Tian Shuo is an essay written by Liu Zongyuan, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. This paper focuses on criticizing the idealistic view of destiny that heaven can reward and punish, and expounds the view that heaven has no will and is a material entity. Name of the work: Tian Shuo Creation Year: Tang Dynasty Works Origin: Collection of Mr. Hedong Literary Genre: Prose Author: Liu Zongyuan Source, Content, Attached, On Tian Lun, In Tian Lun, Under Tian Lun, the author's brief introduction, which originated from one of Liu Zongyuan's philosophical masterpieces in Tang Dynasty, China. Income "Mr. Hedong Collection" and "Liu Zongyuan Collection". This paper focuses on criticizing the idealistic view of destiny that heaven can reward and punish, and expounds the view that heaven has no will and is a material entity. The article said: "He who is on the top and mysterious, the world is called heaven; Those who go down to the yellow are the land of the world; Those who are in the middle are called vitality; Those who are cold and hot are called yin and yang. Although it is big, it is no different from fruit, hemorrhoids and vegetation. " It is pointed out that heaven, earth, yin and yang, fruits and melons, vegetation and so on are all natural phenomena and different forms of material existence. Heaven has no will, so it can't reward merit and punish evil. "Those who do merit will do it themselves, and those who do harm will do it themselves.". The rise and fall of the country, the fortunes of individuals, and the relationship between heaven and heaven simply does not exist. Tian Shuo adheres to the materialistic viewpoint and expounds the relationship between man and nature, but ignores the dynamic role of human beings in understanding and mastering the laws of nature. (Han Wengong cried when he went to China, which means that he is sad and sad, but Shen Yan can know it. Today, it is said that people can steal vitality and yin and yang, while those who are disabled are active. Cover is exciting and cloud. Liuzi therefore said that Yin and Yang, the vitality of heaven and earth, could not reward merit but punish evil. If you want it back, if you want to be confident in righteousness, you can say it. However, those who say that heaven can't reward and punish good and evil, why should they persuade them to fall in love? Han Wengong said: Today's words are sexual, and the miscellaneous Buddha is old. It's just for Liuzi. Liu Yuxi said: Zi Hou wrote "The Theory of Heaven" in order to retreat, but he pretended to argue three articles of "The Theory of Heaven" at the moment when he was exhausted. Ran Gongji and Yuxi Shu Yun: The theory of every son is a note in my Tian Shuo. Yu Xi's "The Theory of Heaven" is attached here. ) Han Yu said to Liu Zi, "What if you know what heaven says? I speak for my son. Today, my wife is sick, tired, humiliated, hungry and cold, and she cries out because of her support:' Those who disable the people will prosper, and those who help them will suffer!' He leaned back and cried,' What makes it so violent?' If it is, you can't know the sky. Fu Guo Guo Guo, (According to Xu Shen's Shuowen: In Muyue Guo, it is said in the ground. Zhang Yanyun: There is a nuclear fruit, but there is no nuclear fruit. Ying Shao says: the fruit is the fruit, and the grass is the fruit. Another cloud says: a shell is a fruit, and a shell is a jelly. Luguoche. ) the diet is bad, and the insects are born; People's qi and blood are exhausted, which are carbuncle, wart, fistula and hemorrhoid. ("Shuo Wen": carbuncle, swelling. Choice, stubborn sore. Fat, called fat. Fistula, swollen neck, wound for a long time Hemorrhoids, after the disease also. Carbuncle, sound. Choice, yin yang. Warts, especially sounds. Redundant, Juice. Fistula, sound leakage. Hemorrhoids, cut in the Zhang. ) insects are born; Wood decays and scorpions, (scorpions, sounds, insects in the wood, not those who sting and rest. The grass is rotten and the fireflies fly. ) is it not bad and then out? Things are bad, and insects are born; The vitality of yin and yang is bad, and people are born of it. Insects are born with good things and bad things, and they eat and bite them. ) attack the hole, and the disaster of the insect is also very good. There are those who can go, and those who are active in things; Those who are busy and rest, the enemy of things is also. People's bad vitality is also very nourishing: cultivate the original field, (cultivate, cultivate, cultivate and cure. ) cut down the forest, dig springs to drink from wells, and dig graves to die, (the sound of money is empty. ) and the cave is a depression, ("depression", a work "? amp; #93;” . "Zhuangzi": Those who watch the room are surrounded by sleeping in the temple, but they are also comfortable with it. Note: depression means screen toilet, and screen toilet means depression. "Ji Yun": Drowning means the sound