Rhetorical devices-metaphor (simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor), comparison, analogy, duality, metonymy, exaggeration, intertextuality and pun.
metaphor
Characteristics of metaphor
Metaphor is "metaphor" That is to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. Generally speaking, the structure of metaphor should be composed of three parts, namely, ontology (the object to be compared), vehicle (the object to be compared) and figurative words (the symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor is that A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise it cannot be established.
Types of metaphor
The typical form of simile is: A is like B. Ontological vehicles all appear and are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, harvested crops are piled up like hills to keep a stable temperature.
Metaphor. The typical form is: A is B. Ontological vehicles all appear, with no figurative words in the middle. They are often connected by "yes", "becoming" and "becoming". For example, the square is a sea of snow-white garlands, and monuments have been piled into snow-white hills.
The typical form of metonymy is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. For example, "catching sparrows with eyes closed" and "blind people touching elephants" are careless, boastful and content with a little knowledge. This extremely bad style still exists among many comrades in our Party.
Metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, look, are those girls in windbreakers who come by bike dancing, red butterflies, green parrots or blue peacocks?
The function of metaphor
Mainly to turn plain into vivid; Or turn abstruse into simple; Or abstract into concrete; Or turn verbosity into conciseness.
The following situations, although there are words such as "like" and "as if", are not figurative sentences. For example:
She is very much like her mother in character. (Similar contrast)
It's getting dark. It looks like rain. (expressing conjecture)
She seemed to hear her heart beating violently. (expressing imagination)
Many touching figures have emerged in our time, such as Xu Honggang and Li Xiangqun. (for enumeration)
similar
Comparable characteristics
According to imagination, treat things as adults, treat abstract concepts as adults or things, or describe people as things and things as other things. Its form is: things are humanized, or people are materialized, or things are materialized.
Comparable type
Personification (writing things into adults). For example, the green grass on the soft mud is oily and swaying underwater.
Imitation (writing people into things or writing things into things). For example, when I got outside the house, my mother had already greeted me, and then my eight-year-old nephew Honger flew out.
The role of analogy
The correct use of metaphor increases the vividness and vividness of language, which can not only make readers have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also have a strong feeling for them, thus causing resonance.
Metonymy and other rhetorical devices
Features of metonymy
Don't say the real name of the thing you want to say directly, but borrow the name of something closely related to people or things instead.
Types of metonymy
Feature generation ontology. For example, the beard roared.
Substance replaces ontology. For example, wood tied with rope is straight, and gold is sharp.
Logo generates ontology. For example, who would have expected to fall into the hands of "three heads" or something? This is not wrong!
Personal name generation work. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
Represents my nickname. For example, Chai Lu Explosion, let's make a fire!
Proper name is a generic term. For example, a thousand readers have a thousand Hamlets.
Concrete is abstract. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
Part generates the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
The function of metonymy
Replace complexity with simplicity; Replace the virtual with the real; Replace ordinary with odd numbers; Exchange things for feelings. It can arouse people's association and make the expression receive outstanding images, distinctive features and concrete and vivid effects.
exaggerate
Exaggerated features
In order to pursue a certain expressive effect, it is reasonable to deliberately expand or shrink the original things. It is required that the foundation and basis of life should not be lost when using it, and that it should not be exaggerated all over the sky and give people a sense of reality.
Type of exaggeration
Enlarge and exaggerate. For example, I still have a good heart, even if I die nine times, I have no regrets.
Reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
Exaggerate in advance. For example, if you don't drink, you will get drunk first, your eyes will bleed and your heart will turn to dust.
The role of exaggeration
It is beneficial to highlight the essence and characteristics of things, clearly express the author's emotional attitude towards things, and increase the vividness of language.
paired
Dual characteristics
Two phrases or sentences with equal or roughly equal words, the same or similar structure, and related or opposite meanings are symmetrically arranged together.
Binary type
According to the content, it can be divided into positive pair, negative pair and string pair.
Right-to-right: the dual form of similar, similar, complementary and contrasting meanings of the upper and lower sentences. For example, birds in captivity miss the old forest, and fish in the pond miss home.
Objection: the dual form of the opposite or opposite meaning of the upper and lower sentences. For example, fatigue can rejuvenate the country and leisure can die.
Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality. For example, reading is like breaking thousands of books, and writing is like god's help.
According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.
The so-called work pair means that the number of words, part of speech, structure, level and words all meet the requirements of collocation; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. It's just that the formal requirements are slightly looser.
According to structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.
Binary composition. For example, the ignorance of mountains and rivers, butterfly geese heartless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, neither laughing because of dignitaries, nor being stingy because of Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.
Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
Dual function
The form is neat and the structure is symmetrical, which can receive a balanced aesthetic effect.
Words are concise and expressive, and can vividly express the relationship between related things; It is a sharp contrast between opposing things, with clear praise and criticism.
The rhythm is distinct, the phonology is harmonious, and it is easy to read and remember.
parallel
Characteristics of parallelism
It consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone.
Parallel type
Composition proportion, for example: Dayanhe, Gone with the Wind! With the bullying of more than 40 years' lives, with the misery of countless slaves, with a four-dollar coffin and several bundles of straw, with a few feet of land for burying the coffin, and the ashes of paper money in one hand, she left with tears in her eyes.
For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their minds are so beautiful and broad.
Parallel function
Strengthen the language situation and emphasize the content and feelings.
ask a question in reply
Characteristics of rhetorical questions
"Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or just ask without answering. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think.
Who is our loveliest person? Our troops, our soldiers, I think they are the most lovely people.
Ask a question as an answer
Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt", and definite meaning is expressed in the form of interrogative sentences to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. Questions are usually put at the end of sentences, and some also put exclamation marks.
There are two forms of rhetorical questions.
Use positive form to express negation. For example, the blood of more than 40 young people flooded around me, making it difficult for me to breathe, not to see or hear. Where can there be words?
Express affirmation in the form of negation. For example, there is no force against the people in history that has not been eliminated by the people! Didn't Hitler and Mussolini both fall before the people?