There are nearly 500 commonly used words. For example: now, reality, reality, truth, unit, superstition, impermanence, pure land, compassion, relative, such, superior, predestined, incarnation, repentance, birth, old age, illness and death, bodhisattva heart, vast world, incredible, naked, all living beings, fantasy, blind man touching an elephant, Half-hearted, unable to escape, boundless sea of ??suffering, turning around, stubbornness, sudden enlightenment, a wake-up call, going crazy... If we leave these words, I'm afraid we won't even be able to speak. Although we may not understand Buddhism, we have indeed been influenced by Buddhism subtly. So are the words below!
1. Eighteen levels of hell, eighteen arhats, unforgivable evils, all hands and feet, not a single stroke of the eight characters
2. Nodding the stone, hurting others with bad words, satisfying one's heart, borrowing flowers to offer to the Buddha , love, trouble, catastrophe, circulation, house thieves are hard to guard against
3. Wild fox Zen, antelope hanging horns, desire, fate, snap of fingers, randomness, myriad phenomena, title of wild goose pagoda, pessimism, etc.
< p>4. The doctor cures the disease, faces the wall, responds, everyone is happy, hangs the sheep's head, sells dog meat, pushes the boat with the current, and watches the wind to make the sail5. It tastes like chewing wax, put down the butcher knife, become a Buddha on the spot, the purpose, straight to the point, Work unit, pure land, castle in the air
6. Don’t do anything for a day, don’t eat for a day, be undisturbed, repay repayment, be naked
7. Authentic, immeasurable merit, originally Face, electric light and stone fire, leaves falling back to their roots, the four elements are empty, clear-headed, playing the piano to the cow, etc.
8. Eye-opening, the sky is full of flowers, there is no wind to make waves, boundless, there is nothing that cannot be done without going to the Three Treasures Palace, etc.
9. Three heads and six arms, a vast world, mantras, laymen, habits
10. Remaining from the disaster, throwing bricks and mortar, retribution, being unable to see the five fingers, cocooning oneself, being a thief with a guilty conscience, etc.
11. Perseverance, well-known, Doomed to Escape
In daily life, whether in articles or in language, the use of Buddhist idioms has been very common, but few people are aware of it.
When we come to ask for help, we will say: If you have anything to do, go to the Three Treasures Palace. This is a typical Buddhist idiom. The Sanbao Hall refers to the hall that represents the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Its original meaning is that only when something happens, people will think of going to the temple to seek help. Later, it was a metaphor for visiting someone’s door to ask for help.
When we intercede on behalf of others, we will say: Don’t look at the monk’s face, look at the Buddha’s face. This is another typical Buddhist idiom. Both the monk and the Buddha are the objects of admiration by the world. There are different levels of hierarchy between the two. "Buddha" is the goal of Buddhist belief, and "monk" is the believer of Buddhism. Therefore, in the Han people, there is a saying of "looking at the Buddha without looking at the face of the monk". The expression "face" is used to describe helping or forgiving a person for the sake of the third party.
"Birth, aging, sickness and death" were first proposed by Buddhism. Buddhism believes that these are the four kinds of pain that must be experienced in life, also known as the four phases. The Lotus Sutra says: Birth, old age, illness and death are the four sufferings. The Book of Hundred Parables says: People in the world are also like this. Troubled by birth, old age, illness and death, one desires a place of immortality. Today, birth, old age, illness and death refer to major events such as childbirth, elderly care, medical care, and funerals.
"Wishful thinking" comes from Buddhism. Crazy is one of the three poisons mentioned in Buddhism. The three poisons refer to greed, anger and ignorance. Crazy is also called ignorance, which refers to the darkness of mind and ignorance. Buddhism believes that it is precisely because of delusion, delusion, and greed that all living beings suffer. Now describes a person's unrealistic ideas.
"Enlightenment" comes from Buddhism. "Daigo" is the essence extracted from milk, which is a metaphor for the highest realm of Buddhism; "initiation" is a form of Buddhist tantra. "Mainichi Sutra" says: Fill the top of the Buddha's child with nectar and Dharma water, so that the Buddha's seed will last forever. Constantly. Now it is a metaphor for the joy of sudden enlightenment and enlightenment.
