There are four main roles in Peking Opera: Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou.
Shengxing school: Ye, Jiang, Liu, Xu.
Danxing School: Mei, Shang, Cheng, Xun, Wang, Song, Mao, Li, Zhang, Yang, Chen, Xiao, Xiao Li, Dali, Gong.
Jingxing School: Hao, Hou, Yuan, Qiu, Jin.
The ugly schools: Xiao, Ye, Liu and Ma. . .
There have always been different opinions about the origin of the names of opera characters. A more common saying is that "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou" are named with "ironymy". This is actually a very old legend, which dates back to the era when dramas and legends were popular. However, the fallacy has already been pointed out when talking about prosperity. For example, the Ming Dynasty writer Zhu Zhishan said in "Hedgehog Talk": "The names Sheng, Jing, Dan, Mo, etc. are said to be contrary to what they are, or they are referred to Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty, which is wrong. Sheng means a man, and Dan means pretending. Danse, Jing is called Jing'er, Mo is called Mo Ni, Gu is an official, that is, his native pronunciation, why does it make sense? "This clearly refutes the idea of ??"anti-metaphor" of opera characters.
Let’s talk about “生” first. Zhu Zhishan said: "You are a man when you are born." It is simple but reasonable. Master, junior student, Confucian scholar, Zhang Sheng, Li Sheng, etc., isn’t the original meaning of “sheng” all appellation for men? Some people may think this is too simple and ordinary, and insist on verifying the secrets. As a result, they come up with some far-fetched theories.
Let’s talk about “Dan” again. People often wonder why women on stage are called "Dan"? Drama historian Zhou Yibai believes that the word "Dan" evolved from the word "Jie". The order is "Sister" first, and then "Sister" is mistakenly replaced by "Da" (in Song Dynasty dramas, there are "Old Gu Sends Da", "Shuang Sells Da", "Baixiao Shop Xiuda"), "Da" is both "Sister" ), and then changed the simplified form of "Da" to "Dan" (in the Jinyuanyuan edition, there are "Dan Sengu" and "Suan Gudan", and the original "Laogu Qianda" became "Laogu Qiandan" ) (see Zhou Yibai's "Collection of Chinese Opera"). "Sister" has always been a title for women. Since "Dan" means "Sister", it is easy to understand that "Dan roles" specialize in playing women.
Let’s talk about “net” again. Ke Danqiu, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, believed that "pure" was a corruption of "beautiful". He explained: "Fu's facial makeup is pink, white and dark green. In ancient times, it was called beautiful, but now it is called Jing." "Jing" is used in facial makeup, and it is indeed pink, white and dark green, which conforms to the meaning of "beautiful". Danqiu's statement is reliable.
When it comes to "ugly", there is actually no need to explain, it is just relative to "handsome". Don't people often talk about "looking ugly" and "looking handsome"? Although not all the characters played by "harlequins" are bad people, most of them have to put a piece of white powder on the bridge of their noses. After all, their image is ugly.
Answer: Sun Zhiwang - Same as Jinshi, seventh level 3-4 21:50
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The roles of Peking Opera are also called roles, which can be divided into five major roles: Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo and Chou.
1. Sheng Xing is referred to as "sheng". The birth elements are divided into Xu Sheng (Lao Sheng), Hong Sheng, Xiao Sheng, Wu Sheng, Wa Sheng, etc. It is one of the important professions in Peking Opera.
Xusheng (老生): a person in the play who is middle-aged or older and wears a beard (beard). Due to their different personalities and identities, they can be divided into An Gong Laosheng or Singing Laosheng (such as Playing the role of emperor, bureaucrat, literati, etc.), relying on old students (such as playing military generals), declining old students (such as playing poor people, etc.).
Hongsheng: A person with a red face, such as Guan Yu, Zhao Kuangyin, etc.
Xiaosheng: refers to the lingzisheng (general with pheasant feathers, princes, etc.), gauze student (official student), fan student (scholar), poor student (poor scholar), etc. in the play.
Wusheng: For the martial arts characters in the play, those who wear thick-soled boots are called long-reliance (dunzi) wusheng, and those who wear thin-soled boots are called short-soled (spinner) wusheng.
2． Dan Xing is referred to as "Dan". There are roles such as Qingyi, Hua Dan, Wu Dan, Daoma Dan, Lao Dan, Tie Dan, and Gui Dan. The dan roles are all female.
