among them, Hetian jade is the most valuable. Liaoning Xiu jade, Henan jade, and Shaanxi Lantian jade can only be used to make handicrafts with larger shapes. Among Hetian jade alone, it is divided into three categories: Zi jade, mountain water jade, and mountain material jade based on different textures. The prices of the three categories vary greatly. So, how do they differ? Let’s listen to the experts’ introduction.
Identification of nephrite
Test the hardness.
The hardness of glass is 5 degrees, while the hardness of nephrite is 5.5-6.5 degrees. Therefore, even if the jade is smooth and has no edges and corners, there will be an obvious mark line when scratched on the glass, but the jade ornaments will remain unscathed.
Look at the shape. From the appearance, Hetian jade is rich in oily luster, slightly transparent to strong light, relatively stable, and has a fine structure when viewed with a magnifying glass. Lantian jade has much better transparency and lower hardness. Afghan jade is relatively light and belongs to white quartzite. Its texture is relatively loose and its luster is bright and glassy. It is generally pure white. Use a magnifying glass to see if there are bubbles in the glass imitation jade.
Among Hetian jade, the surface of Ziyu is very moist, with a naturally formed skin and pores. Mountain water jade and mountain material jade have no skin and are generally angular, not as smooth as Ziyu. There is a big price difference between the two. If mountain jade and mountain material jade are artificially imitated, although there is skin on the surface, there will be no pores when viewed under a magnifying glass.
Look at the place of origin. Ziyu was fished out of the river. It doesn't take long for mountain water to roll from the mountain into the mud or into the river. Mountain jade is mined directly from the mountains.
Identification of Jadeite
Jadeite is currently mainly Burmese jade,
that is, jadeite. Its hardness is 6.5-7 degrees, and its colors are mostly green, yellow, and white. , also available in red and purple.
Jade jewelry is divided into A, B, and C. A is a piece of jade directly processed from natural jadeite; B is a natural jade stone that has been pickled under high temperature and pressure. It is processed later; the C product is a counterfeit of the B product with added pigments.
To distinguish the true and false of jadeite, you can use the following 3 simple methods.
Test the hardness. Use jadeite with a smooth surface and no edges to scratch the glass. The glass will be scratched but the jadeite will remain unscathed. However, the hardness of counterfeit jewelry made of Malay jade and artificial glass is less than or equal to that of glass. When scratching the glass, there will either be no trace or both will be damaged.
Listen to the sound. Jadeite A will make a crisp "dang-dang" sound when hung up with a string and knocked; while jadeites B and C will make a turbid "dong-dong" sound.
Look at the structure. Use a magnifying glass to see that cargo A has a fine structure, while cargo B and C have loose structures and cracks.
It is difficult for ordinary citizens to learn the identification method at once. When purchasing white jade and jade jewelry, you can use the following "idiot" tips.
Don’t be cheap. White jade and jadeite are rare and expensive. In addition, the polishing labor is also very expensive. If the price is low, it is likely to be a fake.
Request a certificate. Although it is difficult for ordinary citizens to distinguish Hetian jade from Russian jade and Qinghai jade based on their appearance, most sellers have certificates of origin, and jadeite also has appraisal certificates from national authorities. If the seller refuses to even produce the certificate of origin and appraisal, it is likely to be a counterfeit.
Buy from regular stores. Most of the goods in the hands of mobile vendors are fakes. If you really want to buy them, it's best to go to a regular store.
China’s jade is divided into two categories: nephrite and jade.
Jadeite, commonly known as "jade" in my country, is a rising star among traditional Chinese jades and the top grade of all jade in modern times. Common jadeite colors include white, gray, pink, light brown, green, emerald green, yellow-green, purple-red, etc. Most are opaque, some are translucent, and have glass luster. According to color and texture, there are sapphire green, brilliant green, yellow sun green, sun green, glass green, parrot green, spinach green, light aqua green, light sun green, frog green, melon skin green, plum green, blue green , gray green, oil green, as well as more than 20 varieties such as violet and lotus root.