"Non-detachment and non-departure" comes from "The Perfect Enlightenment Sutra", "Non-detachment and non-departure, no bondage and no release, only then can we know that all living beings are originally Buddhas." There is a difference between the truth and illusion, that is, non-implementation; but delusion Appearance is the manifestation of the truth, that is, it is inseparable. The back finger means that if it is close or if it is apart, it is neither close nor far away, and it can also be said that it is close or far away.
“A wake-up call” comes from a practice method in Zen Buddhism. Rinzai's drink and Tokuyama's stick are one of the methods used by Zen masters to receive beginners. To the questions they ask, the masters often answer them without words, or hit them on the head with the tip of the stick, or rush them. He shouted, looked at his reaction ability, and judged the student's understanding ability. It is now used as a metaphor for a blow or warning that prompts people to wake up.
"Naked" was originally used in Buddhism to describe being without a trace of care and having a pure and untainted heart. Now describes a person naked.
"Spotless" Buddhism refers to the practice of Buddhists to eliminate desires and keep their hearts pure. Now it describes the cleanliness of the environment, or it is a metaphor for the purity of character.
The phrase "pox falling from the sky" originated from Buddhist legend. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, Master Yunguang gave a lecture, which moved heaven and caused it to rain down one after another. Now used to describe unrealistic or excessive exaggeration.
"Go straight to the point" is a Buddhist metaphor for identifying goals and making brave progress. The metaphor is straight to the point, without any detours.
"Dream Bubble" comes from the "Diamond Sutra". "All conditioned phenomena are like bubbles in a dream, like dew or lightning, and should be viewed as such." Buddhism believes that everything in the world is a dream and an illusion, as empty and fleeting as bubbles and shadows. It is now used to describe things that are unreal, non-existent, and delusions that cannot be realized.
"The subduing dragon and the crouching tiger" originate from Buddhist stories.
Some eminent monks have supernatural powers and can use magic to subdue tigers. It is now described as having strong strength and being able to overcome all difficulties.
"Eternal calamity" is often used in Buddhist scriptures to calculate the world. Each great kalpa consists of four intermediate kalpas: formation, existence, destruction, and emptiness. Each medium tribulation contains twenty small tribulations. Small tribulations mean that a person's life span increases by one year every hundred years starting from the age of ten, and reaches the peak of the increase at the age of 84,000. From the age of 84,000, the life span decreases by one year every hundred years, and decreases by the age of ten. Extreme calamity. This one increase and one decrease totals 16.8 million years, which is called a small kalpa. It means it will never recover.
"World" comes from Volume 4 of the Shurangama Sutra. The scripture says: "The world is a flow, and the world is a direction." "World" refers to time, "jie" refers to space, and "world" refers to the universe. With Mount Sumeru as the center, the four continents and the seven mountains and eight seas under the same sun and moon are called a world. The accumulation of one thousand worlds is called the "small thousand worlds"; the accumulation of one thousand "small thousand worlds" is the "middle thousand worlds"; the accumulation of one thousand "middle thousand worlds" is the "great thousand worlds". "Because of the accumulation of three thousand, it is called the Three Thousand Great Thousand Worlds. Nowadays, "world" has become a partial plural word, which only means space.
"Wishful thinking" also means one wish, which comes from Buddhism" "The Book of Hundred Parables". It tells the story of a fool who fell in love with a princess and suffered from unrequited love. It was later widely used to refer to one-sided wishes and plans.
"Eighteen Hells". is the name of hell. The concept of "hell" was introduced to China in the late Han Dynasty. At that time, there were more than a dozen classics translated specifically about "hell". "Hell" is the worst and most painful among the "six paths of reincarnation", and "eighteen levels of hell" is a familiar metaphor for tragic retribution.
"Three heads and six arms" The gods and asuras mentioned in the Buddhist scriptures (free translation are not gods, ugly and aggressive, blessed but not virtuous) often have various different appearances. For example, the god of freedom has the image of "eight arms and three eyes riding a white bull." " (See Volume 2 of "The Theory of Great Wisdom"). The image of the god Nazha is "three heads and six arms holding up the sky and the earth" (Volume 13 of "Jingde Chuanlan Lu"). The image of Asura is: "Vulgar appearance, full of anger." "Poison, the layers are formidable, the towering towering is astonishing, it has three heads, it has eight arms, it spans mountains and seas, it lifts the sun into the clouds". It is a metaphor for people with vast supernatural powers and outstanding abilities.
