My own abbreviation:
I just heard Wang Liqun from
My own thoughts:
In general, the main reason for this tragedy was that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and his son did not communicate well. Moreover, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was too suspicious and easily listened to villains. He did not give his son a chance to explain. He was too impulsive. , which led to this tragic incident~
The Witchcraft and Gu Rebellion in Emperor Wu’s Later Years (1)
1? The Witchcraft and Gu Case that occurred in Emperor Wu’s later years was a very important event in the Western Han Dynasty historical events. This case caused a major change in the politics of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in his later years. However, why this case occurred has always been confusing, and there are different opinions. It has become a huge mystery in Emperor Wu's life and history. Song Hongmai's "Rong Zhai's Continuation" says: "Although the disaster of witchcraft in the Han Dynasty originated from Jiang Chong, there are unknown reasons why things will happen."?
What is witchcraft? The word "witchcraft" has never been explained clearly. The speaker may be referring to the Gu hexagram in the Book of Changes (the Gu hexagram in the Yi hexagram is a borrowed text from the old man, and has nothing to do with witchcraft.) All of which are baseless. Gu means to bewitch. The ancient sound of voodoo can communicate with ghosts ("Shuowen": "The ghost of Jie Jie's death is also voodoo.") It can also communicate with curses, which is a kind of curse technique. The so-called "witchcraft" refers to the art of witches and ghosts or the art of witchcraft (curses). "Book of Han" states that witchcraft originated from barbarians. The art of witchcraft actually comes from the shamanic witchcraft believed by the Huns. (Shaman, Jurchen language, refers to wizards and witchcraft. "Three Dynasties Beimeng Huibian": "Shaman (Shaman) is also a witch in Jurchen language, because she is as flexible as a god." Its origin is very ancient, from Beidi , commonly believed by the Donghu (Tungus) people)?
The specific method of witchcraft is to make a small puppet out of paulownia wood, write the name of the cursed person, birth date, etc. on it, and then cast it. Use magic and curses to bury them in or near the residence of the cursed person. Those who practice this magic believe that through such magic, the soul of the cursed person can be controlled or ingested. ?
In the late Warring States and Han Dynasty, due to the migration and mixing of ethnic groups, the wind of witchcraft permeated the Central Plains and gradually became popular from the lower classes to the upper classes. The famous Zou Yan in the late Warring States period was a great shaman. Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar during the reign of Emperor Wu, wrote "Spring and Autumn Fanlu", which also contains the five elements and rain praying witchcraft. Confucianism has always been known for its rationality, but Han Confucianism believed more in witchcraft. It can be seen that the shamanistic wind was widely infiltrated at that time. During the reign of Emperor Wu Yuanguang, Queen Chen Ajiao fell out of favor and used witchcraft to curse her love rival Wei Zifu. Emperor Wu found out about her and deposed her. More than 300 people including the witch Chu Fu and the palace officials were implicated and executed. ("Historical Records: A Family of Wife's Family" records, "(Empress Chen) heard that Wei Zifu was so lucky, and how many people died. She became more and more angry. Empress Chen was quite aware of the woman's flattery, so she deposed Empress Chen and established Wei Zifu is the queen. "The so-called "taking advantage of a woman to flatter her", Sima Zhen's "Suo Yin" says: "The Book of Han said: 'The woman sitting in Chufu is waiting to curse the queen. If she is rebellious and unruly, she will be punished three times in a row. Hundreds of people. '") But the impact of the case is still relatively small. ?
The witchcraft disaster that started in November of the first year of Zhenghe lasted for several years, and the victims include the Crown Prince, Queen Wei, two prime ministers Gongsun He and Liu Quya, and various cities. , the second princess of Yangshi and the third emperor's grandson, it also involves many ministers and important figures, such as Jiang Chong, Han Shuo, Zhang Gan, Su Wen, Shi De, Zhao Ponu, Ren An, Bao Shengzhi, Tian Ren, Zhu Anshi, Shang Qiucheng, Zhang Fuchang, Li Shou, Ma Tong, Ma Heluo, Jing Jian, etc. Tens of thousands of people died in this political turmoil in the capital Chang'an. As a result, it led to a serious political crisis in the upper echelons of the Han Empire, leading to unprecedented changes in the political situation in the later years of Emperor Wu.
