Macedonia was a mountainous country in northern Greece during the Peloponnesian War, but when Athens and Sparta were defeated in the war, this effect was taken advantage of. This is first attributed to Alexander's father Philip, who gave Alexander a good foundation. After the fall of Thebes, he began to expand his power in Greece with the help of Macedonia. Although Thebes and Athens United to form the Pan-Greek Alliance, and even found the support of Persia, in 338 BC, Philip defeated the Pan-Greek Alliance in the Battle of Caronia (it is worth mentioning that Alexander was the commander-in-chief of the left army at that time), and he began to prepare for an expedition to Persia. It seems that no one can stop him.
Unfortunately, death took Philip away in 336 BC, and he left his great cause to his son, Alexander, the protagonist of our story. Alexander was born in 356 BC. He was only 20 years old when he succeeded to the throne of Macedonia. It is said that Alexander is of medium height, fair-skinned, and used to tilt his head to his left shoulder. He runs too fast and is no match for a professional athlete. At the same time, he also likes hunting and reading, and he has amazing energy and courage. At the same time, he is also a realist, and all his fantasies will not go beyond the scope of reason. At the same time, he was also influenced by Aristotle. From the age of 13, Alexander and his teacher Aristotle lived in a small village for three years and were influenced by it. He has a soft spot for Greek culture and hatred for Persia (Aristotle's relatives and friends were killed by Persians).
Alexander inherited from his father, not only the imperial army and territory, but more importantly, Alexander got his father's military system and strategic concept. At that time, Macedonia's army array was a relatively advanced mixed phalanx, which was very similar to the establishment of modern army. Usually 64 people form a platoon, 128 people form a company, 256 people form a battalion, 1024 people form a regiment, and 4096 people form a division (that is, a primary phalanx). The primary phalanx, like a modern division, is a self-contained multi-arms combat force. In addition to the heavy infantry, it also includes 2048 light shield soldiers, 1024 auxiliary soldiers and a cavalry regiment of 1024 people, totaling 8 192 people. This mixed grouping makes Macedonian phalanx more flexible in tactics and impact. At the same time, Macedonia was also the first Greek country to take cavalry as its main arms. In the past Greek phalanx, due to technical limitations, cavalry was often regarded as an auxiliary force, but in Macedonia, cavalry played an important role. They can attack each other's flank many times, as the main force of the battle, and sometimes even the infantry collapses before entering the battle.
After Alexander succeeded to the throne, the situation in Macedonia was not optimistic. Philip's death made the Greek alliance loose, and several countries were encouraged by Persia and other reasons to get rid of Macedonia's control. It took Alexander two years to regain control of the situation and prepare for the eastward expedition. In 336 BC, two years after Philip's death, Alexander embarked on the road to the East.
In the spring of 334 BC, Alexander set out from the coast of Daniil and began to March southward, defeating the Persian cover forces on the grani River. Then, Alexander continued to attack Chadi south. This is the political and economic center of Lydia. Then he directed the army to turn to Effisu in the west. Forced the city to surrender, and in July, Macedonian troops captured Miletas. Now, Alexander has returned to the Aegean coast. He faces a problem. He wanted to destroy the Persian sea power, but he was powerless against the Persian fleet. So he chose a long and simple method: to occupy all the ports and supply bases available to Persians along the eastern Mediterranean coast, so that the Persian fleet lost its ability to act and supply and was slowly trapped to death. This is a long and long process.
In 333 BC, after a year's battle, Macedonia had controlled almost all the ports in Asia Minor. In order to carry out his plan, Alexander turned to the south and prepared to enter Syria to close the ports on the east coast of the Mediterranean. When Alexander advanced to Malasas, he suddenly received a report that the Persians crossed the Oman Pass, occupied Isus and cut off Alexander's supply line. When Alexander heard this, he immediately led the army to retreat and rushed back to Isus, where he defeated the Persian army under the command of Persian King Darius Iii and preserved it. In this battle, Alexander captured Darius' mother, wife and children, and even captured Darius' cloak and weapons.
After the battle, Alexander did not rush to attack Babylon with the defeated Persian army, but continued to go south along the coast. In 332 BC, Macedonia occupied all Persian naval bases and available ports in the eastern Mediterranean, advanced to Palestinian areas, and captured the city of Gaza. At the end of that year, Alexander conquered Egypt and named a port after himself, which was later Alexandria. Many cities are named after Alexander, but this port is the most famous one.