"Gathering sand to form a tower" Gathering fine sand into a pagoda is also called "accumulating sand to form a pagoda". It is said in the Buddhist scripture "Miaofa Lotus Sutra": "Even if the children play, the sand will be gathered into a pagoda." Such people have all attained Buddhahood. "The meaning of this stanza is: Even children playing games can gather sand into a Buddhist stupa. People like this who have formed a good relationship with the Buddha are destined to achieve Buddhahood. The latter is a metaphor for accumulating a little to make a pagoda. Many, often used together with "the way is one foot high, the devil is one foot high". The devil refers to anything that disturbs the body and mind and hinders spiritual practice. On the eve of the prince's enlightenment, he sat under the Bodhi tree and swore to himself: "I will not get up from this seat until I achieve enlightenment! "At that time, the Demon Palace in Heaven was shaken. Demon King Bo Xun first led the demon army to intimidate, and then sent witches to seduce, but all ended in failure. Conquering demons in practice mainly relies on wisdom. It should be known that all realms of good and evil are based on idealism. If you take it, there will be something outside your heart, and it will become a magic thing. The Buddhists use "the Tao is one foot high, the devil is one foot high" to warn practitioners to be aware of various "magic things" that will inevitably occur in the process of practice. It is a metaphor that after achieving certain achievements, there may be greater obstacles on the way forward.
"Tieshu Blossom" is quoted from "Wudeng Huiyuan·or Anshiti Zen Master": "Chunxi Jihai, the first day of August, indicates. Slight illness... I caught him writing verses at night, and said to the crowd: The iron tree blooms, and the rooster lays eggs. In the seventy-two years, the cradle rope broke. Throw a pen to express silence. "Nowadays, it is a metaphor for things that are rare or extremely difficult to accomplish.
"The rising tide lifts all boats" comes from "The Legend of Jingde Lanterns·The Dharma Master Basho Qing": "There is no shadow in the eyes, and there is no light in the sky; the rising tide lifts all boats, and the Buddha is as big as the mud. . "Now it is a metaphor that things improve accordingly according to what they rely on.
"Parrot Learning" comes from "Jingde Chuandeng Lu·Yaoshan Weiyan Monk": "A traveler asked: Someone asked the Buddha and answered the Buddha, Question and answer, I wonder if it is? The teacher said: It is like a parrot learning what others say, but it cannot speak on its own, because it lacks wisdom. "The metaphor is the same as what others have said, and there is no new idea.
"The Eighteen Transformations of Women" also comes from "Jingde Chuandeng Lu·Monk Tankong of Youzhou": "A nun wanted to give a sermon in the church, and the master said: nun There is no need to hold a meeting in the girl’s family. Ni said: Dragon Girl became a Buddha at the age of eight, what kind of life will she be born again? The master said, "Dragon Girl has eighteen transformations. You and the old monk can try one of them." "Now it generally refers to the great changes in appearance and temperament of women from childhood to adulthood.
"Only paying attention to clothes but not to people" comes from "Wu Deng Hui Yuan·The Successor of Zen Master Huang Longxin": "The Master said: Mr. Wuling Strive to boast about wealth, but the eminent monks never get tired of poverty. The secular world has become too confusing these days, focusing only on clothes and not on people. "Now it is described as a snobbish person who only cares about appearance and does not care about character.
"If you had known today, why bother in the beginning" comes from "Wudeng Huiyuan·Tianyihuai Zen Master Dharma Hei": "Say: The middle and lower class How to understand? The master said: The corpse is lying thousands of miles away. Said: If I had known today, I would have regretted my mistake. "It means seeing the negative consequences today and regretting the mistakes of the past, which means that it is too late to regret.
The word "mantra" comes from the Zen Buddhism. The purpose is to advocate straightforward enlightenment. The last generation of Zen Buddhism prefers to use ready-made sutras and koans as conversation aids, which are dismissed as "mantras" that completely violate the purpose of Zen Buddhism. Now, some words that are often said verbally without actual meaning are called "mantras".
“Creating a cocoon and binding oneself” comes from the Lankavatara Sutra: Delusions entangle oneself, like a silkworm creating a cocoon. Like a silkworm making a cocoon, entangling itself and others with the thread of delusion.