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2?
The occurrence of the Witchcraft Rebellion includes four stages: ?
(1) Brewing and preparation?
(2) What triggered the incident?
(3) Conflicts intensified into turmoil in the capital?
(4) Rehabilitation and purge?
During the Tianhan period of Emperor Wu, Domestic epidemics. The disease may have originally come from biological warfare waged by the Huns. As Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to launch large-scale strategic attacks against the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu royal court moved to Mobei. In order to stop the Han army, the Xiongnu used the shamanic witchcraft of "Hu Wu". One of the methods of "cursing the army" in this kind of witchcraft is to bury infected horses, cattle, and sheep in the water source where the Han army passes, or to release infected horses infected with virulent viruses to the Han army, infecting the Han army and livestock. epidemic. ("Book of Han: Biography of the Western Regions" and notes) The disease spread back to Chang'an with the returning troops. The famous general Huo Qubing died young at the age of 28, which must have been due to contracting an incurable disease. (After the Yuanshou Year, several Xiongnu chanyus died young and young, possibly due to epidemics. Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty also died of illness at the age of only twenty-one.)?
Epidemics occurred after Emperor Wu's middle and late period Popular among junior high schools. (Zhang Hua's "Natural History" records: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some people from the Western Kingdom of Weishuishatu took a horse cart to cross the Weishui River to offer incense. The emperor said that it was a permanent incense, which was not lacking in China, and he was disrespectful to the envoys. If you leave it for a long time, The emperor went to Linyuan and sent Qiancheng Yu to the west to hear it and play the incense. The emperor found three pieces as big as swallow eggs and they were similar to jujubes. Later, there was a big epidemic in Chang'an. There is an epidemic. The emperor is not happy, so the envoy from the west begs to burn a piece of incense to ward off the epidemic. The emperor has no choice but to listen, and the sick people in Chang'an can smell the fragrance. Many people in Han Palace were infected with the epidemic. Emperor Wu also suffered from many diseases in his later years. "The Spring and Autumn Period is high, and there are many evil intentions", and "I think that both the left and right are cursed by the evil spirits." I suspect that I have been infected by witchcraft. ?
"Book of Han·Wudi Ji" records: In the second year of the Han Dynasty (99 BC), "In autumn, those who are in the way of witch temples are forbidden to search." The so-called "big search", Chen Zan I think: "'Search' means looking for traitors." Jin Zhuo notes: "Searching for 'witchcraft'."?
The case of witchcraft happened against the background of the epidemic. happened. ?
3?
The first victim of the witchcraft case was the Gongsun Ao family, a famous general with outstanding military exploits. Gongsun Ao was a good friend of Wei Qing. He participated in many expeditions against the Xiongnu and was granted the title of marquis. In the first month of spring in the first year of Taishi, Gongsun Ao consecrated his wife to witchcraft and had her waist cut off. ?
In the second year of Zhenghe (91 BC), someone reported that Gongsun Jingsheng, the son of Prime Minister Gongsun He, used witchcraft to curse the emperor. ?
Gongsun He was born as a warrior. He was a good friend of Wei Qing in his youth. He followed Wei Qing to conquer the Huns many times and was granted the title of marquis for his military exploits. He married Wei Zifu's sister Junru and was related to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so he was highly regarded for a time. He was first a servant, and in the second year of Taichu (103 BC), he succeeded Shi Qing as prime minister. His son Gongsun Jingsheng took over the position of imperial servant. Father and son occupied the position of public minister together, and they favored Mobi for a while. ?
However, Gongsun Jingsheng "regarded the power of his family members", was "arrogant and extravagant and did not obey the law", and misappropriated "nineteen million of the Northern Army's money" without authorization. He was arrested after the incident. Gongsun He asked Emperor Wu to atone for his son's crime by performing meritorious service, and asked to hunt down Zhu Anshi, the Yangling hero who had been wanted for a long time but was never brought to justice, in exchange for his son. ?