The following year, Alexander handed over the jurisdiction of Egypt to the local Pharaoh, and then paid attention to the Persian direction in the east again. Darius Iii wrote to Alexander, willing to make peace with Macedonia at the expense of seven western provinces, but Alexander refused. Then Alexander occupied Mesopotamia. Darius Iii contracted to Albera (the ancient city of Assyria, now northern Iraq) on the east bank of the Tigris River, and reorganized a larger army, including heavy cavalry and countless chariots composed of people from the Iranian grassland area. Darius made a mistake. There are two obstacles in front of him that can stop Alexander: the Euphrates River and the Tigris River. But for some reason, Darius gave up his resistance in the two river basins and returned directly to the east bank of the Tigris River. When Alexander came to the Tigris River, he found no resistance. Although the river is swift, it is not very difficult to cross it without resistance.
In 33 1 BC, Macedonian troops crossed the Tigris River, and four days later, the whereabouts of Persian cavalry were detected. Alexander immediately ordered the troops to form a battle formation. A few days later, Alexander personally led the reconnaissance troops and the royal squadron to raid several Persian cavalry stations. Persian cavalry saw the Macedonian army retreat immediately, and most of them fled, but a few Persian soldiers were captured with their horses and men. It is known from their mouths that the army led by Darius is not far from here, with about 40,000 cavalry, 1 10,000 infantry, 200 chariots and 15 elephants (the above figures are based on Arian's expedition to Alexandria, but according to various textual research, it is considered that this figure is obviously too large, and it is reasonably estimated to be about 250,000, including 200,000 infantry and 50,000 cavalry, which is based on comparison. Among them, there are about 7000 cavalry. The large number of Persian troops is mainly due to the large number of tribal units, including Indians in the border area of Bactria in the east of the empire and soldiers from remote tribes such as Saka in the west of Xu Ya in the northeast of the empire. Darius arranged for his troops to camp in Goga Milla, which is more than 65,438+000 kilometers away from Abela. He chose this place as a battlefield, largely because it is flat and open, and the plain area is an ideal battlefield for chariot troops and cavalry to gallop. At the same time, in the battle of Isus, Darius thought that the terrain battlefield was too narrow to give full play to its absolute superiority in troops, and the Persians could make better use of its superiority in this open terrain to overwhelm Macedonia. Darius cleared the obstacles on the plain and turned the Gogamela Plain into a huge parade ground. After receiving the information from the Persian army nearby, Alexander ordered the troops to camp in situ and set up fortifications around the camp. After four days of rest in the same place, Macedonian troops left their trench and luggage, and the combat troops began to move in the direction of Darius. At the same time, Darius also learned from the withdrawn cavalry that the Macedonian army had been annihilated, so he ordered the troops to set out in battle formation. When the distance between the two sides was about 5 kilometers, Alexander discovered Darius' army, so he decided to camp for a period of time after studying with his subordinates, and led the reconnaissance troops to comprehensively survey the battlefield. That night, Baal Migneau suggested that Alexander attack Perth's army in secret, but Alexander opposed it. Alexander hoped to conquer the Persians through aboveboard and all-round victory. It was September 30th, 33 1 year BC.
The Persians had already deployed the battle formation and obtained written materials after the battle. The deployment of the Persian army is like this: the cavalry in the summer is on the left, and the cavalry and infantry troops composed of Dahan (one of the tribes in Scandinavia) and Alako Tiya are also mixed among them. Their right wing is a mixed force of Persian cavalry and infantry, followed by the infantry composed of Persian Sucia cavalry and Caducians, extending from the left wing to the middle, and the left wing is commanded by Bezos (Daxia). He was captured by Alexander and executed. )。 At the apex of the right wing, the Syrian cavalry and Mesopotamian troops were concentrated, followed by the Mites, and together with them were cavalry troops composed of Palsians and Skettians, followed by Tapilias and Sikanja, and finally Albanians and Sassinians, until the center of the whole phalanx, and the commander of the whole right wing was Macias. The center of the whole army is the seat of Darius and the royal family, under the personal command of Darius himself. This is a Persian army composed of Persian nobles. These Persians have golden apples on their spears (apples symbolize the sun), followed by Indians, who were then called "migrating Kalians and Maldivians". Followed by Ukrainians, Babylonians, Red Sea tribes and West tassigny people, all formed a deep formation. How such a huge army was deployed cannot be verified, but according to records, Darius put cavalry troops on the front line and infantry followed behind to form a second-line force.