"Do as you please" comes from the "Infinite Life Sutra": Wisdom is clear, merit is extraordinary, don't do whatever you want.
"Appearing to teach" comes from the "Surangama Sutra": "I appear in front of others to teach them and make them achieve success.
The origin of the word "teacher" In the Lotus Sutra: There is a teacher who is wise and wise, and good at knowing the signs of dangerous roads and obstacles. He will guide everyone to overcome this difficulty.
"Equality" and "Perfection" "The Avatamsaka Sutra" says: Good man, you should understand this meaning in this way. Because you have an equal heart for all living beings, you can achieve perfect compassion.
"Respect" "The Infinite Life Sutra" says: Respect and serve the Buddhas, be a beacon for the world, the most blessed field, extremely auspicious, worthy of being supported.
"Convenient" and "Speech" "Lotus Sutra" says: In the past, Buddhas used countless convenient methods, various causes and conditions, and speeches to speak wonderful Dharma for all living beings.
"Trouble" "Surangama Sutra" says: Although one can freely follow one's desires without difficulty, but only by cultivating worldly stamina, one will not be able to permanently harm the troubles and sleep. Named Ding.
"Victory" "The Medicine Master Sutra" says: How can you gain the merits and victory by just reciting the name of Medicine Master Lazuli Light Tathagata?
"Benefits" "The Avatamsaka Sutra" says: Arouse bodhicitta, follow its root nature, and mature the teachings, even to the sea of ??eons in the future, and be able to benefit all sentient beings.
Others include: success comes naturally, procrastination, making mistakes, hesitating, half-measures, all kinds of strange things, shattered to pieces, frightened, shocking, adding insult to injury, swords and swords, disgraced, categorical, difficult to reconcile, inconsistent, and logical. , Settling down and settling down, being single-minded, being distracted, eliminating the false and preserving the true, hell on earth, borrowing flowers to offer to the Buddha, the Eight Parts of the Heavenly Dragon and the Great Opening of the Door of Convenience, untying the bell but also tying the bell, etc.
In addition, although there are many words derived from Buddhist scriptures, their origins are rarely known. For example: words such as admiration, ultimate, pagoda, absolute, reality, fate, fate, fate, delusion, obstacle, fleeting appearance, falling to the ground, catching the moon in the water, unbelievable, everyone is happy, in an instant, in one thought, in one thought, etc. appear frequently in Buddhist scriptures. They are all Buddhist concepts that have become increasingly secular and widely used in daily life. They have become common vocabulary in Chinese. There are so many that it is difficult to describe them all. Mr. Zhao Puchu, the former president of the Buddhist Society of China, said: "If Buddhist culture is completely abandoned, I'm afraid they won't even be able to speak comprehensively."
In the long-term evolution of language, quite a few Buddhist idioms have changed in meaning. Changes have taken place, but when looking at its etymology, we can still see the imprint left by Buddhist culture, forming a beautiful landscape in the garden of Chinese idioms.
The impact of the introduction of Buddhism on Chinese vocabulary
The introduction of Buddhism into China and the Sinicization of Buddhism are a dynamic historical process. During this process, Buddhism had a broad and far-reaching impact on the evolution and development of Chinese through the translation of Buddhist scriptures. It enriches Chinese vocabulary, promotes the development of Chinese phonology, promotes the development of Chinese syntax, and leaves a valuable legacy for Chinese translation methods. After the introduction of Buddhism, Buddhist terms and Chinese vocabulary were organically combined, resulting in many new words.
According to statistics, the "Dictionary of Buddhism" compiled by modern Ding Fubao contains nearly 30,000 Buddhist terms. These Buddhist words created by masters from the Han and Jin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty for 800 years, and added to our country's vocabulary system to become new components, greatly enriched the Chinese vocabulary, thus establishing their important position in the history of Chinese vocabulary development.
1. The introduction of Buddhism expanded the basic words and root words of Chinese
In the process of Buddhism being introduced into China, certain Buddhist words gradually integrated into the large family of basic Chinese words. Many new word-forming components have been added to Chinese.
(1) Transliterated words
When Sanskrit words are borrowed, they often borrow the pronunciation or translate one of the syllables.
