Wall is a vertical component in architectural physics, which generally does not leak, accumulate water or leak. Its 240-thick external wall and 18 mm thick cement mortar paint layer can meet the waterproof requirements, but due to unreasonable design, rough construction, improper material selection or poor quality, improper use or poor user management, cracks in the wall will lead to leakage. This paper will start with the classification and structural form of the wall; Common problems and causes of wall leakage; Investigation and repair of wall leakage; The typical examples of leakage repair are analyzed and expounded in detail from four aspects, so as to achieve the purpose of integrating theory with practice and guiding practice. 1. Classification of walls, leakage of structural walls, whether in fully assembled large slab building system, frame light slab building system, cast-in-place large formwork building system, brick-concrete building system, all appear to varying degrees. However, different types of walls have different positions, stress conditions and materials, and their leakage parts and repair methods are also different. In order to correctly grasp the performance of various walls, and to distinguish their own characteristics, and to achieve practical results by using advanced and targeted methods, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the types and structural forms of the walls. 1. Walls are divided by location (1) External wall: that is, the wall outside the building. (2) Interior wall: the wall inside the building. 2. Walls are divided into (1) load-bearing walls according to the stress state: that is, walls that bear the load and self-weight from superstructures such as roofs and floors. (2) Non-bearing wall: a wall that only bears its own weight. 3. Walls are divided into (1) enclosure walls according to their functions: walls that block wind and rain and the influence of external temperature and noise on the indoor environment; (2) Partition wall: the wall separating the indoor space. 4. The walls are divided according to the main materials and construction methods. (1) Brick wall: Common brick materials include ordinary clay brick, hollow clay brick, slag ash brick, aerated concrete brick, cement mortar brick and shale brick. Common practices: solid brick wall, solid brick wall, hollow brick wall and composite wall; (2) Cast-in-place concrete wallboard and cast-in-place reinforced concrete wall; (3) Large precast concrete wallboard; According to the masonry materials and construction methods with the widest application and coverage in China, this paper mainly introduces masonry walls, concrete walls and other walls. Second, the common problems and causes of wall seepage 1. Brick wall (1) wall masonry cracks: the strength grade of masonry mortar is low, and the types of mortar are improperly used. For example, the external wall is built with lime mortar or mixed mortar with poor mixture ratio, which reduces the strength and makes the masonry poor in integrity and easy to be weathered and loosened prematurely; In the process of wall construction, mortar is not dense or full, or improper masonry methods cause cracks, such as through joints, empty joints and blind joints; The construction is shoddy, leaving scaffolding holes, passing through wall pipe holes, and falling into the wall to embed water. This karma and hook support are not tightly sealed, causing hidden dangers. (2) Cracks in the decorative surface layer of the wall: the spacer painted by mortar is embedded too deeply, which destroys the integrity of the outer powder bottom layer, or the improper operation of embedding wood strips in the construction leads to uneven thickness or even falling off of the bottom base layer, resulting in hidden damage. The mortar at the jointing part of the wall is not firm enough, the thickness is not enough, and the density is uneven; Do not know the materials and properties of different exterior wall bricks such as red brick, hollow brick, fly ash brick, aerated concrete brick, etc.: improper control of mortar exterior wall painting construction technology, wet or dry grass-roots treatment, insufficient watering or excessive watering will cause the surface layer to fall off or dry; Ceramic mosaic tiles and unglazed tiles are loose, the water absorption rate is too high, the mortar is not full, the jointing is not tight, the grass-roots treatment is not clean, the plastering thickness is not enough, and poor maintenance causes the tiles to crack, peel and fall off. (3) Cracks caused by structural deformation: structural deformation cracks caused by insufficient strength, rigidity and stability of masonry wall due to uneven settlement of foundation, excessive spacing between transverse walls, insufficient reinforcement at stress concentration of brick wall corners, oversize openings of doors and windows, improper setting of deformation joints, etc. (4) Cracks caused by temperature deformation: parapet, concrete coping, concrete cornice, concrete roof panel and top masonry wall, the linear expansion coefficient of materials is inconsistent, and the sunshine time and direction are different. After the temperature difference changes in cold winter, uneven contraction and expansion cause cracks, mostly horizontal or splayed. (5) Leakage at architectural details and joint structures: the drainage slope, retaining platform and drip line at the window sill of brick wall and concrete wallboard are damaged or the rainwater diversion structure is not treated. Gaps between window sills and window frames, and between door window frames and surrounding walls are not filled. Roots of reinforced concrete, awning, waist hoop and masonry wall. The mortar at the junction of wall and beam slab is not full, the concrete of beam head and slab head is not dense, the end of precast hollow floor slab is not filled, and rainwater seeps into the wall or ceiling from the gap. (6) The moisture-proof materials at the wall foundation and footstool naturally age, resulting in leakage and damp-back. 2. Concrete wall (1) The waterproof structure of the joints between the longitudinal and transverse wall panels and the joints of precast concrete wall panels is unreasonable or damaged. For example, the drainage groove at the joint between the wallboard and the horizontal platform of drip line retaining wall is loose and damaged. (2) The cavity structure at the vertical, horizontal and cross joints of wallboard is blocked, the backing material is damaged, the cavity loses its decompression function, and the capillary channel at the joints of wallboard cannot be cut off, resulting in leakage. (3) When the cast-in-place wallboard is poured, the strength is not enough, and the board surface has honeycomb pits and is crisp. The holes left in the wall during construction, the holes in the feet and hands are not filled or the strength of the filling material is not enough to cause leakage. (4) The strength of concrete or mortar at the joints of precast reinforced concrete wallboard, upper and lower wallboard, floor slab and wallboard is not enough, and the laying is not dense, resulting in leakage.
Computer common sense whether the frame joints of exterior wall tiles are set