At the forefront of the left wing facing Alexander's right wing, there are Sishui cavalry, about 1000 cavalry in Daxia, and 100 chariots. In front of Darius' royal squadron are fifteen war elephants and fifty chariots. In front of the right wing are Armenian and Capadocia cavalry, and fifty chariots. Greek mercenaries approached Darius and his royal Persian army and faced the Macedonian infantry phalanx.
As for Macedonia, Alexander made the following arrangements: Alexander himself and the royal squadron commanded by Cleitas were in front of the right end of the whole right wing (here is a personal opinion. In Arian's Alexander Expedition, the concept of friendly cavalry was mentioned. Men among Macedonian nobles will go to military service at a certain age and join the king's Guards, and the cavalry of the Guards are friendly cavalry, the elite troops of the Guards. On their left flank, next to them is the Grauxias squadron, followed by the cavalry squadron led by Aristo, Pohris, Heraclides, Demetrius, Merrill and others, and finally the royal squadron of Heglocas. All the cavalry are under the command of Ferotas, son of Baal Migneau. In front of them is an avant-garde composed of Aghily people, Macedonian crossbowmen and Ruth Javelin soldiers. Their task is to break up each other's phalanx with long-range fire and cover the impact of cavalry behind them. In the Macedonian infantry phalanx next to the cavalry, the most elite guards came first, followed by other guards, under the unified command of Philotas's brother Nikanow. The battle sequence of the heavy infantry phalanx in the middle is as follows: Colas is on the right, followed by Per Dickas, Miligi, Miligi, Boric Bull, Simon Mias, and CraTiilas. As usual, all the infantry on the left were under the command of Kratiras. On the left are the Greek cavalry led by Avery Ghias and the Desallais cavalry led by Philip. The commander-in-chief of the whole left wing, Barr Migno, was at the left front of the team, beside him, escorted by Cecily cavalry.
In addition, Alexander also arranged reserve teams behind the first-line troops, which were arranged behind the left and right wings respectively, facing the front of both sides in a figure of eight. On the right, the reserve team includes the remaining half of Aghily and half of Macedonian crossbowmen, who are called mercenaries of the eternal guard. Before them, Pioria cavalry and light cavalry reconnaissance teams led by Ariosto and Aritis lined up. Finally, as a right-wing coach, Minidas led the hired cavalry to the front of the right-wing team. Alexander ordered that if the Persian army tried to outflank the right wing of the Macedonian army, Minidas' flanking troops would attack the other side's flank in a roundabout way to support the flank of the first-line troops from being surrounded. Alexander arranged the Thracian army led by West Tasis on the left, and on their left were the Greek allied cavalry and the Adriatic cavalry. At the forefront of these troops, Alexander also arranged foreign cavalry. The trenches were guarded by Thrace infantry.
After the confrontation between the two armies, it can be seen that both sides have their own plans. Darius hoped to detour between the two wings through the first-line cavalry, and at the same time use the power of chariots and elephants to disrupt the square in front of Macedonia, while the cavalry and infantry arranged behind the chariots and elephants took advantage of the chaos to divide Macedonia's central front. Because of its absolute military superiority, Darius chose this tactic of all-out dash. In fact, this tactical area also played a certain role. As Alexander, who is at a disadvantage in strength, he chose the usual hammer anvil tactic, or called it strike while the iron is hot. The right wing of Macedonian army is obviously stronger than the left wing, with numerous cavalry, elite guards and strong fighting capacity. If the right-wing cavalry can repel the left wing of the opposite Persian army and oppress the main force of the Persian army to the chopping block composed of Macedonian right-wing infantry, then Alexander can win. At the same time, in order to cope with the shortage of troops, Alexander creatively arranged the second battlefield. Because of the large number of Persian troops, it is likely to be a long front, so that it can cross the end of Macedonia's flank and detour to the rear of Macedonia's army. In particular, the right wing, as a hammer, once surrounded by the enemy, is likely to fall into the encirclement, which is likely to lead to the collapse of the entire Macedonian army. Worried about this problem, Alexander ordered Minidas to command the second-line cavalry to attack the Persian flank when the Persian army was beyond the end of its right wing, so as to ensure the safety of the right wing and make its tactical plan be implemented smoothly. When there is no danger to the flank, these second-line troops can also rotate inward in parallel to strengthen the impact of the first-line troops.