For example: Buddha, whose name is Buddha in Sanskrit, is the one with the most far-reaching and widespread influence among this group of foreign words. Buddhism has even become a symbol of a rising traditional culture. Therefore, words related to Buddha appear in large numbers. It was originally translated as "Buddha" ("Edict of Emperor Yongping in the Eighth Year of Han Ming Dynasty"). In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was also written as "Buddha Picture" ("Shishuo Xinyu? Commentary"), also called "Buddha" and "Buddha Tuo", and later shortened to "Buddha". Buddha can also be used as a root word to form a large number of new words. According to statistics, there are 152 words composed of "Buddha" in the "Buddhist Dictionary".
This type of transliterated words also includes "Bodhisattva", "Devil", "Pagoda", "Cassock", "Monk", "Bodhi", "Maitreya", etc.
(2) Freely translated words
Freely translated words are new words created based on the meaning of foreign concepts, using Chinese word-forming materials, and following Chinese word-formation methods. Such words account for the vast majority of words formed by absorbing Indian Buddhist language.
For example: Initiation, the free translation of Sanskrit Abhiseka, originally meant a ceremony for the succession of kings in ancient India. The national master poured "water from the four seas" on the king's head to express his congratulations. Tantric Buddhism imitates this method. When a disciple enters the school or succeeds to the throne of Acharya, an altar is set up to hold an initiation ceremony, and the national teacher initiates the initiation with water or a holy spirit.
Such words include "heart", "empty", "color", "past", "present", "future", "Tathagata", "magic weapon", etc.
(3) Semi-tone and semi-free translation words
This kind of word is also called a Sanskrit-Chinese compound word. It consists of two parts: half transliteration and half free translation. This kind of word reflects the Chinese word-making method of "half tone and half meaning" in absorbing foreign words.
For example: Devil, whose name is Mara in Sanskrit, was originally translated as "Mo Luo" and was simply called "Mo". Later, it was changed from stone to ghost, which is "Devil", and is related to the original Chinese name. The word "ghost" was used together, so the word "devil" came into being. Such words include "Buddhist", "Nianfo", "Happy Buddha", "Zen master", "Epiphyllum", "Buddhist scripture", "monastery", etc.
2. The impact of the introduction of Buddhism on commonly used Chinese expressions
The introduction of Buddhism has had a great impact on commonly used Chinese expressions. Buddhist words can be found in almost every field of Chinese, and are commonly found in philosophy, literature, folklore and daily life.
(1) Philosophical vocabulary
Buddhism is the most philosophically speculative religion in the world, and many Buddhist names are naturally philosophical terms. Modern philosophy is deeply influenced by Buddhism.
Buddhism believes that the original purpose of the universe is one, and that all dharma and all living beings are essentially the same. Volume 3 of the "Nirvana Sutra": "The Tathagata cultivates well and is thus equal." Modern philosophy uses "equality" to mean that people are in the same social status politically and economically and enjoy the same rights.
"Pessimism", "consciousness", "causality", "idealism", "world", etc. are all important members of the philosophical vocabulary, representing some basic propositions and have an indispensable position.
(2) Literary vocabulary
Buddhism not only brought new styles and new artistic conceptions to Chinese literature, but also imported a large number of vocabulary into Chinese literature. First of all, due to the translation and dissemination of Buddhist scriptures, many beautiful allusions and new words with artistic beauty in Buddhist scriptures were introduced into the literary works of my country’s Six Dynasties, especially after the Tang Dynasty, which greatly enriched the treasure house of our country’s literary language.
Many Buddhist words have even become terms in literary theory. For example: creation, Buddhism believes that all dharmas are born from the heart, and the mind has the function of creation. Literary writers extend it to mean that the mind has the function of creating poetic scenes. The third volume of Lu Wen's "Lv Hengzhou Collection" of the Tang Dynasty said: "Study the emotions and compare them with the images, and you will be able to create the environment."
(3) Folk customs and daily language
Buddhism was introduced into our country Since then, many words expressing Buddhist rituals and festivals in Buddhist scriptures have naturally spread among the people, and new words have been derived in related senses. For example:
1. Words surrounding cause and effect, reincarnation, ghosts, hell, and funeral customs: Yinsi, King of Hell, salvation, cremation, cremation, etc.
2. Words surrounding etiquette and customs such as burning incense and worshiping Buddha, eating vegetarian food, asking questions and giving gifts: worshiping Buddha, chanting sutras, making vows, etc.