The Witchcraft Rebellion in Emperor Wu's later years (2)
After Zhu Anshi was captured by Gongsun He, he looked up to the sky and laughed, saying: You kill one of me, and I will destroy your clan. So he wrote the first complaint from prison, "Reporting that Jingsheng had an affair with Princess Yangshi, and that he had witches sacrifice and curse her, buried her in the sweet spring road of the palace, and said evil things to the emperor."?
< p>According to the report, Emperor Wu ordered Gongsun He and his family to "examine the case in the palace and deal with the crime."?This is the origin of the witchcraft case. Those implicated in Gongsun He's case were Princess Zhuyi, Princess Yangshi, and Wei Qing's son Changping Hou Wei and his wife. ?
"In the first month of the spring of the second year of Zhenghe, the Prime Minister congratulated him for being imprisoned." "The father and son died in prison, and the whole family was exterminated." ("Book of Han Gongsun He Biography") Gongsun He's wife is the sister of Empress Wei and the brother-in-law of Wei Qing. Princess Yangshi is the daughter of Emperor Wu and Queen Wei. A few months later, "the princesses of Zhuyi and Princess Yangshi all died of witchcraft". ?
The Gongsun He case became the trigger for the witchcraft case and the Chang'an coup. ?
4?
While correcting the Gongsun He case, Emperor Wu had already fallen ill. "When I was ill, I went to Ganquan Palace to escape the summer heat", and "the only queen and prince were there" in Chang'an. However, Emperor Wu did not trust them, and entrusted the responsibility of correcting the Gongsun He case to the new prime minister Liu Quyou and the censor Zhang Gan. The person specifically investigating the case was Jiang Chong, a favorite with a complex and suspicious political background. ?
Jiang Chong was a native of Handan, Zhao State, and was originally a rogue in the market. When he was young, he married his beautiful sister to Prince Zhao Liu Dan and became a guest of King Zhao. Later, he had trouble with Prince Zhao, so he went to Chang'an Palace to report Prince Dan's various illegal activities. ?
Emperor Wu impeached and punished the kings surnamed Liu and their families very severely. According to Jiang Chong's report, Prince Zhao was convicted and imprisoned. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised Jiang Chong and appointed him as an envoy to the Huns. Before his mission, Emperor Wu once asked him what his plan was for his mission, and he said that everything should be done according to circumstances. Jiang Chong had been active among the Xiongnu for nearly a year. After his return, he was reused. Emperor Wu appointed him as an imperial inspector with no fixed position, "directly pointing at the messenger of embroidered clothes", responsible for the security of the capital, "supervising the three auxiliary thieves, and prohibiting inspections and exceeding the regulations."
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While in office, Jiang Chong severely impeached the princes, nobles and their children, and dared to confront the tough, so he was deeply appreciated by Emperor Wu. "The superior is loyal and upright, obeys the law, and what he says is right." For example, Jiang Chong once "impeached and banished the carriage of Princess Tao Chang, the aunt of Emperor Wu, who was galloping on the road." He also punished the prince's family envoys who were galloping on the royal road. The prince personally came forward to intercede, but Jiang Chong didn't give him any face. ?
After the Gongsun He case was over, Emperor Wu was trapped by the epidemic and lived in Ganquan Palace far away from Chang'an. Seeing that Emperor Wu was old, Jiang Chong was afraid that after his death, the crown prince would take the throne to retaliate against him. With the support of Prime Minister Liu Quyou, he decided to use Gongsun He's case to frame the crown prince and Queen Wei. "Book of Han·Biography of Jiang Chong" records: "(Jiang Chong) reported that the cause of illness was 'witchcraft'." "So I sent you Chong as an envoy to cure the witchcraft." He met Emperor Wu and said that the reason why Emperor Wu fell ill was due to the witchcraft. So Emperor Wu authorized Jiang Chong to set up a special case to further investigate "witchcraft". ?