The next day, the two armies began to approach each other, and Alexander could already see Darius standing in the towering chariot among the guards. He is a tall and beautiful man, protected by many of the best cavalry. These cavalry are arranged in a dense and orderly formation, ready to meet the enemy at any time, and you can even see the golden apples on the spears of the Persian Royal Guard. From the beginning, the right wing of Macedonian army became the focus of the battlefield. Alexander did not start a frontal attack as Darius expected, but led his troops to the right (that is, the Persian left). Darius' original plan to outflank the two wings seemed to be in jeopardy. If Alexander continues to extend to the right, he will cross the left side of Persia and enter the uneven terrain, so that Persian cavalry cannot detour to Alexander's flank. At the same time, facing the danger of being outflanked, Darius ordered the left-wing Daxia cavalry and Dahan cavalry to extend to the left at the same time, far beyond the right wing of Alexander's army, in order to stop the Macedonian army from extending to the right. Alexander immediately ordered Minidas' right-wing reserve to meet the enemy. Minidas directly took the hired cavalry to meet the Daxia cavalry who detoured to the right wing of Ma Jun, but the number of hired cavalry in Minidas was quite small, only about 400. In response, Bissas, commander-in-chief of the Persian army's left wing, sent cavalry from West Xu Ya to the front of the left wing. These cavalry are part of the more fighting Persian cavalry. Both riders and horses have better armor protection. Together with Xia cavalry, they stopped Minidas' counterattack by relying on their numerical superiority, which dealt a heavy blow to their opponents. The impact of West Xu Ya cavalry broke through the formation of Macedonian right wing, causing chaos. Darius thought it was an opportunity and ordered it to be arranged on the left wing. However, Alexander is ready. The avant-garde troops composed of Macedonian crossbowmen and Rus Javelin soldiers arranged in front of the right wing attacked the chariot from a long distance and quickly defeated the Persian chariot. Only a few chariots survived the killing of bows and javelin, but when they rushed to the Macedonian phalanx, the Macedonians quickly dodged. The chariots that crossed the phalanx were captured by the guards behind them, and the chariots did not cause any losses to the Macedonian army. After a period of chaos, Macedonia quickly stabilized its position. The right-wing Peonia cavalry and mercenaries known as the eternal guards were also ordered to support Minidas from both wings to fight back. Squadron after squadron of cavalry charged the cavalry in the west of Xuya, and the two sides launched a close cavalry war. At this time, the Macedonian army's excellent fighting will and discipline played a role, repelling the Persian army with great casualties.
At the same time, the left-wing situation in Macedonia is relatively calm. Darius originally planned to detour on both wings, so when his left flank detoured to the right flank of Ma Jun, the right-wing cavalry of Persian Army also detoured to the left flank of Macedonian Army. However, due to Alexander's oblique movement mode, the left wing position is relatively backward and the side is protected by reserve teams, so the Persian army has not made much progress there. However, Alexander continued to extend to the right, widening the distance between the left and right wings of the Macedonian army, and the situation was not optimistic.
At this time, neither side took advantage of anything, but the battlefield situation was unfavorable to Alexander. Because of the absolute disadvantage in strength, he could not break through the interception of the right wing of the Persian army and thus could not detour the flank of the Persian army. Although the breakthrough of the Persian army has also been contained, the advantage in numbers is that the situation of the Persian army is relatively better, because on their right wing, the Macedonian army has shown signs of weakness, and it is difficult to maintain a long front like the Persian army, even a short front, which has caused a big gap in the center of the Macedonian army and given the Persians a good opportunity, but the subsequent development of the war situation has not been as expected by Darius.
