The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, east of Lintong County, more than 3 kilometers away from Xi 'an. According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. The planning and design were presided over by Li Si, the prime minister, and Zhang Han, the general, supervised the construction. The construction time was as long as 38 years, and the project was huge and magnificent, which set a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. At that time, the total population of the Qin dynasty was about 2 million, and the labor of building tombs reached as much as 72 thousand. Xiuling household soil is taken from Sanliu village, 2 meters south of the cemetery, to the county quarry department, and there are multi-level loess cliffs with a height of 5-25 meters. A large amount of stone used in repairing the cemetery was taken from Zhongshan and Jun 'e Mountain in the Weihe River north, and it was transported to Linchong by manpower, so the project was very difficult. You can imagine the magnitude of the project. The dead bodies under Zhongshan Mountain and Jun 'e Mountain are in pieces, which shows the cruelty of the whole project from the side.
With a height of 43 meters and a circumference of more than 1,7 meters at the bottom, the tomb of the First Qin Emperor is built with double rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi city of the capital. The inner city is slightly square, with a circumference of 389 meters. Except for two doors in the north, one door is opened on the other three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters, with one door on each side. Lingjia is located in the south of the cemetery.
the toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's soldiers is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which is located at l 5 meters east of the cemetery. In the past, it was a graveyard, and local farmers found something like people when they dug graves. In March, 1974, when villagers in Xiyang village in Lingdong were fighting drought, a large-scale toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was found between Xiahe village and Wula village, three miles east of the mausoleum. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin figurines buried more than 2, years ago was uncovered.
The toilet burial pits of Qin Shihuang soldiers sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first terracotta warriors pit was found in a rectangular shape, 23 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and about 5 meters deep, with a total area of 14,26 square meters. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors pits on the left and right sides, which are now called Pit 2 and Pit 3.
The burial pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is the largest underground military museum in the world. The layout of the tong pit is reasonable and the structure is peculiar. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west load-bearing wall is set up every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the empty holes between the walls.
More than 5 samurai spears, 6 chariots and 24 driving horses, as well as bronze weapons and ironware used in actual combat, such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds, have been excavated in the No.1 pit. At the eastern end of the pit, there are 21 terracotta warriors with the same height as human beings. Their facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles are different, all of them are lifelike, and they are arranged in three rows with 7 people in each row. Among them, except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied and tied, without helmets, bows and arrows, and crossbows in their hands, which are like vanguard troops waiting for departure. Later, it was the main force composed of 6, armored figurines, each with long weapons such as spears, daggers and halberds about 3 meters in hand, and arranged in 38 columns with 35 chariots of Xu. On both sides and ends of the north and south, there is a column of warrior figurines, which looks like a guard to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is neat, well-equipped, majestic and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of Qin Shihuang's mighty army in the past and has a strong artistic appeal.
No.2 pit is located in the northeast of No.1 pit and the east of No.3 pit. It is a square square with a length of 96 meters from east to west and a width of 84 meters from north to south, with a total area of about 6, square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array among the three pits. Pit No.2 has an exhibition hall of 17, square meters, which is the largest and most complete modern site exhibition hall in China. Yuan Zhongyi, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First, in order to better protect cultural relics, and second, because it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that visitors can not only visit the local style of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. "
according to the preliminary calculation, there are more than 1,3 pottery figurines and horses, more than 8 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit No.2, among which general figurines, saddle horse figurines and kneeling shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four sloping doorways at the east and west ends of No.2 pit, and two sloping doorways at the north. The figurine pit sits in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units.
the first unit, located at the east end of the figurine pit, has 6 vertical crossbowmen figurines in the surrounding promenade, and the array center is composed of 16 crossbowmen figurines crouching and kneeling in the east of Badao Road. Crossbowmen adopted the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and took turns shooting when standing and kneeling, in order to avoid the danger of slow tension.
The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (the chariots are made of wood, leaving only the remains). Each column is 8 times, and * * * has 8 columns. There are 4 terracotta horses the size of real horses in front of the car. At the back of each car, there are three soldiers and figures, the middle of which is the imperial hand Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right of the car respectively, holding long-handled weapons.
the third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariots, 264 infantry figures and 8 knight figures in a rectangular array, which is divided into three columns. A knight figurine stands in front of each horse, holding the reins in one hand and pulling the bow in the other. In addition to three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.
Unit 4, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 18 knight figurines and 18 pottery pommel horse figurines arranged in 11 rows to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, the first and third columns are six chariots. Before each horse, stand a knight figurine in Hu suit, holding the horse with the right hand and the bow with the left hand.
No.3 pit is 25 meters west of No.1 pit, with an area of about 52 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, which contains 68 warrior figures. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it has not been built.
No.4 pit has no terracotta figures, only backfilled soil.
judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the second pit has a complex formation and complete arms, so it is the backbone of the match. This grouping method is called "large array with small array, big camp with small camp, even falling and hooking, bending and bending" in the art of war. "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "Those who ride and fight can be divided into three parts, one is on the right, the other is on the left, the other is easy to ride more cars, the other is dangerous to ride more, and the other is wide-ranging." Only by organically combining the three can we win every battle. Pit No.2 is the theoretical diagram of this ancient strategist.
judging from the engraved year numbers of weapons unearthed from the terracotta warriors pit, the burial pit of terracotta warriors and horses was built before and after Qin Shihuang unified China. Qin Shihuang, by virtue of his ability of "wielding a sword to overcome floating clouds" and "driving a group of talents roughly", destroyed six countries and unified the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses reflect the momentum of the Qin Dynasty, which made Ma Zhuang stronger and more powerful. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai succeeded to the throne, and continued to overhaul Epang Palace and Chidao. The tax corvee was heavier than before, which led to the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit was cut off in the middle, and the fourth pit was hastily filled before the Terracotta Warriors were put in. There are traces of fire found in the excavation, which may be related to the fact that Chu Bawang entered the customs and burned Epang Palace.