Tsing Yi: Mainly singing, playing the role of a good wife and mother.
Huadan: Also called Huadan, it is characterized by colorful costumes and mainly plays the roles of queen, princess, noble lady, female general, hawker, village girl and so on.
Wudan and Daomadan: women who are good at performing martial arts.
Lao Dan: Singing in bennozi, mostly middle-aged and elderly women.
3． Jing Xing is referred to as "Jing", also known as Hua Lian. Jingjiao refers to the painted-faced character in the face painting, which does not seem to be clean, so it means "clean". Jingxing can be divided into the following types of roles: the bronze-hammered painted face and the black-headed painted face, which mainly sing; The master's painted face is called general, monk, green forest hero, martial arts face, beating painted face, etc. The bronze hammer painted face is called Zhengjing, the painted face of the martial artist is called Fujing, the martial arts painted face is called Wujing, and the Wuer painted face is called Hongjing. In terms of performance style, They all have different characteristics.
4. Most of the people in this industry are middle-aged and above. Those who are the first to appear are the opposite. It is called "mo".
5. Ugly behavior is called "ugly" in the play, and the "three-painted face" is very different from the painted face.
Ugliness can be divided into literary ugliness and martial ugliness.
Wen Chou can be further divided into Fang Jin Chou (literati, Confucian scholars); Wu Chou, who specializes in performing martial arts roles such as falling, hitting, turning, and throwing. According to the animal zodiac, ugliness belongs to the cow, and cows are stupid by nature, so ugliness is synonymous with stupidity. But the Wu Chou on the stage is also called open-mouthed dancing, and he can speak and dance, perform a lively and smart character, and is good at performing martial arts. This is completely different from the ugly and stupid nature of Niu.
Answer: Komatsu Blog - CEO Level 15 3-4 21:50
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Many people who study opera have already guessed where the name Dan Jing Mo Chou came from. A more common saying is: "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou" are named using "anti-metaphors". This is actually a very old legend, dating back to the days when dramas and legends (different forms of ancient opera) were popular. Zhu Zhishan, a talented scholar in the Ming Dynasty, was very dissatisfied. He thought it was ironic to describe Shengdan Jingchou as an irony, or to pretend that it was named after Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty. What a great talent. One sentence is worth a thousand others.
From this point of view, "sheng" refers to men. Otherwise, how could there be such names as sir, junior student, Confucian scholar, Zhang Sheng, Li Sheng, etc. Dan is a bit more complicated to explain. Drama historian Zhou Yibai believes that the word "Dan" evolved from the word "Sister". The order is "Sister" first, then "Sister" was mistakenly called "Da" (in Song Dynasty dramas such as "The Old Man Sends Da", "Shuang Sells Da" and other dramas, "Da" is "Sister"), and then the "Sister" is called "Sister". The simple form of "Da" is "Dan" (the scripts of the Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty include "Dan Sensing a Guy" and "Sour Guy Dan", and the previous "Lao Gu Qian Da" also became "Lao Gu Qian Dan"). "Sister" has always been a title for women, and this can be proven in Tianjin. Since "dan" comes from "sister", it is easy to understand that "dan roles" are exclusively played by women. Jing, Ke Danqiu of the Yuan Dynasty believed that "jing" was a corruption of "beautiful". He said that he had to use facial makeup, which was pink, white and dark green. It was really beautiful. Liang started shouting, but later, for some reason, she turned into net. Ugly, no need to explain, it is just relative to "handsome". Although not all the characters played by "harlequins" are bad people, most of them have to put a piece of white powder on the bridge of their noses. After all, their image is ugly. Some people may think that this explanation is too simple and common. If you insist on researching the mystery, you will definitely find a new explanation.
Nowadays, Peking Opera roles are also divided into "sheng, dan, jing, and chou", but each category has many categories. Here, we won’t pull them one by one.
Li Yu, an opera scriptwriter in the Ming Dynasty, was very poor (then again, which opera scriptwriter is not poor). Once he went to borrow money from a rich relative, who just kept serving tea. , does not mention the word money. Li Yu didn't mention it. After drinking tea, he took the boat and left. The rich relative chuckled to himself. Not long after, someone sent a small bag, which contained white powder for clown faces and a pen. After seeing it, the rich relative immediately prepared a sum of money and gave it to Li Yu. When Li Yu saw Yinzi, he put down his pen with a smile. Half of a harlequin play starring a wealthy relative was already written.
