"Gifts and betrothal gifts" asks big questions about employment and small questions about employment. I'm also surprised to get married. "Li Neize" rents a wife.
Match, get married, match
"Jade pieces" are as good as they are, as many pairs as they are appropriate. Easy conjunctions are widely matched with heaven and earth and flexibly matched with four seasons. The Book of Your Teeth matches Yang's relaxed life with his predecessors.
Couples call each other spouses. "Yi Meng Gua Fu Na Biography" A woman who is worthy of herself becomes virtuous. "Five Tones Collection Rhyme" and sister's syncopation complement each other. The horse is also, is also.
In ancient China, the wedding process was divided into six stages, which were called "Six Gifts" in ancient times, namely, receiving gifts, asking names, receiving gifts, inviting guests and welcoming relatives. Among them, "taking levy" means that the man's family sends a bride price to the woman's family, which is also called taking money, hiring a big one, giving a big gift and so on.
In ancient times, birds and animals were used as gifts. In ancient times, the whole deer was used as a bride price, and later generations simply used deerskin. Cui Jian's "Wedding Text" records: "Tell the bird to drink the goose with deerskin."
In the Book of Songs, there are dead moose in the wild and covered with white grass. A woman fell in love with spring, and Ji seduced her. "It's about proposing to girls with wild deer. Because in ancient times, hiring more geese was a betrothal gift, so the betrothal gift was also called "supporting birds". Of course, in ancient conscription, not all birds and animals were used as gifts, as Feng Wei said, "For self-protection, this is a trade line. "Bandits come to me to trade silk, which is an example of using cloth as a dowry. Later, the collection of gifts became more and more complicated and became one of the most complicated processes in the Six Gifts.
In the Song Dynasty, tea was listed as an important gift in dowry and almost became an indispensable thing. From then on, people called the dowry "tea", "tea ceremony" or "tea ceremony"; When a woman is hired, it is called "eating tea" or "receiving tea"; The so-called "three teas" are the "tea" when engaged, the "tea" when married and the "tea" when married.
According to Song's Audio-visual Record, "tea is a gift when you are engaged at ordinary times. Therefore, it is called' tea gold', and it is also called' tea gift' and' tea substitute' for Zhai Kun Ganhu. " The woman's family was hired as a "tea picker". Wu's "Wedding in Tokyo Dream" also talked about the use of tea in the marriage of the Song Dynasty: "On the bride price, the rich should prepare three gold gifts, ... add scented tea, fruit, reunion cakes, goat wine and other things, and send them to the official meeting with a silver collar, which is called' the next gift'." Wu recorded that even for the poor, tea cakes were indispensable in the bride price, and even the woman's family used "tea cake fruit" and "goose wine tea cake" as a return gift.
The "six rites" of marriage were later simplified and merged by Sima Guang and Zhu, but the tea ceremony prevailing in Song Dynasty was inherited by Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Huang Zuo, born in Xiangshan (now Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province) in the Ming Dynasty, was named Taiquan. In his later years, he wrote Taiquan Township Ceremony at home. It is recorded in the book: "The recent gatherers stopped using a box of refined tea, and it is especially convenient to collect firewood." Another cloud said, "Anyone who is employed by a third-class household will be given a spoonful of wine, two geese, two pieces of cloth and a box of tea." It reflects the popularity of tea ceremony in Lingnan area in Ming Dynasty. The faint ceremony was held at dusk in ancient times, which means that the alternation of yin and yang has a gradual meaning, so it is called.
