This language is also used in understanding and creating. For example, Song Wu Ke's "Learning Poetry" [2E]: "Learning poetry is like learning Zen, and it is not enough to spread it."
Volume 29 "Zen Master Tongan Cha" says: "Husbands have lofty aspirations, so don't act like Tathagata." When writers use metaphors to describe poems, they oppose conformity, admire creation and emphasize their own unique understanding. Song Wu Ke's "Learning Poetry": "Learning poetry is like learning Zen, and it is not enough to spread it. Jumping out of Shaoling, her husband's ambition is soaring. "
Chinese is one of the languages with a long history and high development in the world. The richness of Chinese vocabulary is rare in other languages
. As Professor W.Jablonski, a Polish scholar, said, "Chinese vocabulary, because it is the product of the development of Chinese and
Han literature in the past three thousand years, has an almost inexhaustible treasure house of expressions, which can describe any meticulous emotional color.". Often some words seem to be synonyms in the translation of European languages, but it is easy to distinguish them in the original Chinese. " (① A) This is by no means a compliment. From the number of
alone, the number of Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is about 3,5, and by the end of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi Dictionary had 4735
. Although there are many different texts, monosyllabic Chinese characters are generally equal to words, and their vocabulary < P > has increased dramatically.
Chinese is rich in vocabulary, first of all, because of the long history of civilization. As early as 1, years ago in the late Neolithic period
, the Han people stepped into the door of civilization. Secondly, due to the cultural exchange and linguistic integration between the Han people and the people of all ethnic groups, they have absorbed many elements of other ethnic languages. In the history of Chinese vocabulary, Chinese has absorbed
words from foreign languages on a large scale for three times: first, during the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, mainly words from Xiongnu and Western Regions; Second, from Wei and Jin Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist words mainly originated from Sanskrit system; Third, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were mainly
words from western etymology. Among them, the number of words from Sanskrit etymology in the Middle Ages far exceeded the first and third times. This was the biggest influence on Chinese before the Opium War. Mr. Liang Qichao once counted that the Dictionary of Buddhism compiled by the Japanese ***
contained "more than 35, words"; According to the author's statistics, the Dictionary of Buddhism compiled by Ding Fubao also contains nearly 3, Buddhist words. These "created by various teachers from the Han, Jin and Tang dynasties and added into our country's system to become new components" (2A < P >) greatly enriched Chinese vocabulary. Thus, it has established its important position in the history of Chinese vocabulary development.
What role and status Buddhist words have played in the expansion of Chinese vocabulary treasure house is the question to be discussed in this article.
2
From a vertical perspective, the integration of Buddhist words into Chinese has a long history.
Beggars have been translating Buddhist scriptures since the Eastern Han Dynasty, so some Chinese documents in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as The Theory of Reason and Confusion written by Mou Rong and Zhang Heng's Fu, have already appeared Buddhist words [④ a], and even the royal official documents at this time can see Buddhist words
: According to the Biography of Ten Kings of Guangwu in the Later Han Dynasty, Emperor Han Ming wrote a letter to Chu Wangying. It's also redeemed to help Ipse
Sangmen flourish. " In less than 5 words, Buddhist terms such as "pagoda", "Sangmen" (Shaman) and "Ipusai" (Youposai) were transliterated. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhism prevailed, and metaphysics was combined with Buddhism. Most scholars liked to talk about Buddhism, and often quoted Buddhist scriptures and Zen words in their poems to express their feelings. For example, The Inscription on the Temple of Toutuo
written by Wang Zhong in the Southern Dynasties in the Selected Works is a short essay of only over 1,2 words, and there are more than 5 Buddhist terms used in it. For example, in the sentence "Yin
Fa Yun in the true world makes the fire house cool in the morning, while Yao Hui Ri in Kangqu makes the night dawn heavy", "Fa Yun", "Zhen Ji", "P > Huo Zhai" and "Hui Ri" are all freely translated Buddhist words. There is also a short sentence of * * * in which there are three realms in the election, that is, there are two Buddhist words of "big
thousand" (short for "three thousand worlds") and "three realms". Guang hong Ming Ji contains 26 poems by Shen Yue, a scholar of Liang literature in the southern dynasties, including 256 words of * * and 3 Buddhist words. As for the great writers who believed in Buddhism after the Northern and Southern Dynasties, such as Wang Wei, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan, etc., their
works were influenced by Buddhism in both ideological content and language form, and Buddhist terms were frequently seen in their poems
. For example, there are green eyes, violet, fragrant product,
master, xizhang, Tanyue, squatting, burning incense, fayun land and so on in Wang Wei's Seven Rhymes of the Monk Watching Rice in the Four Members' Waizhai.
In the poems of poets who are famous for writing popular poems, such as Wang Fanzhi and Hanshan, Buddhist expressions are the main content. Such as
Hanshan's poem: "Insanity is a fundamental industry, and ignorance is a pit of trouble; How many robberies are reincarnated, just to create blindness. " And "ten good things for four days,
solemn and more seven treasures; Qibao Town is very solemn and wonderful. " Among them, madness, karma, ignorance, worry, samsara, robbery, ten good deeds, four days, solemnity and seven treasures are all Buddhist words. There are about 12 Buddhist terms in Wang Fanzhi's poems. (1) b) As for the popular sayings and variants of
which were later formed by perfunctory Buddhist scriptures, Buddhist words have become common words among them. In the popular literature of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Buddhist words went further into Chinese. The Language Dictionary of Song and Yuan Dynasties contains nearly 1 Buddhist words. However, there are only nearly forty Taoist words < P >. This shows the position of Buddhist language as a reflection of Buddhist culture in Chinese. Some of them have further developed in terms of word form and meaning. For example, "worry" is extended from Buddhist meaning to mean boredom and distress.
Jing Ben's popular novel Director Zhi Cheng Zhang: "I'm alone, and I have a lot of houses, but I'm married to an old man with a white beard, so I'm not worried." "troubles" overlap and
become "troubles and annoyances". Yuan Song "Flying Knife to Arrow" is ten percent: "I am annoyed to see my father here. My mother advised
that my father was bì @ 1bì @ 1cm4o @ 2cm4o @ ②. " "Worry" is changed into "annoyance"
, which describes the extreme annoyance. Yuan Song "Xue Rengui" is 2% off: "What are you doing crying like this?"
A brief longitudinal review above and an incomplete survey show that in ancient Chinese literature, the Buddhist word
is integrated with Chinese, with a large number and a long history.