Eight-character disagreement
The crisis of forced relocation was triggered by the ethnic contradiction between Tatars and Russians. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Mongolian Turkic ministries living in northern China crisscrossed Eurasia. Europeans are very afraid of tigers. They collectively refer to tigers as "Tatars" or "Tatars", which means "Mongolian-speaking tribes".
Above _? /kloc-Crimea in the middle of the 0/5th century, with the original Crimean khanate in the north and the Italian Genoa colony and the Principality of Sidoro in the south.
From 65438 to 0237, Tatars belonging to the Khincha khanate of Mongolia gradually settled in Crimea. 1430, Tatars not only believed in Islam, but also broke away from the Khincha khanate and established their own Crimean khanate. 1478, resource-poor Tatars were next to Osman. Their ancestors also came from the Mongolian plateau, and they have strong commonalities in culture, religion, customs and language.
With the strong support of Osman, the Crimean Khanate became a "bad neighbor" of Eastern Europe, invading everywhere, occupying land, plundering property and population, and Russia, Poland, Ukraine and other countries suffered greatly. 1572, the Crimean khanate besieged Moscow, "captured nearly 150000 Russian troops, and the remnants were filled with moscow river."
According to the statistics of Catholic missionary Carl Jiubai, "There are 20,000 slaves transferred and sold from Crimea every year. In the more than 200 years from the founding of the Crimean Tatars in the14th century to the end of the16th century, the Crimean Tatars sold as many as three million slaves. " The struggle for living space between two ethnic groups has caused a problem.
Above _? Crimean Tatar
Religious disputes
The discord between Tatars and Russians and the interference of religious factors. In 988, Vladimir, the Grand Duke of Kiev, married Princess Anna of Byzantine Dynasty, marking the alliance between the two countries. In order to consolidate the relationship between the two sides, Archduke Vladimir abandoned the original polytheism, adopted the Orthodox Church as the state religion in Chersonesos, a suburb of Sevastopol, accepted its teachings as the state religion, and ordered the Russian to be baptized.
/kloc-After 0/3rd century, the Ross tribe was divided into three branches: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus due to feudal separatism. Orthodox Church has become the spiritual bond linking the three. Tatars living in Crimea believe in Islam and regard each other as "pagans". The religious opposition between the two sides is incompatible.
After the Crimean War, hundreds of thousands of Tatars left their homes. 1897 census, there were only 188000 local Tatars, accounting for13 of the total population, while Russians and Ukrainians accounted for 45%. 40% of the Tatars who stuck to their homeland had no land before the October Revolution. Religious confrontation has virtually torn the local society and laid the groundwork for future forced relocation.
Above _? The Crimean War, also known as the Eastern Russian War, broke out in Europe from 1853 to 1856.
War spoiler
Russia's state of "not striking back, vowing not to retaliate" continued until the second half of the17th century. Under Ivan the Terrible's rule, the Principality of Moscow expanded rapidly, while Ottoman politics was corrupt and declined. Russia, with growing strength, began to say "no" to Osman and launched a series of bloody battles. 1783, Catherine II announced that Crimea was his "dowry to Russia". Although the land was conquered, the Tatars still didn't give up.
During the Russian-Turkish War and the Russian-Turkish Civil War in the12nd century, Tatars always stood on the opposite side of the Russians. After the October Revolution, Lenin tried to ease ethnic tensions and established an autonomous republic of Crimea with Tatars as the main body. At that time, Tatar and Russian were juxtaposed as official languages, and Tatar culture, education and art were supported and protected.
The good times didn't last long. Influenced by 1927' s opposition to "bourgeois nationalism", more than 30,000 intellectual elites were exiled, and most Islamic imams were executed or exiled. The government forcibly closed 106 mosque and Muslim school. Russian is a compulsory course in Tatar schools, and even the place names are completely "Russian". Radical ethnic policies have invisibly increased Tatars' hatred of Russia.