Nephrite is called real jade, such as white jade, sapphire, white jade, jasper and black jade, etc. They all have a waxy luster and are pure and milky white. Judging from the jades of the past dynasties, the jade used in my country is mainly nephrite. Ancient nephrite is called traditional jade in my country. Common colors of nephrite include white, off-white, green, dark green, yellow, black and other colors. Most are opaque, some are translucent and have glass luster. The varieties of nephrite are mainly divided according to different colors. The best white jade is as white as mutton fat, and is called mutton fat jade. Sapphire is gray-white to bluish-white. Some people currently refer to gray-white sapphire as sapphire. Jasper is green or dark green, and sometimes black dirty spots can be seen, which are caused by impurities such as chromium spinel minerals. When it contains many impurities and turns black, it is precious black jade. Topaz is also a more precious variety. The sapphire has a sugar-yellow shell, which is now called "sugar jade", the white and slightly pink one is called "pink jade", and the tiger skin color is called "tiger skin jade", etc.
People who are new to jade are most afraid of encountering fakes because they don’t understand jade. The identification of glass imitation jade products currently on the market is probably the most common and simplest among fakes. Common ones are small smooth rings, small chicken hearts, jade tablets, etc. called "jade". Because this kind of glass product is made by casting, the high-temperature glass liquid will overflow a little at the edge of the object when it is molded, and it will become a faintly convex mold line after cooling. You will find something by touching it with your hands and looking at it. If you use a magnifying glass to observe the light, there must be bubbles of various sizes.
If you don’t hire an expert, first-time jade players need to identify the authenticity of jade by themselves. They can observe it from three aspects:
1. Because the glass texture is very brittle and hard, and the structure is unblocked. It lacks the density and toughness of jade and cannot withstand strong high-speed rotary carving, so it is generally impossible to process high relief and round carvings on glass.
2. Use a magnifying glass to look for bubbles. Even if you can only see one, you can confirm that it is not jade.
3. Add chromium oxide to the glass, and the color will be close to ruby; add cobalt oxide, and the color will be close to sapphire; add chromium oxide and copper oxide, and the color will be close to emerald... and so on, there are many kinds of fake jade. However, their colors always appear thin and lack the oily and rich feeling of natural jade.
The identification of new jade and old jade is different. The identification of new jade focuses on the true and false varieties, quality of texture and fineness of carving. The identification of old jade is relatively complicated. In addition to several basic requirements for new jade, the production and historical value of the jade must also be identified.
Ancient jade appraisal
The examination, identification and determination of the texture, age, name, function, grade, authenticity, etc. of unearthed jade cultural relics and handed down cultural relics.
The identification of jade texture relies on visual observation and the detection methods of mineralogy and gemology to determine the mineral species, chemical composition, crystal structure and physical properties of various jade. Usually, hardness, specific gravity and refractive index can be measured without damaging the original part. If the ancient jade is originally damaged, a small amount of nearly non-destructive sampling and analysis is allowed. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder crystal and scanning electron microscope and other instruments can be used to observe the optical properties and structure of the identified jade material, and measure its crystal system. According to the general concept of gemology and mineralogy in the world, jade only includes jadeite of alkaline clinopyroxene and nephrite of amphibole. Both are chain silicate minerals, commonly known as real jade. If it does not fall into the above range, it is fake jade or semi-jade. The real jade in ancient China was nephrite. At the Chahai site in Fuxin, Liaoning, eight jade articles were unearthed, and all were determined to be real jade; at the Hemudu site of the Majiabang culture, all the jade articles were fake; at the Songze site in Qingpu, Shanghai, the jade articles were mainly real jade, and miscellaneous There are fake jades; in the late Liangzhu Culture, almost all the jades from the Fanshan and Yaoshan sites in Yuhang are real jades. To identify the texture of jade, we must also study its origin, explore the source of ancient jade, and study the exchanges between various regions and the influence and exchanges between various cultures.