In p>1961, the People's Republic of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relic protection unit. In 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. The arched exhibition hall built on the site of the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses has set up the "Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang", which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists.
Cultural Heritage
One of the world's largest mausoleums, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial mausoleums in the world. In fact, it is a luxurious underground palace.
The Eighth Wonder of the World After visiting the Museum of Terracotta Figurines, foreign heads of state and scholars think that the discovery of the Terracotta Figurines Pit is an important discovery not only in China, but also in the archaeological history of the world, which can be said to be the eighth wonder of the world. It can be compared with the Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and it is recognized as a valuable wealth of human culture in the world.
Archaeological discoveries that shocked China and foreign countries. In 1974, China archaeologists unearthed more than 7, pieces of pottery tong that had been sleeping for thousands of years, which was considered as an ancient miracle and the most spectacular archaeological discovery in this century. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are rare in the world in terms of quantity, quality and archaeological discoveries. They provide extremely precious material for in-depth study of the military, politics, economy, culture, science and art of the Qin Dynasty in the second century BC. It is not only the artistic treasure of the people of China, but also the cultural heritage of the people of the world.
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, the treasure house of ancient clay sculpture art, are shaped with real life as the theme, with delicate and lively artistic techniques, different gestures and facial expressions, distinctive personality and strong characteristics of the times, showing the peak of clay sculpture art, adding luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and adding a glorious page to the world art history.
it is located in Lintong county, Shaanxi province, 5 kilometers east of the city and 36 kilometers away from Xi' an. it is the mausoleum of Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin dynasty. The mausoleum is divided into two parts: cemetery area and burial area. Covering an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, the cemetery has the dual functions of building outside and inner city, with a quadrangular cone-shaped enclosure with a slightly flat top and a height of 55 meters. It is not only the first imperial mausoleum in China history, but also the largest imperial mausoleum.
Since p>1974, three pits where terracotta warriors and horses were buried have been found 1.5km east of the cemetery, and 8, terracotta figures, 1 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons have been unearthed. In 198, 2 large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused the shock and concern of the whole world and is known as the "eighth wonder of the world". At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and it is open to the public.
No.1 pit is an east-west rectangular pit, 23m long and 62m wide, with five doorways around it. There are corridors at the east and west ends of the pit, one corridor at the north and south sides, and nine east-west holes in the middle, which are separated by rammed earth walls. Chariots is the main body of this pit, and vehicles and infantry form a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the army array faces east, and there are rows of warriors facing outward in the south, north and west corridors, serving as wings and guards; Three rows of warriors in the east are pioneers. Inside the nine tunnels, there are huge main armies of chariots and infantry. There are four rows of warriors in each tunnel, some wearing robes and some wearing armor, with chariots in the middle. There is a charioteer and two riders behind each chariot.
No.2 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang
No.2 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses was officially excavated on March 1, 1994. The whole pit is divided into 24 exploration directions of 2X2. Each exploration square is divided into four small squares with equal size by a cross beam. The topsoil covered on the top of the No.2 terracotta pit has been removed, and the remains of shed wood have been revealed. The picture shows the local situation of the excavation site of No.2 terracotta pit.
No.3 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang
The No.3 pit covers an area of 52 square meters and has a concave shape. A chariot was unearthed, including four horse figurines and 68 warrior figurines. The terracotta figures in the pit are arranged in a corridor, which is the command center of the Qin army array.
bronze chariots and horses in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The bronze chariots and horses in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor were unearthed at the west side of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. In 198, when the pit of bronze chariots and horses was partially excavated, two large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed in a wooden coffin, which were broken when unearthed and restored to their original state after repair.
status quo of bronze chariots and horses unearthed
bronze chariots and horses exhibited after restoration
Archaeological excavation of the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang
The mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang is located at the northern foot of Mount Li in the east of Linchong District, Xi 'an. Through archaeological exploration, more than 5 burial pits, burial tombs and tombs of mausoleum repairers have been found inside and outside the cemetery. The most important burial pits are: Terracotta Warriors, bronze chariots and horses, stable pits, rare birds and animals pits, stone armor pits, hundred-play figurines pits, literati figurines pits, bronze waterfowl pits, and various burial pits. In addition, a large number of palace architectural sites, such as sleeping halls, toilet halls and garden temples, have been found inside and outside the cemetery. The whole cemetery is like a rich underground treasure house. It is the largest cemetery with the largest number of buried objects among the imperial tombs in China.
Qin Shihuang was the first emperor to unify China. His mausoleum is 3 kilometers east of Xi 'an. In February, 1974, when local farmers were digging a well 1.5 kilometers east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, they came across the Terracotta Warriors and Horses the size of a real horse. Since then, an underground army array buried for more than 2, years has been excavated and built into a museum. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang, which consists of pits No.1, No.2, No.3 and the pit of soldiers and figures. There are 8, pottery warrior figures and terracotta warriors and horses on display, which are arranged in an array and have a spectacular momentum. The figurines are divided into general figurines, armor figurines and bow-shooting figurines. Tens of thousands of actual combat weapons were unearthed in the pit, and Qin Shihuang's large painted bronze chariots and horses were exhibited in the museum. Known as the "eighth wonder of the world", the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses show the past glory of ancient Chang 'an, and it is also a portrayal of why Chang 'an has become the starting point of the Silk Road.