Masterpieces: Jiuhua Mountain and Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang and Emei Mountain in Sichuan.
Taoism: Taoist architecture fully embodies the Taoist thought of "King Fadi, Land Fatian, Heaven Fadao, Taoism Daodao Nature", or hides itself with forests, strengthens its potential with mountains, or shows its posture with water, forming a unique style of combining natural landscape with architecture nature.
Masterpiece: Wudang Mountain
Islam: First, the complete layout of China monasteries. Most mosques in China use traditional quadrangles in China, and often use a series of quadrangles. It is characterized by orderly and rhythmically arranging several courtyards along a central axis, forming a complete spatial sequence: each courtyard has its own unique functional requirements and artistic characteristics, and it is step by step, deepening layer by layer, and * * * expresses a complete architectural artistic style.
Second, the architectural types of China. The structural system and architectural style of Chinese mainland Mosque are generally characterized by China. These characteristics are highlighted in the main buildings such as gates, bunker houses and worship halls.
Mosques in Gansu, southwest and west regions generally adopt doors with three to five bays and large wooden structures. Buildings rise from the gate, mostly three-story wooden towers. In front of the gate, the front eaves column is often used as the three doors of the wooden archway, with eight-character walls and buckets. This gate is not only the symbol and entrance of the mosque, but also plays the role of a bunker building, killing two birds with one stone.
China's Damuji Worship Hall. The worship hall and main annex hall of mosques in the mainland are generally large wooden ridge buildings with buckets. The main hall is generally composed of front roller shed, main hall body and rear kiln hall. Each of these three parts has a ridge roof, which is connected together in a hooked way to form a complete, unified and flexible hall building. The layout of the main hall is diversified, including rectangle, cross, convex and I-shaped. Generally speaking, the back kiln hall does not use the early brick arch method, but also uses wood and bricks. The post-Yao Temple style is full of flowers, including single eaves, double eaves, three eaves and cross ridges or various pavilion ridges, which are varied and numerous.
Third, the architectural decoration of combining Chinese and western styles. Colorful architectural decoration is an important part of the architectural art of China Mosque, and it is also one of the remarkable features of China Mosque. Many mosques have successfully integrated the Islamic decoration style with the traditional architectural decoration techniques in China, grasped the color tone of the building, highlighted the religious content of Islam, and made full use of the traditional decoration methods in China to achieve the decorative effect with Islamic characteristics.
Fourthly, the garden treatment with China interest. Most mosques in China are garden-style, with a strong interest in life, which reflects the attitude of Muslims in China who are not tired of avoiding the world and pay attention to reality. They planted flowers and trees all over the temple, set up incense burners and fish tanks, erected monuments and hung plaques, and piled stones to build bridges, which was quite a garden flavor of "small bridges and flowing water". Imagine how gratifying it is for people to walk in the courtyard after completing serious religious classes, watching curled cigarettes and fragrant flowers and trees, standing on the bridge and listening to the swimming of running water and bounty fish.
Fifth, the Islamic characteristics of China Mosque. No matter how diverse it is, no matter how much China's traditional architectural technology it absorbs, China Mosque must strictly follow some basic principles of Islamic architecture and have some characteristics of Islamic architecture.
Christianity: The architectural styles of churches are mainly Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic. Romanesque church is a common architectural style adopted by some cathedrals after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire. It is modeled after the Roman basilica and the early Christian "basilica" church. Basilica is a rectangular hall with two rows of columns separated by long corridors. The corridor in the middle is called the central hall, and the two sides are called the side corridors. The hall runs east-west, with a semicircular vault at the west end, a semicircular altar under it and an altar in front of it, which is the place where missionaries preside over ceremonies. Later, the vault was built at the eastern end, and the church door was opened at the western end. The towering altar represents the skull mountain where Jesus was crucified, and it is placed in the east to avoid changing its direction every time you pray for Jesus' crucifixion. With the increasing complexity of religious ceremonies, the horizontal space in front of the altar has expanded, and its height and width correspond to that of the main hall. So as to form a cross-shaped plane, which is short horizontally and long vertically, and the intersection point is close to the east end. This is called the Latin cross, which symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus and strengthens the religious significance.
The main achievement and feature of Byzantine architecture is that the dome is on a square plane, and the construction and weight of the dome fall on four independent pillars, which is a great contribution to the development of European architecture. Hagia Sophia is a typical Byzantine building. Its hall base is rectangular like Romanesque, but the roof of the central part is composed of a huge circular vault and semi-circular vaults at the front and back. The characteristic of Orthodox Church is that the foundation is changed from rectangular to square, but it still retains Byzantine style in architectural art. The churches in Eastern Europe highlight the dome and raise the drum base, making the dome fuller. At present, Huaxi Blajin Inner Church in the Red Square of the Soviet Union is a famous church building in Byzantium. It is characterized by a large pier in the center and eight small piers arranged in a square around it. Each small pier has a dome of different sizes. This building is a treasure among the world's religious buildings.
Gothic architecture has developed all over France. 12-15th century, urban handicrafts and commercial guilds were quite developed, and the city practiced a certain degree of democracy. Citizens built churches with great enthusiasm and showed their cities by fighting for victory. Besides, at that time, the church was no longer a purely religious building. It has become the center of urban public life, the Great Hall of the Citizens, the public auditorium, and even used as a market and theater. On religious festivals, churches often become lively playgrounds.
Gothic architecture is characterized by towering spires. In the design, cross arches, flying tickets, slender columns and new frame structures are adopted to increase the strength of the supporting top, so that the whole building has a strong religious atmosphere in the church with its straight lines, majestic appearance and open space in the church, combined with long windows inlaid with colored glass. The plane of the church is basically a Latin cross, but a pair of tall towers are added on both sides of the west gate. Famous Gothic buildings include Notre Dame de Paris, Milan, Germany, Cologne and Westminster, England.
Protestant churches are different from each other. Generally speaking, church buildings are relatively simple, mostly rectangular auditoriums. Internally, due to the emphasis on preaching, the podium is generally placed in a prominent position. Protestant Calvinist churches don't even have icons, religious paintings, stained glass and altars. In recent years, the architectural art in Europe and America is diversified, and religious architecture has also got rid of the old traditional style and some new styles have emerged.
Buddhist architecture is characterized by tower-shaped architecture; Islam is characterized by a dome-shaped roof, usually with a crescent moon; Christianity is dominated by spires with crosses on the roofs.