A comprehensive study of Hakka by various scholars shows a gratifying phenomenon of a hundred schools of thought contending, and they put forward many different opinions. Let's summarize them roughly in order of publication time. There are several viewpoints as follows:
1. The theory of "the purest descendant of the Central Plains"
2. The theory of "indigenous people (Guyue people)"
3. The theory of "originated from the whole ancient Central Plains"
4. The theory of "the integration of all ethnic groups in the south"
5. The theory of "the integration of Han people and indigenous people" < Hakka culture is the sum of all the material culture and spiritual culture created by this group in the process of its formation and development in order to adapt and transform its living conditions. Once this kind of culture comes into being, it becomes the identification symbol of this group and the core force to maintain its survival and development. In other words, without Hakka groups, there would be no Hakka culture; However, without the long-term and stable development of Hakka culture, it is impossible for Hakka groups to have such strong vitality that after hundreds of years, they can still be maintained until now.
Hakka people are widely distributed, among which the Guangdong-Fujian-Jiangxi border triangle is its main settlement, and Southeast Asia is the main place abroad. According to academic estimates, there are about 4 million to 5 million Hakkas. Hakka culture is a regional culture represented by immigrants, which was formed under specific historical conditions. Why is it a regional culture? Because this kind of culture has a very clear geographical scope, it only occurs in the triangle of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, but not in other places.
Hakka history
Why did Hakka culture with such strong regional characteristics come into being here? On the one hand, it is a hilly mountain surrounded by mountains, with Luoxiao Mountain Range in the west, Wuyishan Mountain and Jiulian Mountain Range in the east and Nanling Mountain in the south. There is also a Lushan Mountain Range connected with Wuyishan Mountain in the middle of Luoxiao Mountain Range, thus separating the south from the middle of Jiangxi, forming a relatively closed natural environment. The original inhabitants living here are Baiyue people belonging to the same ethnic group as Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang and other southern regions. They "have their own castes and are not affiliated with each other". After the Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the continuous entry of northern men into the area, hundreds of Vietnamese people were sinicized in batches, some were forced to move to Jianghuai area, and some left the plain and entered the deep mountains and forests, becoming a once famous "mountain-crossing" people in history. Therefore, on the whole, it has long been a sparsely populated place. During the Jin Dynasty, especially during the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the constant destruction of the war in the north and the depression of the rural economy, a large number of refugees crossed the river south to find another way to survive. After continuous migration, some immigrants came to this triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, which was shielded by mountains, lived together with the local aborigines, and merged with the aborigines under the relatively closed conditions of social and natural, thus creating a regional culture dominated by Chinese culture and different from the surrounding cultures, which is Hakka culture. Therefore, the original foundation of this culture is the indigenous culture with strong local flavor and the Han culture in the Central Plains with the charm of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the great driving force for the emergence and development of this culture is the large number of northern immigrants who have entered the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration for some scholars to call it an immigrant culture formed under specific historical conditions.
It is precisely because Hakka culture is an immigrant culture with the Han culture in the Central Plains as the main body that it not only has the profound connotation of the Central Plains culture, but also has the cultural outlook as a special group of immigrants. For example, the very strong root-seeking consciousness and local consciousness in Hakka culture is precisely the attachment of immigrants to the original culture after leaving their ancestral home. At the same time, it is precisely because of the Hakka people's long wandering experience and the difficulties they face after arriving at their settlement that they have tempered their perseverance, pioneering spirit, industrious and simple character and good at ... > >
Question 2: What is Hakka?): "Hakka", known as "Hakka" in English, belongs to a branch of the Han nationality, and it is also a microcosm of the southward migration of the Central Plains and its language, customs and cultural evolution in history. Scholars at home and abroad have different opinions about the origin of the title of "Hakka". For example, in the quotation of Hakka dialect in Section 47 of Wang Li's Chinese Phonology, "Hakka" means "guest" or "outsider", so Hakka is a foreigner. Their language, customs and genealogy are enough to prove it. " There are many other views, such as: Hakka appellation is caused by Hakka people's worship of their ancestors "Xia family"; Hakka should come from the relative name of "customer-principal"; Hakkas are called names that appear because local residents reject them as foreign races; The pronunciation of Hakka "Hakka" is derived from the ancient sound of "Heluo", and "Hakka" means "Heluo people" and so on.
Up to now, there is no recognized exact definition standard for what is a "pure Hakka residence" and what is a "non-pure Hakka residence", which can only be said relatively. Based on extensive research, Luo Xianglin has roughly divided the distribution areas of Hakkas in China. Hakka people in China mainly live in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province and other places, including 33 pure Hakka counties and 144 non-pure Hakka counties. In foreign countries, the distribution of Hakkas is more extensive. The so-called "where there is sea water, there are overseas Chinese, and where there are overseas Chinese, there are Hakkas".
