Human cultural phenomena have existed since a long time ago. For example, people's eating habits, dressing habits, expression methods, etc. can all be called a cultural phenomenon. There are various cultural phenomena, which to a certain extent reflect people's intelligence, living style, living habits, and the development direction of culture in a certain period of time. For modern cultural phenomena, it can reflect the social atmosphere, people's economic situation, and political situation at that time to a certain extent. Religious culture is a special cultural phenomenon, and China's three religions are one.
Ancient Zhangzhung Culture
As an early culture before Indian Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, traces of ancient Zhangzhung culture run through all aspects of Tibet. "From production to life, from folk customs to beliefs, there is a shadow of Zhangzhong culture everywhere. For example, religious activities such as worshiping mountain gods and turning mountains are all derived from Zhangzhong culture. [1]
According to Chinese According to records in Tibetan classics, the ancient Shangshung Kingdom (actually a tribal alliance), known as Qiang Tong and Yangtong in history, reached its peak before the 7th century. According to the article "History of Tibetan Population", according to the proportion of the army, the population of Shangshung was. It should be no less than 10 million. Later, Tubo gradually rose up in the Tibetan Plateau, and by the 8th century AD, it completely conquered the ancient Zhangzhong country. [2]
For the ancient Zhangzhong culture, it gradually disappeared. To make it "alive", it is impossible to bypass an encyclopedia that reflects the ancient Zhangzhung civilization in a panoramic manner. However, for a long time, due to the lack of a Chinese translation version, my country's Zhangzhug Tripitaka has been in trouble. The study of culture is basically at a standstill. In contrast, foreign research and attention to Xiong culture have been ahead of the curve, urging us to dig out and sort out this treasure [1]
New China. Since its establishment, the party and the country have attached great importance to the protection and excavation of Tibetan culture and invested a lot of money and energy in this end. This has also brought the ancient Zhangzhung culture back to life. However, for a long time, due to the scattered distribution and content of the ancient Zhangzhung literature. They are complex and bring huge difficulties to translation and sorting. At the same time, there is also a shortage of excellent translators. In addition to being proficient in ancient Zhangxiong script, Tibetan and Chinese, they must also understand the history of ancient Zhangxiong. Research on the ancient Zhangzhung culture has been lagging behind. [1]
Talking about the current research status of the ancient Zhangzhung culture at home and abroad, "Although we have the 'ownership' of the ancient Zhangzhung culture, its ' The right to speak has long been in the hands of foreigners. "Data shows that the international translation of the "Zhangshung Tripitaka" and even the excavation of ancient Zhangshung culture are already ahead of China: in 1922, the American scholar J.F. Locke searched for the manuscript "Zhangshung Tripitaka" in eastern Tibet; in 1928 , the Soviet Sang Shung scholar Roleh searched for the manuscript of the Shang Shung Tripitaka in Naqu; some foreign research institutions and related scholars have started compilation of the Shang Shung Tripitaka in the study of Shang Shung texts. , in 1966, France took the lead in launching the Shangzhung Dictionary; in 1968, Danish scholar Eric Hall wrote "Prophecy from Tibetan Bon Religion: An Unexplored Prophecy - Shangzhung Grammar Dictionary" in Japan. A special research institution has been established and several research works have been published.
