First, the basic knowledge of building structure
1 Definition of architecture: In order to meet people's living needs, under the control of scientific planning and aesthetic laws and regulations, a social activity environment is formed by limiting, organizing and perfecting space;
2 Three elements of architecture:
Architectural function: reflect the purpose of the building.
Material technology: including (building materials, structure and construction, equipment and facilities construction technology)
Architectural image: architectural modeling, facade treatment, organization of internal and external space, decoration and application of other colors;
The eight-character policy of architecture: applicability, safety, economy and beauty;
4. Building construction includes: structural principles and methods;
5 classification of buildings:
(1) According to the purpose of use:
Residential buildings: houses, dormitories, villas, apartments, etc.
Office building: office building, office building, etc.
Teaching building: teaching building;
Culture and entertainment: clubs, KTV, museums, etc.
Sports buildings: gymnasium, swimming pool, etc.
Commercial buildings: department stores, shopping malls, restaurants, banks, etc.
Hospital buildings: hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.
Transportation, post and telecommunications buildings: roads, railways, airports, postal services, etc.
Other buildings: industry, agriculture and production;
(2) According to the classification of materials and structural forms:
Brick-wood structure: a building with walls as vertical load-bearing materials and floors and roofs as horizontal load-bearing materials;
Brick-concrete structure: the wall is used as vertical bearing, and the beam and slab of reinforced concrete floor and roof are used as horizontal bearing.
Heavy buildings;
Reinforced concrete structure: the wall is used as vertical bearing, and the floor and roof are made of reinforced concrete beams and slabs.
For horizontal load-bearing buildings;
Full-frame structure: a load-bearing frame composed of reinforced concrete columns, beams and slabs, covering the whole building.
Among them, the wall only plays the role of separation and maintenance of the wall;
(3) According to the number of floors of the building:
Low-rise building: 1-3 floors
Multi-storey building: 4-7 floors
High-rise building: more than 8 floors
Ultra-high-rise building: the height of 25-50m is called the first category, which belongs to the lower floor of high-rise building.
The height of 17-25 is 75m, which is called the middle layer of the second-class high-rise building.
The height of floors 26 -40 is 100m, which can be called the advanced of three types of high-rise buildings.
The height above 40 stories is more than 100m, which is the highest level among the four types of high-rise buildings.
6 the composition of the building structure:
(1) foundation (or basement);
(2) Main structure: (beam, slab, column, roof and wall)
(3) Doors and windows
(4) Roof
(5) Floor and ground
(6) Stairs, balconies and awnings
(7) All kinds of decoration works
(8) Water supply and drainage equipment and facilities engineering
(9) Lighting electrical engineering
(10) fire equipment and facilities engineering,
(1 1) gas engineering
(12) Building Weak Current and Communication Engineering
(13) air conditioning and heating engineering
7 classification of foundation: (foundation: the lowest part buried under the floor, bearing all the loads of the building;
(1) Classification by materials: masonry foundation, concrete rubble foundation and reinforced concrete foundation;
(2) According to structural type: strip foundation, independent foundation, well pattern foundation, raft foundation, box foundation and pile foundation;
Type requirements of basement: sufficient strength, rigidity and impermeability;
(1) common basement
(2) Semi-basement
(3) Masonry basement
9 main structure:
(1) beam classification:
& lt 1 & gt； Depending on the place of use:
Foundation beam:
Simply supported beam
continuous beam
hang from a beam
& lt2> According to the stress situation
Door opening lintel
ring beam
& lt3> According to the production process
In-situ casting
Precast construction
10 board
According to the stress situation: single board and two-way board.
1 1 roof: (structural layer, thermal insulation layer, thermal insulation layer, waterproof layer, leveling layer, gutter, rainwater pipe, rainwater bucket, water outlet, parapet or tile);
12 composition of the ground: cushion, structural layer, leveling layer and surface layer; Composition of floor slab: structure, leveling layer and surface layer;
13 stairs: steps, rest platforms, stair beams, foundations, stairwells and handrails;
14 composition of balcony: balcony slab, cantilever beam, lintel, railing and handrail;
15 canopy: ring beam, cornice and baffle;
16 door composition: door frame, door leaf, hinge, lock, glass and other parts;
17 window structure: window frame, track, sash, hinge, glass, handle or pulley, etc.