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Peking Opera, also known as Peking Opera and Chinese Opera. It was first produced around 1970, 150 years ago. The original Peking Opera did not have a fixed singing style or genre. It was a mixture of Anhui opera, Kunqu opera, blowing tune and Siping tune. After undergoing changes and explorations, it finally had its own style, which is Peking Opera.
These were all told to me by my grandfather who loved Peking Opera. When talking about the history of Peking Opera, he was very excited, talked endlessly, and quoted classics. He could explain everything from the sect’s origins to the singing disciples in detail. To be honest, I don’t really like Peking Opera. If it really comes down to my preference, it’s just that I’m interested in the facial makeup, costumes, and movements of Peking Opera.
The first and most watched Peking Opera clip is the drunken concubine played by the famous Peking Opera artist Mr. Mei Baojiu. The lady's face was rosy, her eyes were moving, she was angry and happy at the same time, and her lower body drinking posture made me deeply impressed and intoxicated. As soon as the Allegro is struck, click, click, click… click, click, click, pause. Grandpa began to explain on the set: In the past, all female roles were played by men, and singing was the most looked down upon. It is said that actors and actresses are despised by others. It's really feudal. I dismissed it. good! On the stage, the noble concubine appeared, and in the audience, the grandpa called Cai.
Although I don’t quite understand the lyrics of Peking Opera, I still know a little about facial makeup and costumes. Facial makeup is a key step in Peking Opera. The character's personality and identity can often be seen from the facial makeup before the lyrics are spoken. For example, Guan Gong's red face, Xiang Yu's white face, Zhang Fei's black face, Cao Cao's pink and white face, thin eyebrows and long eyes, Huang Gai's Huang Laosan face, etc. These are the most basic distinctions.
The whole set of costumes in Peking Opera is very complicated. As for clothing alone, it is divided into six categories: robes, jackets, armors, helmets, boots and shoes, and accessories. Most of the robes are worn by officials, with robes and insteps, water sleeves and loose belts. The pattern of this type of robe is usually a loose dragon pattern. The most memorable one is the robe of Bao Gong in "Qin Xianglian". It has a black background with golden loose dragons, which is majestic and solemn. Short clothes are generally divided into bartenders' and boys' clothes, color dresses worn by matchmakers or young women, and tight clothes, also known as night clothes.
Shi Xiu in Water Margin is dressed in such a "quick clothes and quick pants" style. Armor is easy to understand, that is, battle uniforms. There is a solid support behind the clothes, with colorful war flags on it. It looks really nice when it is rotated. The typical example is Mu Guiying's appearance in "The Female General of the Yang Family". As the name suggests, helmets and hats are what people wear on their heads, such as the emperor's dragon crown, the queen's phoenix crown, the scholar's scholar's scarf, and the official's black gauze hat. In Peking Opera, the crown also represents a character's identity. It is often said that taking off your black gauze hat means giving up your official position. Shoes are divided into thick-soled official boots and casual boots. Most official boots have white soles, which seek harmony with official uniforms. Casual boots are divided into women's wear and men's wear, and there are also differences. The last subsidiary category includes sleeves, belts, meal orders and other accessories. Water sleeves are most often used to express the emotions of characters. When they are happy, they flutter their sleeves in circles, and when they are angry, they flutter their sleeves away, all of which are vivid and vivid.
There are many roles in Peking Opera. Broken down in detail, they are roughly as follows: Laosheng, Xiaosheng, Wusheng, Qingyi, Huadan, Daomadan, Jiao, Wenchou, Caidan, etc. Each character has his or her own singing voice and expression, from the movement of a finger to the costumes. Such a sophisticated performance form is probably only found in China.
Traditional opera is the quintessence of China. In addition to Peking Opera, there are also Kun Opera, Henan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Gaojia Opera, Henan Bangzi, Huai Opera, and so on.
As a major type of traditional opera, Peking Opera will continue to flourish. Wherever there are Chinese people, there is opera.