3. Words surrounding life rituals and customs such as monks wandering around begging and accumulating merits: fasting, giving food, doing good deeds, helping people, etc.
In daily language, "Buddha's words" appear from time to time, and the most common ones are time words. For example: a group of time words "moment", "a thought", "flick of finger", etc., which express "a very small amount of time", are all quantitative in Buddhist scriptures. "Moment" is the transliteration of Sanskrit Ksana, and "一思" is the free translation of "moment", or "Ninety moments are one thought" ("Nio Sutra"), or "Sixty moments are one thought" ("Rebirth") "On Notes" Volume 1). "Flick your fingers" originally means flicking your fingers. In Buddhist scriptures, this action means: a promise; a happy mood; or a warning to others. This group of "minimal time" people has long been absorbed into the Chinese language and has become the "backbone" of Chinese time words.
3. The impact of the introduction of Buddhism on Chinese idioms
(1) Idioms
Buddhism is the source of many idioms or allusions. The Mahabharata Sutra says: "Come out from the right side, fall to the ground and walk seven steps without anyone to support you. Look around in all directions, raise your hands and say: 'I am the only one in heaven and on earth'." The idiom "I am the only one in heaven and on earth" is a reference to A miraculous tribute to the birth of Buddha. Derived from the practice of Buddhism, such as "six roots of purity", the "six roots" refer to the sense organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind. To practice meditation without any desires, the six roots must be pure. Idioms such as "the blind man touched the elephant", "inconceivable", "the only method", "borrowing flowers to offer to the Buddha" and "everyone is happy" all come from Buddhism.
(2) Common sayings and proverbs
Common sayings and proverbs are stereotyped statements that are active in people's mouths, and many of them are derived from Buddhism. For example:
1. Common saying
"Don't look at the monk's face, look at the Buddha's face" - means not to look at the monk's face, but also to look at the Buddha's and Bodhisattva's face. Later, it was used as a metaphor that even if one does not care about the feelings of a certain person, one should also take care of the feelings of his master, elders, relatives and friends.
Similar sayings include "The King of Hell urges people to eat, but not to eat", "Don't go to the Three Treasures Hall for no reason", "A monk has many filial sons", "A monk from afar likes to recite sutras", etc.
2. Proverbs
Originated from Buddhist stories, such as "The old man speaks, and the stubborn stone nods". "Shenggong" refers to the eminent monk Zhu Daosheng in the early Jin Dynasty. He was Kumarajiva's disciple and had extraordinary understanding. Legend has it that he once gathered stones as his disciples and taught the Nirvana Sutra. When he said that people who have cut off their good roots also have Buddha nature, the stones nodded in agreement. The metaphor is so thorough that even people with no understanding can be convinced.
Some reflect Buddhist thought, such as "put down the butcher knife and become a Buddha immediately." Buddha refers to a person who has perfected his practice. Put down the butcher knife in your hand and you will become a Buddha immediately. This is a Buddhist saying that encourages people to change their ways and do good. Later, it is a metaphor that bad people will become good people if they stop doing evil.
There are many more such proverbs, such as "Saving one life is better than building a seven-level pagoda", "Everything is done by fate, not a single thing is up to people", "Every step forward is a step forward", "Being convenient to others" "It's your own convenience", "Be patient and diligent, practice meditation", etc.
(3) Xiehouyu
Xiehouyu is a unique language form unique to Chinese. It is vivid, vivid, lively and interesting. It is also related to Buddhism. close relationship.
For example, "The King of Hell posted notices and told lies." The King of Hell is the god in charge of hell and the boss of the little ghosts, so he posted notices for the little ghosts to see, and the contents of the notices are lies. It is a metaphor for saying something that is untrue and a lie.
Such comments include "A monk holding an umbrella has no hair (Dharma) and no heaven", "A clay Bodhisattva crosses a river and cannot protect himself", "A butcher chants sutras, showing false compassion", etc.
The introduction of Buddhism has had a broad and far-reaching impact on the development and evolution of Chinese vocabulary. It expands the basic words and root words of Chinese, affects Chinese philosophical vocabulary, literary vocabulary, folk customs and daily idioms, increases the expressiveness and vividness of Chinese vocabulary, and makes Chinese more colorful and full of charm.