18 factors affecting building structure:
(1) Influence of structural action on building structure;
(2) The influence of other natural factors on the building structure;
(3) the influence of human factors on the building structure;
(4) The influence of various material conditions on the building structure.
(5) the influence of economic conditions on the building structure;
19 building durability grade;
(1) Class I buildings:/kloc-important buildings and houses over 0/00 years old;
(2) Class II buildings: general buildings from 50 years to 100 years.
(3) Class III buildings: Grade II in 25-50 years.
(4) Class IV buildings: temporary buildings below 15.
20 load transfer:
Roof slab beam foundation column foundation
2 1 the function of aproll: to discharge rainwater in an organized way; Lejiao: it plays the role of protecting the wall;
Deformation joint: There are three types.
(1) expansion joint: in order to prevent the wall from cracking due to the influence of cold and heat changes due to the long building;
(2) Settlement joint: the main structure is damaged to prevent uneven settlement of the house;
(3) Anti-seismic joints: to prevent earthquake damage;
The usual practice: foam material will be filled between walls; The outer opening and the top surface will be covered with iron sheets, and the periphery of the iron sheets on the top surface needs to be waterproof;
23 kinds of walls:
(1) External wall: the wall that the building contacts with the outside world;
(2) Interior wall: the wall inside the building;
(3) Longitudinal wall: the wall along the long axis of the building (cornice wall);
(4) Transverse wall: the wall perpendicular to the long axis of the building (gable);
(5) Load-bearing wall: bear the load of beam and slab columns;
The function of the wall: bearing, separating and enclosing;
Ordinary masonry brick: clay brick and coal gangue brick (240 *115 * 53);
Brick wall thickness:
12 wall: structural size 1 15 marked size120;
18 wall: (1 15+53+ 10) structural size: 178 logo size:180;
24 Wall: (1 15*2+ 10) Structure size: 240 Sign size: 240;
37 Wall: (1 15*3+20) Structure size: 365 Sign size: 370;
49 Wall: (1 15*4+30) Structure size: 490 Sign size: 490;
24 Common Building Materials
& lt 1 & gt； cement
(1) cement: the main components of cement are calcium silicate and appropriate amount of gypsum, which is a cross-linking material; Cement hardens when it meets water and has high strength;
(2) Commonly used cements are: Portland cement.
(3) Cement numbers (No.325, No.425, No.525 and No.625); The label of cement is classified according to the test method of cement mortar strength and the tensile strength and compressive strength of specimens cured for 28 days at a certain temperature.
& lt2> Specific
Component (1): cement, water, sand and pebbles are mixed in a certain proportion;
(2) concrete strength grade: c7.5c10c15c25c30c40, etc.
(3) The cushion adopts C7.5-C 15, and the main component adopts C 15 or above;
& lt3> mortar
(1) composition: cement, water and sand are mixed in a certain proportion;
(2) strength grade: m2.5m7.5mm 10, etc.
& lt4> steel
(1) Classification by shape: I-beam and angle steel; Reinforcement: round steel, rebar;
(2) Reinforcement grade: Grade I, Grade II and Grade III;
(3) rebar diameters: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 25, etc.
Basic knowledge of weak current
First, the basic knowledge of monitoring system:
1, monitoring system composition:
A front-end device consists of a camera, a lens, a cover, a tripod head and a bracket.
B transmission cable: power cable (2* 1.0/2*0.5), video cable (75-3, 75-5), video amplifier/distributor, power supply (AC220V, DC 12, DC24V, etc.). );
C terminal equipment: controller (image segmentation processor, hard disk video recorder), pan/tilt control keyboard and image processing display;
2, the camera should know the basic knowledge:
A, shape: spherical, hemispherical; Color: black and white, color choice; Function: fixed, pan-tilt camera; Optical compensation: infrared, ordinary;
B, clarity: 320 lines, 420 lines, 450 lines, 480 lines, 550 lines and 625 lines; The higher the number, the better the clarity.
C camera voltage: DC 12V plus or minus 10%, DC/AC24V plus or minus 10%, AC220——240V.
3, monitors and hard disk video recorders should know the basic knowledge:
1. Size (15,24 inches), voltage and video output/input port number of the monitor and hard disk video recorder.
Second, the elevator parts:
A. Machine room: main control box, control cabinet, bearing beam, speed limiter and power traction machine;
Well B: car guide rail, counterweight guide rail, accompanying cable and traction rope;
C, car roof: door machine;
D automobile: frame, door, body, operation panel, intercom/alarm bell, lighting system, fan and indicator light.