Characters of Peking Opera
Peking Opera has its own unique modeling language in shaping characters. It divides characters of different genders, personalities, ages, and identities into different professions. Generally speaking, there are four major professions: "sheng, dan, jing, and ugly". Because the characters in Peking Opera are vivid, diverse in style, and have a strong theatrical effect, they are often more likely to arouse the audience's interest in appreciation. "Sheng" in Peking Opera generally refers to the actors who play men in the play, which can be subdivided into "Lao Sheng", "Xiao Sheng" and "Wu Sheng". "Laosheng", as the name suggests, is a middle-aged and elderly man. He usually plays an upright and resolute character in the drama, such as Wu Zixu in the Peking Opera "Wu Zixu". They wear fake beards hanging on their ears when performing, which is also used in Peking Opera jargon. It is called "beard mouth", so there is also a special set of performance skills for beard mouth. The color of the beard indicates the age of the character. Yang Silang in the Peking Opera "Silang Visits His Mother" is about thirty years old and wears a black beard. In the Peking Opera "Qin Xianglian" Wang Yanling is about sixty years old and wears a white beard. Laosheng generally pays attention to singing and delicate performance in the drama, and his singing style is also the richest. The lines are expressed in the rhymes of Peking Opera, and the singing is performed in real voices. The style is strong, upright, simple, and mellow, and the movements are also based on grace, dignity, and solemnity. Corresponding to Laosheng is "Xiaosheng", which refers to young male characters in Peking Opera. Their movements in the play are elegant, elegant and graceful. In singing, he adopts a singing method that combines real and false voices, and his singing style is gorgeous and bright. For example, Xu Xian in the Peking Opera "The Legend of White Snake". "Wu Sheng" refers to the young male generals who play the role in the play. They use superb martial arts skills to demonstrate the martial arts of the characters in the play. It does not focus on singing, but focuses on the proficiency of martial arts movements and the difficulty of skills. For example, Zhao Yun in the Peking Opera "Changbanpo". In Peking Opera, women are collectively called "Dan", which can be subdivided into many professions according to the age and personality of the characters. Women who play the role of ladies and high-status women are called "Zhengdan". Zhengdan is commonly known as "Qingyi" in Peking Opera. This is because the character played by Zhengdan often wears a blue gown. The heroine Dou E in the Peking Opera "The Injustice of Dou E" is a typical Tsing Yi character. Tsing Yi's performance is solemn, demure, elegant and soft, focusing on singing skills. Generally speaking, Tsing Yi's singing voice is melodious, delicate and graceful. "Hua Dan" in Danxing mostly plays the role of innocent and lively or promiscuous women in Tsing Yi. They pay attention to workmanship and recitation in their performances, such as the matchmaker in "The Matchmaker". "Wudan" and "Daomadan" are equivalent to Wusheng in Shengxing. The characters are young and middle-aged women who are good at martial arts. They dress up similar to martial arts students and wear uniforms. Most of them play the roles of heroines, generals, and even fairies and banshees in the dramas. Wudan and Daomadan performances are often accompanied by lively gongs and drums, adding to the atmosphere on the field. "Lao Dan" refers to the profession of playing the role of elderly women in dramas. In order to highlight the characteristics of the elderly, they walk with a steady horizontal figure, the color of their clothes is dark autumn color and dark green, and their singing is performed with real voices. In Peking Opera, the "Jing" character is a character type with a unique style on the stage, with the most colorful facial makeup. "Jing" is also commonly known as "big painted face" because facial makeup uses various colors and patterns to outline the face. Generally speaking, men who play roles with distinctive appearance or character, in Peking Opera, are mostly generals, deified figures or people with a certain social status. Although they are divided into civil and military good and evil, their character and temperament are almost rough, majestic and heroic, so in Peking Opera they are The singing requires the use of real voice, with a broad, resonant, strong and vigorous tone, and the movement modeling also requires thick lines and grandeur to highlight the character's character and momentum. The "ugly" actors in Peking Opera are also called "little painted faces". Although "Chou" Xing's makeup is somewhat similar to that of Dahualian, his performance style is completely different, a bit like an exaggerated caricature. The appearance of the clown often brings laughter to the whole house. "Ugly" is divided into two categories: "literary ugly" and "martial ugly". Wu Chou often plays characters who are witty, funny and skilled in martial arts, such as forest heroes, thieves and thieves, etc.
"Wen Chou" often plays playboys, jailers, bartenders, watchmen, veterans, etc. Regardless of whether they are civil or military heroes, they are all good and evil characters, as well as high and low status, but they are all humorous and funny comedy characters in the play, and not all of them are villains. The profession of Peking Opera is formed after a long period of refining and standardization, highlighting the inner characteristics of the characters, and externalizing the inner characteristics of the characters. This is an important feature that distinguishes Peking Opera from other forms of drama.