In addition to the identification of the jade age, in addition to archaeological excavations, the use of geological stratigraphy and archaeological typology methods, as well as the reference to the age of dated artifacts, to determine the chronological sequence of unearthed jade artifacts and understand their evolution process, all lost Without knowing the location of the excavation, the accompanying artifacts and original environment cannot be identified, and the ancient jades handed down from ancient times need to be identified and dated.
There are some jades unearthed in China in the early years. Due to their repeated circulation, they have become equal to those handed down from generation to generation. In recent years, based on the newly discovered archaeological data, scholars have chosen standard objects with clear unearthed locations and eras as scales to find out. The similarity in shape and pattern between some ancient jades handed down from ancient times and the above-mentioned standard jades can be used to summarize the regional characteristics of certain ancient jades and re-find the correct time and space location. This method of identification and dating has been adopted by researchers. Museums and cultural relic collection units at all levels must date, authenticate, document and grade jade collections. The archaeological community and cultural and museum departments identify the authenticity of ancient jades and determine their age through the following methods:
① Understand the fashion of the times and the style of the work. Choosing archaeological excavations as standard instruments can help solve the problem of dating handed down from ancient times. When there are no excavated items for comparison, it is necessary to accumulate long-term visual inspection experience and grasp the style and development evolution of jade in each era. By identifying the upper limit of a certain artifact's production and the lower limit of its replacement, connoisseurs will be confident when identifying the age. For example, animal-shaped jade carvings in the Shang Dynasty were able to use realistic and exaggerated modeling techniques, and were restricted by the specific ideology of the time, creating many outstanding works. Generally, the jade unearthed from Shang tombs are mostly flat reliefs, but when they developed to women's good What was unearthed from the tomb was a round sculpture with a relatively complex shape. Animal-shaped jade pendants of the Western Zhou Dynasty are often carved with the outline of the animal, like a silhouette. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the number of flat-shaped animal jade ornaments decreased greatly, and groups of jade ornaments became popular instead. The jade ornaments are not only connected to each other and have certain combinations, but also pay attention to the symmetry of image and color. During the Warring States Period, the decorations on jade became increasingly complicated, with many curved and connected lines, which was completely different from the decorations in the early Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the Han Dynasty, the jade materials used were carefully selected, with a warm texture and flawless whiteness. In addition, feudal rulers paid less attention to traditional ritual vessels, and measured their social status by the valuable daily necessities they owned during their lifetime and the amount of jade they buried after their death. The grain patterns and cattail patterns that were popular during the Warring States and Han Dynasties all disappeared after the Han Dynasty, and did not reappear until the rise of antique style in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The above examples show that with the changes in the fashion of the times, the production of jade has left the mark of the times.
② Focus on craftsmanship. Because carving is related to tools and craftsmen’s learning habits, it is easiest to unintentionally reveal the style of the times. For example, in the Neolithic Age jade bis and jade congs, the holes were drilled from both sides, and the joints were slightly offset, forming table marks. During this period, the holes drilled on jadeware had a large outer diameter and smaller diameters toward the inside. At the same time, the surface of the device leaves arc marks that droop on both sides during wire sawing; in the Shang Dynasty, there are straight line marks left by straight sawing of metal. The surface of jade articles from the Hongshan Culture likes to be processed by thinning the edges and making a depression in the center. In the Shang Dynasty, double hooks were often used to decorate details, and the lines followed the curvature of the shape. Western Zhou jade carvings have a unique way of forming a slope. The jade cutting tools of the Warring States period were greatly improved, and the surface of the jade was polished to a glass luster and appeared sharp. There are inscribed lines as thin as a hair in the patterns of Han jade, which are commonly called "hairspring engravings". Some parts of jade animals and birds are also decorated with thin inscribed short flat lines, which is a very characteristic of the times in Han jade. production techniques. A deep three-dimensional carving technique is common in jade carvings of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. Jade articles made with this technique include jade pendants, furnace tripods, etc.