E entrances and exits: indicators, buttons, call boxes, landing doors, door covers and fire-fighting switch devices.
Pit F: buffer speed-limiting tensioner.
Third, the basic knowledge of visual intercom:
1, composition of visual intercom:
A, video intercom extension, door host, door host controller, household isolator, power supply, cable, community video intercom manager, video amplifier/distributor, line number amplifier, etc.
B. Visual intercom extension functions: calling, unlocking, monitoring, intercom and programming (information release, image storage).
C. Upper computer functions: programming, password opening, calling residents and calling management center.
D. Door host controller: control and networking of all extensions of the summary unit.
E. Function of household isolator: convenient for future maintenance and management.
F power supply: DC 12V, DC 18V, DC24V, etc.
Four, intelligent access control management system:
1, system composition:
A. Main equipment: access controller, electric door, flower steel, image acquisition camera, export card reader, charge management terminal, charge management software, vehicle access card and export controller.
B auxiliary facilities and equipment: parking sign screen, position guidance system, entrance sign/light box and ultrasonic parking detector.
Five, the basic knowledge of fire protection;
1. Composition of fire fighting system: automatic fire alarm system and linkage fire extinguishing control system.
B. Composition of automatic fire alarm system: trigger device, control device and alarm device.
Trigger device: manual alarm button, fire detector (smoke-sensitive, combustible gas, composite, photoelectric, humidity-sensitive)
Control device: fire alarm controller, fire simulation display panel and fire data collector.
Alarm devices: fire alarm, fire display light and sound and light alarm.
D linkage fire extinguishing control system: automatic sprinkler system and its forms (open and closed); Gas fire extinguishing system (CO2,); Fire hydrant fire extinguishing system: (fire water supply system, electrical control system);
E water supply pipe network: booster pump and valve, pump start button, connecting wires, fire control cabinet of fire control center and pump start device.
Composition of fire hydrant: button, bracket, hose, control valve and nozzle.
Basic knowledge of architecture
Water Supply and Drainage System
1 Basic components of water supply system:
(1) water inlet pipe;
(2) Indoor pipe network: underground pipes, horizontal main pipes, risers and branch pipes;
(3) Water distribution points: faucets, fire hydrants and water equipment;
(4) Other equipment: voltage stabilizing equipment, high-level water tank and water pool;
(5) Water supply fittings: valves and fire fighting systems;
2 indoor water supply system according to the purpose of classification:
(1) domestic water supply system;
(2) Fire water supply system;
(3) production water system;
3 Indoor water supply mode:
(1) Basic water supply mode: single floor and bottom floor;
(2) Water supply mode of equipment water tank;
(3) Water supply system of equipment water tank and water pump;
(4) partial pressure water supply system;
(5) Pneumatic water supply system;
4 Ordinary pipe fittings:
(1) tee: equal-diameter tee and different-diameter tee;
(2) Elbows: 45 degrees and 90 degrees;
(3) Four-way: equal-diameter four-way and different-diameter four-way;
(4) union: used for pipeline installation and disassembly;
(5) Pipe hoop: it is used to connect the pipe diameter, and both ends are internal wires (equal diameter and different diameter);
(6) Plug: used for plugging pipelines, commonly used for drainage pipelines;
(7) Bushing: used for pipe diameter change;
(8) Conductor arrangement: used to connect the internal conductors of the same two pipe fittings;
5 indoor drainage system according to the nature of classification:
(1) domestic sewage system;
(2) Rainwater system;
(3) Production wastewater discharge system;
6 composition of sewage system:
Indoor sewage system is mainly composed of sanitary ware, drainage pipe, horizontal pipe, vertical pipe, drainage pipe, snorkel, water seal equipment (commonly known as trap S type and P type) and auxiliary snorkel;
(1) Sanitary ware: toilet, urinal, washbasin, bathtub, bath basin, mop pool, etc.
(2) Drainage pipes of appliances: traps, floor drains, and connecting pipes between appliances and horizontal drainage pipes;
(3) Horizontal pipe: the drainage pipe connecting various sanitary appliances to the riser;
(4) riser: riser;
(5) the discharge pipe;
(6) Cleaning and dredging equipment: horizontal pipeline cleaning port and vertical pipeline inspection port;
(7) Exhaust equipment: exhaust pipe and exhaust port;