search. ) built for walls, battlements, pavilions, sightseeing, sparse for Sichuan blasphemy, ditch, vicious pool, wood to burn, (sound annoying, Ruo also. Sui, sound hence. ) leather gold to Rong, Tao Zhen pondered, (Zhen, sound firm. ) strain makes everything in heaven and earth uncomfortable, and it is fortunate to rush, (fortunately, fortunately. ) attack and defeat and scratch without interest. It's a curse, yin and yang, and it's not very good at what insects do. I mean that people can make the days thin and the years thin, and those who suffer from yin and yang are less, but those who make contributions to heaven and earth are also; Those who are busy and rest, the enemy of heaven and earth is also. This lady can't know the sky, (the word "person" has the word "zhi" next. ) Therefore, it is to shout and complain. If I hear it and complain, those who have made meritorious deeds will be rewarded greatly, and those who have suffered from it will be punished greatly. Why does the child speak in my words? "Liu Zi said," Is Zi Cheng motivated to do something right? Then the letter is arguing and beautiful. I can finish what I said. He who is on the other side is mysterious, and the world is called the sky; Those who go down to the yellow are the land of the world; Those who are in the middle are called vitality; Those who are cold and hot are called yin and yang. Although it is big, it is no different from fruit, hemorrhoids and vegetation. It is a thing to have someone who can attack the hole. Can it be rewarded? Can he be angry if he stops breathing? Heaven and earth, big fruit also; Vitality, carbuncle and hemorrhoids; Yin and yang, big vegetation; Can Wu reward merit and punish disaster? Those who work are self-employed, those who suffer are self-employed, and those who desire their rewards and punishments are greatly mistaken; The more absurd it is to complain and desire to be sad and kind. If a son believes in the righteousness of his son, he will swim in it, live and die, and if he dies, he will die of fruit and hemorrhoids. " Attached to the "Tian Lun", Liu Yuxi's words of the world are two ways for heaven. Those who are arrested in Zhao Zhao say, "Heaven and man have a real influence: disasters will be punished by sin, blessings will be attracted by kindness, poor people will be heard when they cry, and they will be answered when they are in pain. If there is something, they will be slaughtered." Therefore, the theory of evil spirits wins. Those who are muddy in the shadows say, "There is a real difference between heaven and man: there is no sin in shaking livestock and wood;" Spring is full of purple tea, and I have never chosen goodness; Plantar? It' s awkward and awkward, and it' s awkward and awkward. It' s a murderer. " Therefore, the theory of nature wins. Yu You Hedong explained Liu Zihou's "The Heaven", which was written with the words of the Korean retreat. The letter was beautiful, and the cover was exciting, so it was not the time for heaven and man. Therefore, I wrote "The Theory of Heaven" to argue the clouds extremely. All those who enter the shaper are capable or not. Day, the tangible big one is also; People, especially animals. Heaven can, but man can't; People can, and heaven can't. Therefore, Yu yue: heaven and man are better than ears. It says: the way of heaven lies in planting, and it is used in strength; The way of man lies in the legal system, and it is used in right and wrong. Yang is full of life, and yin is cold; Fire and water hurt things, and wood is strong and golden; Strong and strong, old and tired, energetic and strong, strong and strong: the power of heaven is also. Yang and Ruo tree, Yin and? amp; #91; Convergence; Use moisture to prevent harm, and prohibit burning and using up light; Cutting the wood is strong, and the liquid mine is broken; Righteousness is strong, and courtesy is divided into young and old; Right-handed people are good at work, and they are extremely idle and evil: people can also. Man can overcome heaven, and so can law. When the law is done, it is for the public, not for the public. People in the world will be rewarded if they follow the Tao, and those who violate it will be punished. When it is rewarded, although it is expensive, it is worth ten thousand kinds, and it is appropriate to be salty. What is it? For good, but also. When it is punished, although the family is a foreigner, the knife and saw are miserable, and the salt is appropriate. What is it? But also for evil. Therefore, the man said, "What is the future? It's only a matter of telling the truth and reporting the book, and it's just a matter of time. Happiness can be taken well, misfortune can be called evil, and it is expected to be evil? " A small relaxation of the law is a refutation of right and wrong. Rewards don't have to be perfect, and punishments don't have to be evil. Or be virtuous and show respect, when you are