Hakkas attach importance to their roots, and have a strong sense of "pursuing the future with caution" and "advocating the newspaper first, enlightening the rich and then kunming"
Anguolou: Hakkas are not at home. Some scholars have profoundly pointed out that its form is closely related to its historical conditions, geographical environment, living background and lifestyle, and it is the result of "external pressure cohesion", with distinctive local color and folk style. In the Millennium historical trend, the northern ethnic groups are constantly merging dynamically, while the Hakka people are relatively static. On the basis of maintaining the original style of the ancient culture in the Central Plains, they have absorbed the cultural essence of local ethnic minorities and become a unique ethnic group with new characteristics. Moreover, they have provided cultural nutrients for the cultivation of the cohesion of the Chinese nation and become more than one note in the big family of the Chinese nation.
Hakkas have a deep-rooted consciousness of tracing back to their roots, "being cautious in the end and pursuing the future" and "advocating this newspaper first, enlightening the rich and then kunming". The combination of this value orientation of worshipping the ancient times and a strong clan concept has formed a strong feeling of worshipping ancestors and seeking for roots and newspapers. This feature is clearly reflected in many genealogies, such as: Zheng, Tang name Xingyang; Tanglian: Xingyang Shize, the voice of a poetess. This class is too numerous to mention. During festivals, Hakkas hang lanterns marking their surnames and hall numbers, and put up hall couplets marking their family's county, in order to pin their memory of their ancestors and care about their homeland. "Birds fly back to their hometown, and foxes will die in the first hill." If Hakkas die in their hometown and can't return to their hometown, they should also repeatedly urge their descendants to indicate the county name and hall number of their ancestral home or clan in their resting place.
when a guest returns to his hometown, he is especially a guest, and his home is everywhere. Hakka ancestors inherited the spirit of "vigorous and enterprising, constantly striving for self-improvement", went through difficulties and hardships, experienced the threat of hunger, disease, dispersion and death, tempered their perseverance, and accumulated cultural factors of innovation and risk-taking. In the border area between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, there are many mountains and few fields, and the land is barren. It is known as "eight mountains, one water and one field" and the living environment is extremely difficult. However, it is the miserliness of nature that casts the Hakka people's indomitable character and entrepreneurial spirit of loving their hometown and not loving their homeland.
The Hakka people have a particularly strong feeling of patriotism and love for their home
Anguolou: A scholar, Mr. Xia Defeng, once pointed out that most of the ancestors of Hakka people fled their homeland and migrated to other places because of foreign invasion and national disintegration, so the spirit of patriotism and love for their home is stronger than that of other ethnic groups, which is fully reflected in those Hakka people with lofty ideals in history.
at the end of the song dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, a Hakka, collected rebel troops in Ganzhou and Jiaying (now Meizhou) to fight for the king. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing soldiers entered the South, and the Hakkas tried their best to resist the Qing dynasty and protect the Ming dynasty, and surrendered at the latest, and they rose up again and again to resist.
In modern times, the spirit of patriotism and love for home has been well reflected in many Hakka celebrities. For example, Qiu Fengjia and Liu Yongfu, the national heroes who defended Taiwan against Japan, Sun Yat-sen and his assistants Liao Zhongkai, Deng Zhongyuan and Yao Yuping who led the Revolution of 1911, Ye Ting and Zhang Fakui, the famous Northern Expedition, Xie Jinyuan, the famous general of China, Zhu De, * * *, Liu Yalou and Xiao Hua, all of whom are well-known historical figures, are models of Hakka people's loyalty to their country. Overseas, the Hakkas who worship ancestors are very concerned about the modern revolutionary cause in China and the construction of various parts of the motherland. Xie Yiqiao and Xie Liangmu actively supported Sun ... > >
Question 3: What is a Hakka? "Hakka" refers to the Han people who migrated to the south because of wars, famines and other disasters in the ancient Central Plains, so the history of Hakka people is a history of blood and tears. Not all Han people who migrated to the south are Hakkas and have their own unique dialect customs. First, the most obvious feature of Hakka people is that speaking Hakka is one of the seven major dialects of Chinese. Some experts study Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese, which is especially like the name of a living fossil with ancient Chinese. Perhaps this reason is that Hakka dialect retains many words of ancient Chinese. Hakka has its own dialect called Hakka dialect (eastern and northern Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi are called Hakka dialect; In the west of Guangdong and Guangxi, it is called Ya dialect, Ma Jie dialect and Xinmin dialect. In some places in Hunan, it is called Hakka dialect; It is called Tucantonese in Sichuan. Among them, "Hakka dialect" is the most common name) Second, Hakka people are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, and there are a large number of Hakka people overseas, such as Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Zhejiang and