Under this situation, it is extremely urgent to make a voice for China in the excavation and protection of ancient Zhangzhong culture. Once the research on the heroic civilization is completed, we will gain absolute say in the Iranian Plateau Civilization, the Central Asian and Western Asian Civilizations, and the Eurasian Continental Bridge Culture. This will greatly improve our country’s cultural soft power and even improve our country’s international status. [1]
In the rich and splendid Tibetan cultural heritage, the glorious and prosperous ancient Zhangzhong civilization developed based on the spread of "Yongzhong Bon Religion". It has a long history, spreads over a wide area, and has a profound and important influence on the formation and development of Tibetan culture. However, due to various reasons, many people in the world do not know about the "ancient Zhangzhong Civilization", and even many Tibetans themselves do not understand it. It is believed that Indian culture has a huge influence on the formation of Tibetan culture, and "all cultures from India" are of great value, and it is wrongly believed that Tibetan native religion and things other than Indian civilization have little contribution and value to the formation of Tibetan culture. Even many Tibetans themselves mistakenly believe that before Indian Buddhism was introduced to Tibet, Tibet did not have its own language and writing, and its culture was very ignorant and backward. This absurd statement has been promoted by some orthodox fanatics for many times. It is precisely the long-term continuation of this situation that has led to the loss of Tibet's true history and local culture, and also restricted scholars' interest in the study of ancient Zhangzhung civilization and Bon religion. However, this situation has changed. [3]
According to the exploration of archaeologists, the history of the origin of the Tibetan people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very long and ancient, with a history of 13,000 to 17,000 years ago, so everyone will agree. to think about this question: "Where is the origin of the ancient Tibetan national culture? "[3]
The answer lies in the ancient Bon religion of Tibet! Many of the customs and lifestyles of our modern Tibetan compatriots are also inherited from the ancient Shangxiong era. For example, the marriage of Tibetan compatriots Funerals, weddings, astronomy and calendars, medical literature, singing, dancing and painting, choosing a house and auspicious days when traveling, driving away disasters and evil spirits, divination and divination, etc., still follow the traditions of this religion to a certain extent.
Tibetan compatriots also have many unique ways of praying: such as turning around the sacred mountain, worshiping the sacred lake, scattering wind horse flags, hanging colorful prayer flags, carving scriptures on stones, and placing mani piles (the tradition of this religion is to engrave the bright eight-character mantra: "Om"). "Mazhimou Yesalinde" stone pile), doing divination, offering torma plates, butter flowers and even using prayer wheels, etc., are all the remaining customs of this religion. [3]
Grassroots culture
Sociologist and folklorist Ai Jun believes in "Interpretation of the 30th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up" that every ideological emancipation, social change and scientific and educational reform Progress will derive and derive some special cultural phenomena. The phenomenon of grassroots culture emerged due to the emancipation of ideas, the revolution of ideological concepts, the progress of science and technology, and the development of the market economy during the reform and opening up, which brought about some changes in the public's moral concepts, hobbies, values, and aesthetics. The development trend of cultural diversification and the phenomenon of popular civilian culture produced among the people. Its emergence reflects the characteristics of cultural diversity that emerged after the reform and opening up. It can also reflect in a certain sense that the pattern of elegant culture, dominated by Yangchunbaixue, is already bearing the influence of "subculture and subculture" in social culture. impact. This special cultural phenomenon is actually an expression of the demands of the social people, reflecting a kind of life and consumption needs of the social people, as well as their existing psychological needs.
He defined grassroots culture as follows: "Grassroots culture is a special cultural trend phenomenon formed in life by some special groups within a certain period of time. It is actually a " "Vice culture, subculture" phenomenon. It has the characteristics of civilian culture and is a social and cultural phenomenon with no specific rules and standards to follow. It is a dynamic and changeable cultural phenomenon, which is different from the elegance of Yangchun Baixue. Culture, high culture, court culture and traditional culture”
Cultural Studies
The study of youth culture is a hot spot in the field of youth studies, and a large number of professional journals on youth studies have been published. Related articles, at the same time, some youth cultural phenomena have also attracted widespread attention and discussion in society. As an important center in the field of youth research in my country, the China Youth Research Center also pays a lot of attention to topics related to youth culture. In 2002, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and the China Youth Research Center organized a research team to conduct a survey titled "Research on the Phenomenon and Countermeasures of Youth Popular Culture", and published the results of the project in 2003 - "Report on the Phenomenon of Chinese Youth Popular Culture" 》, systematically sorted out and analyzed the popular culture of teenagers in recent years.