Because the existing cavalry units on the left could not complete the circuitous task, Bissas ordered the remaining cavalry units on the left to come to the battlefield to reinforce, but they still could not break through the blockade of the Macedonian army on the left. At the same time, Alexander found a gap in the Persian army. Because the Persians put all the left-wing cavalry into circuitous operations, a huge force vacuum was formed between the left and middle of the Persian army, which was Alexander's dream opportunity. He immediately concentrated his right-wing guards and four infantry phalanxes on the right side of the Central Infantry Front to form a huge wedge-shaped assault group, and four infantry phalanxes-from Nicanoff's light infantry battalion to Miliag's Boli persson infantry phalanx-formed the left wing of the attack arrow. The relatively short right wing and wide front are composed of Alexander and his guards and cavalry. This huge wedge-shaped formation rotates to the center, squeezes through the gap in the Persian front, and then detours to the left again, heading for the central position of the Persian army where Darius is located. In order to prevent the left wing of the assault group from being threatened by the Persian army, the light cavalry and infantry on the right side of the Macedonian army also began to rotate to the right to prevent the Persian left cavalry from fighting with the right horse army. Before Alexander's circuitous action began, he ordered Aritis to lead the cavalry to move to the other side of the Persian cavalry, which was desperately circuitous on the left side of the Ma army, in order to cooperate with Minidas and the light cavalry to attack the left side of the Persian army from two wings. Darius and his Royal Guard were the first to be threatened. Alexander led his troops to kill Persian soldiers bravely. The guards rushed to the Persian royal cavalry and stabbed them in the face with spears (because the cavalry at that time had no saddles and stirrups, they had to kill their opponents far from the center of gravity to avoid sweeping the riders off their horses because the spears were too strong). At the same time, Macedonian phalanxes with spears are also rushing to kill. Darius felt that everything was over, and the royal cavalry who defended him in front collapsed and kept retreating to Darius' car. And his chariot can't turn, also can't get rid of, because here the bodies of Persians piled up into mountains, which not only hindered the movement of the chariot, but also almost submerged the war horse, making the war horse jump up and become more and more uncontrollable. The panicked groom couldn't control them, so Darius chose to run away, leaving his army behind and running away like Isus. At the same time that Darius escaped, Persian left-wing cavalry who tried to detour the flank of Macedonian army found that Aristide's cavalry appeared behind their flank and they were being attacked from both sides. Suddenly, the Persian left-wing formation was in chaos and began to retreat across the board. Alexander immediately ordered the pursuit.
On the right side of the Macedonian army, the situation is completely different. Because the distance between the left and right wings widened, Alexander withdrew four infantry phalanxes as part of the assault group, so there was a big gap in the middle. At this time, a Persian and Indian cavalry rushed out from the center of the Persian army and entered the rear of Macedonia through this space, but they did not detour left or right, but went straight to the trench camp in Macedonia. After defeating the infantry of Thrace, he took control of the trench camp of the Macedonian army, released the Persian soldiers captured by Macedonia, and robbed the Macedonian of their luggage and materials. At the same time, the right wing of the Persian army has also detoured to the left wing of the commander Barr Migno. However, as Alexander had arranged a second-line army on the left, they quickly turned back and launched a counterattack against the Persians who were robbing the trench camp. The Persians didn't expect the Macedonian army to appear from behind them and quickly retreat after some casualties. Barr Migno, who was being attacked from the front and side, ordered the messenger Pegasus to inform Alexander to ask for reinforcements when he found himself in danger of being attacked, while his soldiers tried their best to resist the constant harassment of the Persians. At this time, although the left wing of the Persian army had collapsed, Macias of the right continued to attack because he had not received the news of Darius' escape, and the situation was quite optimistic. So far, the Persian right wing has won all the battles, and Bar Migno is double-teamed. Not surprisingly, Macedonia's left wing will soon collapse.
Now let's pay attention to the fate of the messenger. According to the author, there are only two kinds of statements. The first statement: When the emissary arrived in Alexander's array, Alexander immediately gave up the pursuit and turned around to rescue Barr Migno. At this point, the central and right-wing Persian cavalry main force is retreating. When they found that Alexander appeared from the side and cut off his retreat, their morale was in chaos and they stormed Alexander with all their strength. The two sides launched the final hand-to-hand combat in the battle, and the Persians have reached the point of madness. They were desperate to attack Alexander's defence. In this battle, 60 guards of Alexander died, and Hephaestion, minidas, Colas and Alexander's favorite, was injured, but they defeated the main Persian cavalry, and then the remaining Persian cavalry who besieged Bar Migno also fled. The second statement: the messenger arrived at Alexander's original position because Alexander had gone after Darius, so the messenger had to leave angrily. Without support, Barr Migno relied on the fighting capacity of Caesar's cavalry and the Persian's frustration after learning of the war, but Alexander did not look back after receiving the urgent letter from Barr Migno. I turned back because I lost Darius and happened to meet the retreating Persians.
Of the two statements, personally, I think the first one is more credible. At that time, the situation of Barr Migno was really dangerous, otherwise Alexander would not be asked to reinforce as soon as possible. It can be seen that it should be difficult for Barr Migno to repel the Persians so quickly on his own. At the same time, Alexander happened to meet the retreating Persian army after losing Darius. Why didn't he pursue after defeating his opponent? Since he didn't receive Barr Migno's letter of help, there was no reason to turn back.