Above _? Soviet map
During World War II, the Soviet Union issued a national general mobilization order, and nearly 25,000 young Tatars were recruited to join the Red Army. During the war, a dozen people won the title of Soviet hero. However, when the Nazi army 1 1 attacked Crimea, these Tatars deserted in succession. In a village called Kush, 130 Tatars joined the Red Army, and as a result 122 people deserted.
According to the report of the Crimean State Committee of the Communist Party of China (Brazzaville), "According to the information provided by the guerrillas, when the Germans occupied the Crimean Peninsula, most villagers took part in welcoming the Germans in various Tatar villages in Sudak District. The villagers served grapes, fruits, liqueur and other delicious foods and warmly entertained the Germans. "
Above _? Erich von Manstein, a Polish-born senior commander of Nazi Germany during World War II.
The Tatar rebellion was also confirmed by the Germans. Nazi 1 1 Erich von Manstein, commander of the group army and field marshal, recalled: "Most of the Tatars were very friendly to us, and the Tatars immediately stood on our side. They saw hope in us, and we became their liberators from the Bolshevik yoke. A condolence group composed of Tatars came to see me, bringing a lot of fruit and a handmade fabric, hoping to dedicate it to Mr. Adolf, the savior of the Tatars. "
Otto Orlando, a Nazi war criminal, confessed at the Nuremberg trial that he was in charge of the "self-defense forces" composed of Tatar men, and many Tatars even volunteered to take part in the village's actions against Soviet guerrillas in Crimea. Nikolai Lugovoi, former political commissar of the Crimean Guerrilla Joint Command, lamented in a letter: "On the Crimean Peninsula, the guerrillas unexpectedly met with unprecedented hostility from the Tatars." After World War II, the rift between Tatars and Russians deepened, which also provided an excuse for the liquidation and revenge of the victorious countries after the war.
Above _? Crimean Tatars who joined the German army.
High-level coercion
The sudden forced relocation of Tatars was the result of the implementation of the supreme resolution by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1On May 7th, 944, six days after the German army completely withdrew from Crimea, Soviet special forces raided the hidden Tatars and seized 5395 rifles, 250 automatic rifles, 337 machine guns, 3/KLOC-0 mortars and a large number of ordnance and ammunition.
Soviet high-level officials believe that during the Great Patriotic War, the Tatars living in Crimea "betrayed the whole Soviet Union" and "helped the Nazi German occupation forces" and must be punished as a whole. 1 1 In May, Stalin signed resolution No.5859, demanding that the Ministry of the Interior "expel all Tatars from the territory of Crimea and permanently settle in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as special settlers."
Above _? Joseph vissarrionovich stalin (1878 65438+February18—1March 5, 953)
A week later, the government invested 23,000 officers and men, 65,438+000 jeeps, 250 trucks and 67 train echelons to implement this resolution. Afterwards, the exiled Tatar revealed that he had only 15 minutes to pack his bags. The Tatars paid the price for their "God's help".
On the way of forced relocation, the train lacked food supply and the Tatars starved to death. Tatars who migrated to Central Asia were not so lucky. The local special resettlement sites underestimated the number of people who moved in, resulting in a serious shortage of infrastructure such as transportation, medical care, food and clothing, and housing. In addition, diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria and scabies are rampant, and the number of Tatars is seriously reduced. By 1948, the mortality rate of Tatars who moved into Uzbekistan was as high as 29.6%. The misfortune of the Tatars is only a microcosm of many ethnic problems in the Soviet Union, leaving behind security risks after the end of the Cold War.
Author: white when black? Correction/Editor: Lilith?
References:
1 Guansheng Chen? National exile of Crimean Tatars
2 Peng? Hua? Crimea-A Lost Paradise for Tatars
3 Zhu? Hui? Tartars deported in the Soviet Union
Four songs? l？ Xie Qiqi? On the exile and return of Crimean Tatars in the 20th century.
The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet. Copyright belongs to the original author?