There are six kinds of faint gifts in ancient times: receiving gifts, asking names, Naji, receiving gifts, inviting guests and welcoming relatives. In the Book of Rites, the form and significance of China's ancient stupefaction ceremony are described in detail: "Those who are stupefaced by the ceremony must conform to the interests of the two surnames and continue to serve the temple from top to bottom, so the gentleman is more important. So the host entertained the guests in the temple, asking for names, Najib, recruiting soldiers and inviting them. Entering, leaving, ascending and obeying the temple, so respecting precepts is also unconscious. The father was welcomed by his son, and the man came to the woman. The son promised to meet him, but the master gave a banquet in the temple, but bowed down at the door. The son-in-law enters the hall, bows to the hall, worships the cup, and his relatives are also influenced by his parents. Come, royal female car, grant sui, royal wheel for three weeks, just outside the door. When a woman arrives, a married woman enters, * * * eats in prison, and dies when she marries. So, she will blend in, treat her with dignity and kiss her. Caution before kissing, general ceremony, and the reasons why men and women do not stand in the sense of husband and wife. Men and women are different, then the husband and wife are righteous, then the teacher is blind, the father and son are blind, and then the monarch and the minister are in power. Therefore, the unconscious is also the foundation of the ceremony. Husband's ceremony begins with the crown and ends with faintness. It is more important than mourning, and it is respected by the court and shot in the hometown. This gift is also general. " Couplet cups are special cups for drinking a glass of wine at ancient weddings.
In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin mentioned the "Jade Cup" in the last words of Party A and Party B, saying: "The shape of the vessel is strange, and the two cups are opposite and connected into one, which makes the wine pass. There is a phoenix between the two cups, and the phoenix stands on the crouching beast. " The combined cup mentioned in this document is basically the same in shape and structure as this double-painted cup from Baoshan Chu Tomb, except that the phoenix-bird double cup is missing a squatting animal. So this painted double cup should be the so-called "combination cup".
In the documents of Jin, Tang and Song dynasties, there are records about "changing cups", and it is considered that toasting with changing cups is an important etiquette at weddings. Jade carving cups have been handed down since Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to legend, the earliest marriage and wedding in China began with Fu's marriage and Nu Wa's matchmaking.
As "Jing Hua Yuan Wai Ji" said: "There was no difference between men and women in ancient times, and Tai Hao began to set up a wedding ceremony, with the skin of the couple as the gift." Since then, the couple's skin (paired deerskin) has become one of the classic wedding gifts. After that, in addition to the "wedding ceremony", we must also "tell our parents"; During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were festivals of "before welcoming the court" and "before welcoming the court".
The Zhou Dynasty was an era of etiquette. At that time, a complete set of wedding etiquette was gradually formed. There are detailed provisions in the Book of Rites, which combine the whole set of ceremonies into "Six Rites", which are called "Three Books and Six Rites" together with the three books (i.e. invitations, gift letters and wedding letters). Since then, the making of the six-ceremony wedding has been the template of the traditional wedding in China, and the marriage system of later dynasties has mostly changed on this basis. Six gifts refer to receiving gifts, asking names, Najib, receiving gifts, inviting parties and welcoming guests. Na is the proposal, asking the woman's name (the reason why she is unmarried with the same surname), Najib is the divination of whether the birthday is appropriate, Na is the payment of the bride price, the invitation date is the fixed wedding date, and the wedding is to marry the bride. Zhou Li also stipulates that a woman should live in a man's house. Before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, men and women did not congratulate each other. It's just that "the curtain is the house, the inside and outside is the door, and it's called Lu Qing, and you worship it". At dusk, the groom wears a knight's uniform, all his attendants are dressed in black, and the carriage for the wedding banquet is painted black. No drum music, no congratulations from relatives and friends. Xuan Di, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, issued a letter announcing the legality of the wedding ceremony.
The ancients thought dusk was auspicious, so they married at dusk, hence the name. Because in the concept of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and Shintoism, women belong to Yin, and dusk means "Yang goes to Yin", and everything in the wedding is in line with the meaning of welcoming Yin into the room. Faint ceremony is one of the five ceremonies, and it is the second milestone in life after the male crown ceremony or the female ceremony. Wedding dress plays an extremely important role in the wedding. In the system of Tang and Song Dynasties, men with more than four products were married by coronation, men with more than nine products were married by title, and Shu Ren was married by crimson clothes. Women should wear dresses, even petticoats, when they get married.