Anyway, in the end, the Persian right wing was defeated, and Alexander continued to pursue Darius after clearing Barr Migno until dark. After that, Alexander led his troops across the lecase River and gave his soldiers a rest. In the middle of the night, Alexander ordered his troops to March on Abela, hoping to catch Darius there, but Darius did not return to Abela or Babylon, but went north into Armenia. Although the Persian Empire suffered a crushing defeat, the emperor escaped capture and was later killed shamefully by his courtiers.
The Persian army was almost wiped out in the whole battle of Gameira. Only some cavalry and royal guards followed Darius north, and the rest were either killed or scattered. The exact number of dead soldiers is unknown. About 500 people were killed in Alexandria, many were injured, and thousands of horses died of fatigue or injury.
The reason for the Persians' defeat is simple: Darius withdrew from the battle, while the left-wing cavalry suffered a fatal blow, while Alexander's victory was due to a huge loophole in the center of the Persian army, mainly because the Macedonian right resisted the Persian attack and forced the Persians to transfer the left-wing main force. Personally, I think Darius' original plan is not a big problem, and flanking by two wings is indeed a reasonable tactic. But the problem is that the Persians failed to successfully detour the flank of Macedonian army, nor did they seize the opportunity to defeat Macedonian left-wing army when the right-wing situation was good. If the Persian cavalry who broke through the center of the Macedonian army and entered the rear of the Macedonian army can detour to the left or right (personally, the effect of detour to the left may be better, because the Macedonian right-wing reserve has formed a confrontation with the left-wing cavalry of the Persian army, and Alexander is commanding the cavalry to attack the central position of Persia where Darius is located. Under such circumstances, if the enemy appeared behind Alexander, it would be a great blow, both in morale and actual situation, and Darius did not directly command the troops to carry out his command intention at the most critical location. Under the technical conditions of underdeveloped information exchange in ancient times, Darius did not participate in on-site command. It is impossible to control troops in real time and effectively, and Alexander did better in this regard. He was involved in a major attack at a key location. Under the condition of backward communication at that time, Alexander's personal command was very important, because the chiefs of various units might not be able to implement the strategic thinking of the commander-in-chief If the chief officer's initiative and flexibility are poor, it is likely to delay the fighter plane, so the real-time command of the commander-in-chief is very important. At the same time, Darius' escape is also a key to the battle. Regardless of its rationality and rationality, the escape or death of the commander-in-chief was very destructive to the psychology of the troops in ancient wars. In World War I, Zhao Kuo, commander-in-chief of Zhao, was killed when he broke through, and Zhao collapsed immediately. We can imagine what would happen if Darius did not escape but moved to other troops. Although the right wing of the Macedonian army defeated the left wing of the other side, the left wing of the Macedonian army was overwhelmed. If the Persian cavalry who broke through the central government could detour its rear, Macedonia's left wing would be surrounded on three sides and would probably collapse. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the outcome of both parties.
At the same time, this campaign also has two bright spots. The first is the combat effectiveness of Macedonian cavalry. The fighting capacity of Macedonian heavy cavalry is indeed much higher than that of Persian cavalry (what the Persian army system lacks is heavy cavalry). The cavalry troops on its two wings resisted several times their own Persian attacks, and the assault of the central guards was unstoppable, which was an incomparable advantage for the Persian army. The second is the use of reserves. Alexander arranged the Macedonian army on three fronts in the battle, with reserves on the left and right wings. However, due to the relationship between lines and means of communication, the reserve team at that time could not command in real time, and could only prepare for possible situations in advance, which was also the fundamental reason why there was no reserve team in the battle at that time. Alexander's arrangement directly led to the failure of the Persian cavalry left wing, and indirectly led to the collapse of the Persian army later. It can be said that the use of reserves is another key to this campaign.
The Battle of Gauguin Milla made Darius lose his country and realized the long-cherished wish of Alexander and his father Philip. This battle really decided the fate of Persia and Macedonia, and it was also the greatest battle in Alexander's life.
Bibliography:
Alexander Ariane's expedition
J.F.C Fuller, Military History of the Western World
History and Strategy Bull Clock String
Battle of Gameira-Tactics and Preliminary Comments A. Devinast