other places. Now both china national radio and China radio stations have Hakka dialects for external broadcasting, mainly serving the reunification of the motherland. Third, Hakka houses around the Dragon House are famous in the United States in the 197s. I was shocked to think of the Hakka dragon enclosure as a nuclear weapons launching site in China. I said that China has such a secret weapon research and development site. You can come to our Hakka place when you are free. There are a large number of dragon enclosures in Fujian and Guangdong. A dragon enclosure is as strong as a wrong city because it is built so firmly because of the reason of living in a foreign country. Fourth, Hakka women do not bind their feet. This is a remarkable feature that is different from the traditional Han women. Hakka people are famous at home and abroad. The contribution of women should go beyond that of men in peacetime to support their families and raise children in wartime. It is said that at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao was chased by the Yuan army and rescued by a group of Hakka women who went up the mountain to cut firewood in Meixian County. Therefore, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao gave Hakka women the title of "children" after their death. "Ruren" was originally the title of the wife of an official above the five-grade magistrate after her death, and the ordinary Hakka women were later called "Ruren", which shows their social status at that time. In the second year of Song Jingyan (1277), Yuan soldiers invaded the south, and Wen Tianxiang led the diligent king to fight against Yuan. Hakka men and women "men took the battle and women took the armor, and 8, children took the diligent king." During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakka women joined the women's barracks of the Taiping Army and fought bravely against the Qing Dynasty. They were called "Bigfoot Barbarians" by the Xiang Army led by Zeng Guofan. During the Central Soviet Area, Hakka women were the main force in the propaganda of expanding the red. They sang folk songs and sent their husbands, brothers, children and grandchildren to the front, shouldering the burden to help the Red Army raise salt and food, and supporting their husbands to kill the enemy with peace of mind by doing housework alone. Hakka women's spirit of perseverance, fortitude and self-improvement left a strong impression in the history of revolutionary struggle in the Soviet area. Fifth, the loyalty and patriotism of Hakkas fought against the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese invaders in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially in the last century when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by Hakkas and mainly composed of Hakkas promoted the establishment of the China Revolution in New China, the Hakkas' children in Ruijin and Xingguo in Jiangxi were the main components of the Central Red Army, and a Hakkas' son and daughter in Xingguo, Jiangxi, fell down every kilometer on the Long March Road and made their own contributions to the establishment of a new China. Contributions of Zhu De, Ye Ting and others, as well as countless Hakka sons and daughters who gave their lives. Sixth, the Hakka people survived despite suffering overseas. They once established a country overseas called Lanfang * * * and the country (1777-1884), the full name of which was Lanfang Grand Control * * and the country of the South. It is the first Hakka descendant founded by Chinese, such as Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and Singaporean Prime Minister. Of course, there are also many scum, such as Lee Teng-hui, the current leader of Taiwan Province. Seventh, in the history of Hakka migration road, there are records of Hakka people moving southward five times, with a delay of 15 years. The first great migration was in 317-879 AD, when Emperor Huai of the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to power. Because the northwest ethnic minorities invaded the Central Plains, a "five-wild China" game with far-reaching influence on the Han nationality was formed, and many officials and civilians in the Central Plains also crossed the Yellow River to the south. In order to avoid confusion with the original household registration, these new household registrations are called "guests". This is the first time that the word "guest" has appeared on the China Civil Travel Service. The second great migration was from 88 to 1126. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao dispatch troops Uprising and "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms", the world was in chaos, and Hakka ancestors came from somewhere in Anhui and Jiangxi ... > >
Question 4: What exactly does "Hakka" mean? What is a Hakka?
It can be said that Hakkas are an important ethnic group of the Han nationality. Hakkas are a unique and stable group of Han people. The gathering place of Hakkas is the triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong (there are 29 pure Hakka counties here, which are the base camp of Hakkas). Hakka dialect is the unique language of Hakka people. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs; Hakka people have a unique Hakka spirit. To sum up, Hakkas are a unique and stable ethnic group of the Han nationality formed due to historical reasons. They have the same interests and a unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stable characteristics can be called a Hakka. I am an authentic Hakka
Question 5: What do you mean by Hakka? Hakka, also known as Heluolang. Hakka is a distinctive Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching Han nationalities in the world. The ancestors of Hakkas originated from the Central Plains, migrated from the Central Plains to the south, and were Han people.