Tang people inherited the wedding tradition of the ancients and held weddings at night. On the other hand, nomadic customs still exist in the Northern Dynasties, such as urging women to get on the bus, riding saddles for the bride, playing with new husbands, and having fun at weddings. Weddings in the Sui and Tang Dynasties began to be decorated with lights and decorations, beaming with joy. The wedding dresses of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty formed the crested rockhopper and the Xiatie. Because the Qing dynasty practiced shaving and changing clothes for the Han people, it also accepted the advice of Jin Zhijun, a adherent of the Ming dynasty, one of which was "not marrying an official", that is, the marriage custom followed the tradition of the Han people. Therefore, the wedding dress system of Han nationality in Qing Dynasty is still the same as that in Ming Dynasty.
The age of marriage in ancient times was different from dynasty to dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn Period, men can get married at 20 crowns, while women 16. He also said that "men marry at 30 and women marry at 20" so as not to delay time. It is clearly recorded in "The History of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty": "Women who are over 15 to 30 years old and don't marry, five counts." "Five calculations" is to punish her for paying five times the tax. In fact, the phenomenon of early marriage in ancient China was also very serious. In the Song Dynasty, it was stipulated that "every 65,438 +05 for men and 65,438 +03 for women were married".
The Biography of Ban Zhao in the Later Han Dynasty records that Ban Zhao was "four years old and held a broom in Cao Shi". It is even recorded in Hanshu. "The Biography of Shangguan Empress" said that "one month later, she became a queen, only six years old". But they are usually around 20 years old. In ancient times, the attitude of the new bride was also very particular.
According to "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", "When Keiko came out, he told people:' People have a new wife, and the woman is here, so it is appropriate to be safe and respectful. "The so-called" cherish cigarettes as gold ",the merchant pointed out:" Cherish cigarettes as gold and describe the bride's state, which can be described as exquisite. However, it is understandable but difficult to explain. Those who are safe and calm; Proud people are cautious; Smokers, eye wave flow is not straight; Charm the walker, no longer shy to retreat, gentle and charming. That is, all brides are just getting started, but if they are, they lose their identity. "
The custom of ancient marriage is different from that of later generations: ancient women were not afraid to remarry, which was always the case from the Zhou Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Li Tan Gong, after the death of Confucius' son, "his wife married Wei" added: "Zisi's mother died in Wei, and Zisi cried in the temple. The master came and said,' What's the point of crying in the Confucius Temple after the Shu family's mother died?' Zisi said,' I passed! "I passed," but cried in his room. "It can be seen that the son-in-law of the descendants of saints is also inevitable to remarry. Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, the daughter of a famous family remarried.
"The biography of the Three Kingdoms. Takeshi "Mrs. Bu" records that Mrs. Bu gave birth to two girls, whose long name is Lu Ban, and the word is "Big Tiger", which is preceded by weeks and followed by Quan Cong; Less called Lu Yu, the word Xiaohu, with Zhu Ju in front and Liu Bian behind. " Shang He Bing's Textual Research on Social Customs in Past Dynasties quoted Essays with the Garden as saying: "The princess in the Tang Dynasty remarried twenty-three, three married four." And at that time, whether the ex-husband saw the ex-husband or the latter saw the ex-husband, there was no need to avoid it.
After Lu You, a poet in the Song Dynasty, divorced his ex-wife Tang Wan, she once went to Shenyuan and met Tang Wan and her later husband Zhao Shicheng. Tang and Ye Zhao gave Lu You food and drink. As a result, Lu You was moved and wrote a word "Feng Feng" on the wall. (See Miscellaneous Knowledge for details. It can be seen that it is normal for women to remarry in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties that women remarried, and the ethics did not allow it, so there was the saying of chastity archway.