Five-character quatrains are one of the genres of Chinese poetry, which belongs to a kind of quatrains, that is, five-character four-sentence short poems that conform to the norms of metrical poetry, and belong to the category of modern poetry. There are two squares, one is convex and the other is horizontal. This style originated from Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty and was deeply influenced by Han folk songs in the Six Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, it was like a twin sister with modern regular poetry, and it appeared in the poetry circle with brand-new brilliance. Five-word quatrains but twenty crosses can show a fresh picture and convey a true artistic conception. Seeing the big because of the small, there are always many small ones, and short chapters contain rich content, which is its biggest feature. Representative works include Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night, Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue, Wang Wei's Bird Watching Creek, Du Fu's Eight Arrays, Wang Zhihuan's In the Heron Tower, and Liu Changqing's Farewell to the Graceful Master.
Brief introduction of poetic style
Five-character quatrains belong to the category of modern poetry. Quatrains, or truncated sentences, broken sentences, short sentences; Or think that the "half-cutting method" is sung for fun, and the explanation is inconsistent. The quatrains are composed of four sentences, which have strict metrical requirements. Common quatrains include five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains, while six-character quatrains are rare. A five-character four-sentence poem that conforms to the standard of metrical poetry is called a five-character quatrain, which is referred to as the five-character quatrains for short.
Judging from a five-character poem named Jueju written by Northern Zhou poet Yu Xin, the five-character Jueju was not created by the Tang Dynasty poet, but its stylistic form was at least formed at the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. "After years of travel, I have a lot of feelings. Recently, I learned Hengyang geese and crossed the river in the autumn equinox. " This is one of Yu Xin's "Three Masterpieces of He Kan". This poem is straightforward and completely in line with the rules of the Tang Dynasty. The second sentence rhymes with the fourth sentence, and the first sentence rhymes with the third sentence. The title of this poem is Jue. But before the Tang Dynasty, there were not many such neat five-character quatrains. It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that modern poetry was produced, and the five-character quatrains gradually improved and finalized. Previously, five-character poems were generally called "five-character ancient poems" or "five-character poems".
Due to the limitation of words, compared with other Chinese poetry genres, five-character quatrains require more conciseness and generalization in language and expression, and are more difficult to create. Zhang Qianyi summed it up with the words "short and long, especially difficult to get into the wonderful". Therefore, the five-character quatrains have naturally become the most dazzling pearl in the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the essence of Tang poetry. The starting point of the Five Musts was relatively high in the early Tang Dynasty, such as "Four Masters in the Early Tang Dynasty" and Song Wenzhi. Among them, Wang Bo's Five Musts was praised by Shen Deqian as "the beginning of sound" because of his indecision. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a large number of literati, such as Cui, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Zuyong, further promoted and improved the five-character poems. Among them, Wang Wei and Li Bai pushed the creation of five-character poems to the extreme, and the development of five-character poems reached the peak of prosperity.
Poetic meter
Overview of prosodic patterns
The five-character quatrains before the prosperous Tang Dynasty were not only antithetical, but also did not pay attention to words. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, five-character quatrains strictly followed the rules of metrical poems. Although a few "ancient poems" were written according to the way of ancient poems, they did not pay attention to the antithesis of even words, but the five-character quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are now perfect modern poems in terms of meter. This is mainly manifested in the following three aspects:
The number of (1) sentences is fixed. Only four sentences, five words each, a total of * * * twenty crosses.
(2) Rhyme is strict. Poetry rhymes, some of them rhyme with each other, and there is no essential difference between them and classical poetry. His rhyme is strictly manifested in the fact that it is generally flat and can't rhyme. That is to say, you can't rhyme, and you must use words with the same rhyme, not words with adjacent rhymes.
(3) Pay attention to leveling. On the basis of "Pingping-Zuoping, Zuoping-Pingping", a syllable is added to form "Pingping-Zuoping-Pingping, Zuoping-Pingping, Pingping".
(4) On the dual problem. Because quatrains can be regarded as the interception of metrical poems, the requirements for antithesis are not too strict. Because metrical poems generally require antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithesis of antithe If you want to regard it as the first and last couplet of a metrical poem, you don't have to go against it, such as Wang Wei's Acacia. If it is regarded as the first half of the poem, three or four sentences are opposite, and one or two sentences are not needed; If it is regarded as an interception of parallel couplets and necklaces, it will be confronted. The latter two cases are relatively rare.
Flat sentence pattern
Basic sentence patterns:
The first sentence is pursed without rhyme (||).
Flat and light, flat and light. (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Example: the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. Make further progress (Wang Zhihuan's "Heron Tower")
A maid-in-waiting lived 1000 miles away from home for twenty years. However, ask her for this song and use the first few words of this song to see how she tries to hold back her tears. (Zhang Hu's "Gong Ci")
Fold the first sentence and rhyme (|-)
Very simple, very simple. (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Example: In the dim moonlight, wild geese are soaring, and the leader of the Tatars is fleeing in the dark. I was about to lead the light cavalry to catch up when the snow fell full of bows and knives. (Xia Sai Qu by Lu Lun)
In the empty and desolate old palace, there is only the lonely brilliant red of Hua Gong. Several white-haired footmen were sitting around talking about the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. (Yuan Zhen Palace)
The first sentence of c is flat and does not rhyme (-|)
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping. Flat and light, flat and light.
Her hands as white as jade are shining on the golden harp by the snow window. Trying to please Zhou Lang as much as possible, you see she deliberately dialed the wrong string. (Li Duan, "Listening to Zheng")
The tall buildings of the temple on the mountain are really high, like a hundred feet. People upstairs are like a hand that can pick off the stars in the sky. Dare not speak loudly for fear of scaring people. (Li Bai's Night Mountain Temple)
Press the first sentence into rhyme (-)
Flat and light, (flat and light) flat and light. Flat and light, flat and light.
Example: the flowers are bright and beautiful, the willow is dark and the flowers are bright, and the ditch is new. Liu Fang waits for no one to report to Liaoyang. (Wang Ya's "Boudoir People Send Away")
A waterfowl in the sand flapped its wings and raised its voice. Only when the wind is high is there no cloud. (Zhang Wenji's Heron on the River)
(Note: Parentheses indicate even numbers; Bold words are rhymes and require a flat voice. The first sentence of a five-character quatrain is not rhyme, and the first sentence of a seven-character quatrain is rhyme. Five-character quatrains are common in squatting, and seven-character quatrains are common in standing. After the late Tang Dynasty, the first sentence was allowed to use adjacent rhymes. Stand up or stand up mainly depends on the level of the second word of the first sentence. (||) means the first sentence is flat or flat, (|-) means the first sentence is flat or flat, (-|) means the first sentence is flat or flat, and (-) means the first sentence is flat or flat. )
Typical poetry
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Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night
Jiang Xue of Liu Zongyuan
Yu Shinan's cicada
Luo "Give People Yishui"
Wang Bo is in the mountains.
Li Qiao's Mid-Autumn Night
Song Wenzhi's Crossing the Han River