not humble; Or if you are humiliated, you will not be embarrassed. Therefore, his person said: "He should be confident and reasonable; He is improper, but of course, why should he be evil? God also. Blessings can be defrauded, while disasters can be avoided. " Humanism refutes, so the theory of destiny also refutes. If the law is lax, it is a translocation of right and wrong, and the reward is constant, while the punishment is constant and straight. Justice is not enough to control it, and punishment is not enough to overcome it. People's ability to overcome heaven is lost. The husband's real life has been lost, but his name only exists. Those who are ignorant can't mention his real name. Those who want to fight against heaven are poor. Therefore, the saying goes: whatever God can do gives birth to all things; What man can do governs everything. When the Dharma is great, his people say, "God does not foresee evil, I just follow the Tao." If the law is lax, then people will say, "What is evil in Tao? Just for anyone. " If the law is relaxed, the theory of heaven and man will be refuted. Today, I am confused by my own poverty, but I want to know the existence of heaven. Yu yue: tianheng insists on what he can to face the situation, and it is not necessary to predict the treatment of chaotic clouds; People always stick to what they can to the sky, not because of the cold and summer clouds; People who live by the rule know clearly and know what they are doing, so virtue and resentment don't belong to heaven; Those who are born in chaos are ignorant and unknowable, so those who are born in chaos are given to heaven, and those who are not born in heaven are expected to be human. In "On Heaven", Liu Yuxi said: "The words of the son, heaven and man win each other, and their reasoning is slight, which makes the household know, but only takes various examples." Liu Zi said, "What if you know how to travel? Husband and traveler, the group is suitable for the wild, seeking rest on the luxuriant wood and drinking on the spring, the strong must be the first, otherwise, although they are saints and sages, they cannot compete. Is it better than heaven? The rank of the group depends on the city, seeking shade in China, being satisfied with the prison, being holy and sage first, otherwise it is impossible to compete if it is strong. Is it better to be inhuman? If the road is awkward and embarrassing, although it is still awkward; If by Kuang, Song, although Gao Yi still mang Cang Ran. It's a day's journey, and heaven and people win each other. I firmly said: right and wrong are not, although in the wild, human reason wins; Right and wrong, although in the state, heaven prevails. However, nature is better than man. What? If people are unfortunate, it will be heaven, and if people are sincere, they will be better than heaven. What? Heaven is selfless, so an old friend can win. I know the heavens and the earth in a day's journey, and I have already taken the approach. " Or, "If it is, then people will believe that heaven is different, and ancient people will lead heaven to do it?" Answer: "If you know how to operate a boat? Those who sail in Weifang, Zibo, Iraq and Luoyang are ill and slow, and those who live in the second place are poor. The howl of the wind cannot be drummed into waves; The back of the flow can't be steep. There are also people who are comfortable, fast and safe; It's good to be covered and glued, and it's also good for people People in the boat have never said anything, so what? Understand the reason. He who travels on rivers, rivers, Huai River and the sea will know the disease if he can't get it, and he will know it if he can't get it. The wind of singing, can be fertile; The cloud on the hood can be taken aback. Natural and economical, it is also a day; It's gloomy and gloomy, and it's also sunny. It is also a day to survive. People in the boat have never said anything, so what? It' s also unreasonable. " The questioner said, "I've seen those who help others, such as Feng Shui. And whether it's heavy or not, is it not heaven? " Answer: "Water and boat are two things. The merger of husband and property, there must be a few things in the meantime. Count and save, and then the situation depends on how it is. One is to sink, the other is to help, and the number is multiplied by its potential. The situation is born of attachment to things, but it still has an impact. This is because Xu's potential is slow, so the old man can know it; It's hard to know if someone is ill because of his sudden potential. The cover of the river and the sea is also the cover of Jude and Zi. There is a danger, so I don't know. " The questioner said, "The number of words of the son exists and the situation is born. It is not heaven, and the fruit of heaven is narrower than the evil of the situation?" Answer: "The sky is always round and the color is always blue, and the cycle can