In the Ming Dynasty, deep three-dimensional carvings were changed into double-layered carvings with different patterns on the top and bottom, such as jade belt decorations. In the Ming Dynasty, vertical utensils were carved without paying much attention to the sides, inner chambers, and feet. In the Qing Dynasty, the work was neat and orderly, and the workmanship was exquisite and meticulous.
③Compare with other handicrafts of the same period. The style of the times runs through various craft departments of the same period, and there are many places for reference, exchange, absorption, and integration between them. Jade wares of the Shang Dynasty often have symbolic and decorative patterns, which are basically consistent with the craftsmanship of bronze wares. Bird patterns on jades from the Western Zhou Dynasty often feature high crowns, beaks, and long curled tails, which are exactly the same as those on bronzes. The animal-faced jade ornaments unearthed from the tomb of Huang Junmeng and his wife during the Spring and Autumn Period are decorated with similar patterns, which are similar to the patterns on the Panchi-patterned pots found in the same tomb. The jade medallion from the Spring and Autumn Period unearthed from Tomb No. 1 of the Xiasi Temple in Xichuan is covered with snake and snake patterns, which are almost the same as those on the Jianli vessel from the same period. Similarities can be found between the hairspring carvings of the Han Dynasty and the line-engraved stone statues of the same period. Jade wares of the Tang Dynasty are said to have both form and spirit, with an enhanced sense of sculpture, which is partly due to the influence of paintings and sculptures of the Tang Dynasty. The shapes and patterns of jade wares during this period are also closely related to the gold and silver wares of the same period. The jade wares of the Song Dynasty have a strong flavor of life, and their shapes tend to be patterned, which is not unrelated to the painting style of the painting academy at that time. In addition to being influenced by literati paintings, the jade wares of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties were also influenced by the layered carvings of the Ming Dynasty, which were similar to the brocade and lacquer carving styles.
④ Obtain supplementary evidence from the literature. For example, the study of jade burial clothes in the Han Dynasty, from its origins, the jade-embellished veils in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, to the gold-engraved jade clothes, silver-engraved jade clothes, copper-engraved jade clothes in the Han Dynasty, until the demise of jade clothes, Emperor Wen of Wei banned "bead jackets" "Jade Box" has been buried, and documentary evidence has been found, thus drawing a convincing conclusion on the dating of the jade clothing. Jade swords and jade steel swords from the Han Dynasty are also found in literature. Jade belt plates became popular in the Tang Dynasty. According to historical records, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty gave Li Jing the thirteen jade belts that he paid tribute to in Khotan. Therefore, there is a certain understanding of the age when the above-mentioned jade ornaments appeared. define. The research and dating of "Spring Water Jade" and "Autumn Mountain Jade" in the Liao and Jin Dynasties have been conclusively confirmed from the literature. "Spring Water Jade" refers to jade with the pattern of a falcon (Haidongqing) catching a goose (swan). "Qiu Shan Jade" refers to jades with the theme of tigers and deer in mountains and forests. The former is consistent with the scene of the Liao Emperor going to "Chun Na Bo" and "Duck River" for hunting activities recorded in Liao History. The latter is consistent with the "Autumn Na" recorded in Liao History. "Bo" activities are consistent. The Jin Dynasty was based on the old Khitan system, and the history of the Jin Dynasty calls the jade wares with the aforementioned themes "their clothing is from spring water, with many falcons catching geese, and the decoration of mixed flowers" and "the decoration of autumn mountains".
⑤ Microscopic details and changes. The older generation of appraisers have many advantages in this regard. They are well aware of the detailed changes in various jade categories, such as the shape and decoration of dragon patterns and chi patterns, jade bis, jade sword decorations, and jade figures. They have done in-depth and detailed research and can point out the trajectory of changes in the times one by one. Combined with their understanding of other aspects, their judgments are often very accurate.
⑥Be careful to detect fake antiques. This relies on mastering the characteristics of real artifacts from each era, carefully analyzing and comparing them, and identifying doubtful points.
Counterfeit artifacts must have flaws in some aspects, especially if ancient jade is imitated by later generations, which can be identified