The case became more and more serious, so much so that Emperor Wu "suspected that everyone on the left and right was a curse." Jiang Chong took the opportunity to instruct Hu Wu Tan He to deceive Emperor Wu, saying: "There is a lot of poison in the palace. If it is not eliminated, the disease will not be cured." Emperor Wu believed what he said and ordered Jiang Chong to enter the palace to treat it. He sent Dao Hou Han Shuo, Yushi Zhang Gan, Huangmen (eunuch) Su Wen and others to assist Jiang Chong in supervising the operation. ?
5?
After Jiang Chong accepted the order to investigate the "witchcraft" case on a large scale in Chang'an, the "Zhi Shang Yi" had long been dissatisfied with the Wei Group, so he appointed a A group of "Hu Wu" from the Xiongnu and the Western Regions. It is worth noting that most of these barbarians came from the Huns, the enemy of the Han Dynasty. The "Hu Wu" colluded with Jiang Chong, Luo Zhi framed him, implicated tens of thousands of people, and through the investigation of "Witch Gu", made the city of Chang'an a mess. In the end, the investigation was led to Prince Wei and Queen Wei in the palace. "Book of Han" records: ?
"Chong will dig up the ground to seek a mate, catch poisonous insects and use night vision to see ghosts. If there is a stain on the order, he will arrest him for inspection and treatment, and burn with iron tongs. The people turned around and accused Wu of witchcraft, and the officials often accused him of being treasonous and unethical, leaving tens of thousands of people dead."?
Jiang Chong personally led Hu Wu into the palace to search. "When you enter the palace and reach the province, the bad emperor sits and digs in the ground." "Chong first treats Mrs. Xi Xing in the harem, and then the queen and the prince's palace.
As a result, Jiang Chong indeed unearthed a Paulownia tree and a silk scroll with incantations written on it in the Tai's womb. He proudly declared: "There are especially many wooden figures in the Tai's womb, and there are also silk scrolls. What they say is unjust. Report."?
In fact, all the witch puppets found in the Tai's palace and the palace were pre-set by Jiang Chong under the instructions of Hu Wu and the palace officials. "Hanshu" Yan Shigu's annotation quoted ""Sanfu Old Stories" says: "(Jiang) Chong made Hu Wu do it and buried him." , to make the witches see ghosts, and to trick the people into drinking wine, so there is a place for them. 'Shi Gu said: 'Catch the night temple and those who see ghosts, and (Jiang) sent witches to pollute the ground, and use it as a place for temple sacrifices. He is also falsely accused. '("Book of Han·Biography of Five Sons of Wu·Liu Ju of the Brutal Prince": "(Jiang) Chongdian treats 'witchcraft', knowing what he meant, there is someone in Baiyan Palace." The poisonous spirit entered the palace and dug into the ground. The envoys Han Shuo, Yu Shizhang, Huangmen Suwen and others assisted Chong. Then he went to the palace to dig up the poisonous poison, and found Tongmu Ren. Supplementary Note: "I found six pieces of Tongren and pricked them all with needles.")?
6? Seeing that the injustice was about to be implicated on himself and his mother, Empress Wei, the prince was anxious, so he solicited the help of his left and right aides. Prince Fu Shide advised Liu Ju to kill Jiang Chong. He said: "The previous Gongsun He and his son, the two princesses and the Wei family were framed and killed. Now Hu Wu comes to frame the prince again and has dug up the puppet. The emperor will not know that this is set up by a witch, and will think that we are really cursing him, and we cannot confess and cleanse ourselves. Instead of sitting back and waiting for death, we should kill Jiang Chong and Hu Wu. Has the prince forgotten that Hu Hai, the prince of the previous Qin Shi Huang Dynasty, was wronged and died? "?
" "The former prime minister and his son, the two princesses and the Wei family are all sitting here. Now the witch and the envoy are digging the ground for verification. I don't know what the witch has done. It may be true. I can't explain it for myself." .