be spent, and the day and night can wait, not counting?" Constantly high but not humble, constantly moving, not taking advantage of the situation? A man who is a man of great age can't be humble when he is tall. Take advantage of the situation and use it, but not rest in a moment, and evil can escape from the number and become more and more dependent on the situation? I firmly said: the reason why all things are infinite is that they win each other, but they are also used together. Heaven and man are the best of all things. " The questioner said, "The heavenly fruit is tangible, but it can't escape from counting. What about the invisible one? What are the evils contained in Zi 'an?" Answer: "if the so-called invisible, not empty?" Those who are empty, those who have little hope in shape. For the body, you might as well depend on things, but for the use, you also have constant resources, and you must depend on things and then form. Today is the room, and the shape of high thickness is hidden inside; For use, and the shape of the rules starts from the inside. Sound works also have a size, but the sound cannot exceed; The stand of the table also has its merits, but the shadow can't exceed it. What is the number of non-empty? If there is light in the eyes of the husband, it will be because of the inflammation of the sun and the moon. The so-called dark and secluded person, the eyes can't be candle-eared. The eyes of a pet, a raccoon, a dog, and a mouse are nothing but evil. I firmly say: if you look at it with your eyes, you will get the rough shape; If you look at it with wisdom, you will get a small shape. Is there an invisible person in the universe? In ancient times, the so-called intangible, unpredictable ear, must see the ear after the object. Can Wu escape? " Liu Yuxi said in "The Theory of Heaven": "The ancient words of the calendar of heaven include the book of Xuanye, Huntian and Zhouxie; There is Zou Zi in the lofty words of heaven. What does this son say? " He replied, "I'm not from Sri Lanka. Generally speaking, those who enter the number will be combined from small to large, and those who push the sky will also be combined. By reasoning, everything is always the same. Today's wife has the beauty of face, eyes, ears, nose, teeth, hair, mouth and mouth, which is also the essence of beauty. However, it is in the kidney, intestine, heart and abdomen; There are three lights hanging in the sky, and the gods of Vientiane are also there. However, it originally cared about the mountains and rivers. Turbidity is the mother, and it is more important than the beginning. The two of you are both instrument and mediocrity. Hush is rain and dew, but it is thunder and wind. Born by air, the groups converge. Plants are born, (according to the book of history, the cloud says: the sea corner is green, which means vegetation. ) Animals are called worms. The length of the worm is the greatest wisdom, and it can uphold human principles, win with heaven, use the benefits of heaven, and establish human discipline. Ji gang or bad, return to its beginning. The book of Yao and Shun, the first one is "reviewing the past", not "reviewing the days"; Poems of deep and remote, complete, the first yue' god', silent. In the court of Shun, Yuan Kai gave an example, saying "Shun used it" instead of saying "Heaven gave it". In the Emperor Gaozong of Yin Dynasty, when he was attacked by chaos, he knew that he was virtuous, but he said' Emperor Yun'. Yaomin knows more than enough, and it is difficult to be falsely accused; Business customs lead to errors, attracting heaven and driving. From the point of view, what is the weather? " Author's brief introduction: Liu Zongyuan (about 773 ~ 819), with a thick word, was born in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) with his ancestral home in Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi). Liu Zongyuan was born in an official family. When he was young, he was famous for his talent and ambitious. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), Liu Zongyuan was admitted as a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he was enrolled in the course of erudition and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. Later, he was transferred to Lantian Wei and moved to supervise the empire. After Tang Shunzong ascended the throne, Liu Zongyuan was appointed as a foreign minister of the Ministry of Rites and participated in political innovation. But soon Tang Xianzong acceded to the throne, deposed the New Deal and cracked down on the reformists. In September of Yongzhenyuan (85), Liu Zongyuan was demoted as the secretariat of Shaozhou, and was demoted again in November as Sima of Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). Ten years later, he was ordered to return to Chang 'an, and soon he was appointed as the secretariat of Liuzhou, where he achieved great success. Later he died in Liuzhou.