In 2004, the China Youth Research Center established the "Monitoring Research on Youth Cultural Phenomenon and Hot Issues" research group, which classified and analyzed some important youth cultural phenomena and described and analyzed some hot youth issues. Interpretation. The research team formed this "Report on Youth Cultural Phenomenon (2004)" based on a series of studies conducted during 2004. This report selects several complex and ever-changing youth cultural phenomena and analyzes them from different perspectives. From these comments and analyses, we can see three obvious characteristics of the current development of youth culture:
The Internet has become the most important medium for the brewing, rise, and dissemination of youth culture and its display venue. The youth cultures listed and analyzed in the report, such as "online diaries," "geeks," "youth flash culture," and "flash mob rampage" phenomena, all emerged, spread rapidly, and were fully displayed on the Internet. Other youth cultural phenomena that did not arise on the Internet are currently relying on the Internet to spread rapidly. For example, the development of the "hip-hop" movement in China has largely benefited from the spread of the Internet. There are many such examples. Before the end of the 1990s, popular songs were mainly spread around the world through cassette tapes. Here are some of the most popular songs in 2004: "Mouse Loves Rice", "Two Butterflies" and Dolang's "2002" "The First Snow of the Year" and so on, the reason why they can become famous all over the country is because of the power of the Internet. It can be said that the Internet has built a fast track and a broad stage for the development of youth culture.
Youth groups are using youth culture as a way to mobilize, gather and display their own strength. Teenagers not only find fun, vent their feelings and shape their thoughts in their own culture, but also show it to society through the aggregation power of their own culture. own existence. For example, "flash mob rampage" is not only a youth cultural phenomenon, but also a form of entertainment for teenagers. It is also a typical way of mobilizing, aggregating and displaying power. In this way, teenagers can express political ideas, interest demands, and even impact the existing social order. Some people have pointed out that "flash mob rampage" is essentially "a new type of social mobilization method."
The power displayed by teenagers through youth culture has attracted the attention of adult society and mainstream society. People's concerns about "flash mob rampage" and the debate on "Q Version of Chinese" summarized in the report all reflect This kind of attention. The childlike and joking language used by teenagers in daily life and the language created and used on the Internet spread rapidly through the Internet, and then penetrated into daily life and transformed daily language. This is actually a way of expressing the power of teenagers. However, the display and effect of this power are subtle. Society has paid full attention to the "Q" language and conducted fierce debates, which can be seen as a backlash against this power.
In the past, when adult society thought about the influence of youth culture, they paid more attention to its effect on teenagers themselves - what impact it had on the growth of teenagers, and how to help teenagers cope with this influence. The adult society has begun to worry and think about what kind of impact the power displayed by youth culture will have on social development, and how to deal with this impact.
Youth culture has increasingly become an important basis for the division of youth groups. There are many basis for the classification of youth groups: region, birth, economic background, social class of family, etc. With the development of youth culture in recent years, cultural factors have become more and more obvious as the basis for the classification of youth groups. The cultural activities that teenagers identify with and participate in have become a symbol of youth group division; the group aggregation of teenagers with culture as a bond has become another way to form youth groups. The different types of youth groups mentioned in the report, such as "petty selfishness", "petty bourgeoisie", "bloggers", "geeks", and "fashioners", are all divided based on youth culture. Youth groups formed or divided based on culture, like those formed or divided based on other factors, all have some kind of homogeneity that can knead them together. Some of these groups have strong homogeneity and some have weak homogeneity; some are tightly aggregated and some are loosely aggregated; some are large in scale and some are small in scale. At the same time, youth groups formed and distinguished by culture also have their own characteristics. These groups tend to be more effective across economic backgrounds, social classes, and regions, and achieve group aggregation through the Internet and youth cultural activities.
These three obvious characteristics of the development of youth culture are consistent with the social and economic development of the current era. Judging from the development trend, we have every reason to expect that a more positive, more exciting, more personalized and localized youth culture will be vigorously displayed in China today. What this report provides is more new material, preliminary description and analysis of youth cultural phenomena. Some deep-seated issues and related theoretical thinking still need to be further explored.