⑵ Embryonic local developmental malformation: It is caused by the disorder of embryonic local development, which involves not one organ, but multiple organs. Such as head and face hypoplasia, limb deformity and so on.
⑶ Organ and organ local malformation: It is caused by the absence or hypoplasia of an organ, such as bilateral or unilateral lung failure and ventricular septal defect.
⑷ Dysdifferentiation deformity: This deformity occurs late and is difficult to be recognized by naked eyes. Such as skeletal dysplasia and cretinism.
5. Hypertrophic malformation: It is caused by excessive proliferation of organs or some organs, such as the closure or stenosis of the foramen ovale caused by excessive growth of the second septum during the formation of atrial septum, and polydactyly.
[6] Absorptive malformation: During embryonic development, some structures are completely or partially absorbed, and if the absorption is incomplete, malformations will occur. Such as webbed fingers (toes) and esophageal atresia.
(7) Redundant and ectopic malformation: caused by redundant organ primordia or abnormal parts, such as porous breast, ectopic breast, double renal pelvis and double ureters.
(8) Developmental retention deformity: the organ stops in the middle stage of development and the organ is in the middle state. Such as double horn uterus, cryptorchidism, pelvic kidney, tracheoesophageal fistula, etc.
(9) Repetition deformity: Repetition deformity is caused by the failure of two identical twins to completely separate, which leads to different degrees of repetition of all or part of the fetal structure.
⑽ Parasitic malformation: Parasitic malformation is also called parasitic fetus. The development speed of two identical twins is so different that the smaller one is attached to the larger one.
Common fetal malformation hydrocephalus can be manifested as autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, X-linked dominant or recessive inheritance, or polygenic inheritance. Hydrocephalus with spina bifida is often inherited by multiple genes, and cases with chromosomal abnormalities (such as 2 1 trisomy or 18 syndrome) can often be accompanied by hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus caused by non-hereditary cases, such as tumor compressing the third and fourth ventricles, or brain tissue inflammation and adhesion caused by rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii or mumps virus, may not occur in the second pregnancy.
Limb deformities include polydactyly, syndactyly, deformed feet, abnormal joints, dislocation of medullary joints, short limbs and so on. Finger deformities, such as polydactyly or syndactyly, can be seen in autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance and has a family history. Finger-toe deformity is sometimes combined with deformity in other parts, sometimes only one limb is affected, and sometimes all limbs are deformed.
Cleft lip and palate Simple cleft lip and palate is mainly polygenic inheritance. Environmental factors often affect the incidence of cleft lip and palate. Such as parents' age, medication during pregnancy, illness, etc. Hyperemesis gravidarum lasted for more than 3 months, and the incidence of cleft lip and palate increased. Virus infection during pregnancy, such as TORCH infection, and diseases of pregnant women, such as diabetes and epilepsy, will also increase the incidence of cleft lip and palate.
Congenital heart disease Congenital heart disease is a congenital malformation caused by abnormal development of cardiac blood vessels in fetus. The exact cause of this disease has not been fully understood. According to domestic reports, the incidence of congenital heart disease accounts for 0.3% ~ 1% of live births. The only clinical abnormality of the patient is cardiovascular malformation.
Neural tube malformation In China, the incidence of neural tube malformation is the highest among fetal malformations, especially in the northern region, accounting for about 40% ~ 50% of the total number of malformations. The incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida is mainly in the early pregnancy, especially in female fetuses. Supplementing vitamin B 12 and folic acid in early pregnancy is helpful to prevent neural tube defects.
Birth defects of digestive tract malformation can occur in any part of digestive tract: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Deformities are mostly organ hypoplasia, which leads to obstruction. Gastrointestinal malformations generally require surgical correction.
Esophageal atresia and esophageal fistula Esophageal atresia is the blind end of esophagus and can't be connected with stomach normally. Most newborns with esophageal atresia or stenosis have esophagotracheal fistula, that is, there is an abnormal passage between esophagus and trachea.
It is very important to prevent fetal malformation. Pregnant women should pay more attention in the first three months of pregnancy. Don't take drugs at will; Do not contact with radiation (including fluoroscopy, filming and other inspections); Do not contact with organophosphorus pesticides, lead, mercury and other harmful substances; Don't smoke and drink; Not sharing a room and so on. Only by paying attention to the above points can the incidence of fetal malformation be greatly reduced.