The early symptoms of pneumoconiosis patients are not obvious, and the lung signs and X-ray examination often have no specific manifestations, so it is difficult to make early diagnosis. With the development of the disease, the clinical symptoms are gradually obvious, such as cough, chest tightness, chest pain and shortness of breath. The diagnosis and staging of pneumoconiosis depends on chest X-ray photography, which mainly reflects the pathological changes of patients' lungs. Through chest X-ray photography, it can be observed that the patient's lungs can produce progressive and diffuse fibrous tissue hyperplasia. With the development of pulmonary fibrosis, patients will gradually affect the respiratory function and the functions of other organs.
according to the law on the prevention and control of occupational diseases, the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis should be carried out by medical and health institutions approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. The diagnosis of silicosis is mainly based on occupational history and X-ray examination. Occupational history mainly includes the type of work, length of service, dust concentration in the workplace, production status, protective measures and personal protective measures. X-ray examination, mainly X-ray chest film, is the main basis for the diagnosis of silicosis in China at present. Its specific standards are divided into: no pneumoconiosis (code ), primary pneumoconiosis (code I), secondary pneumoconiosis (code II) and tertiary pneumoconiosis (code III).
At present, there is no specific treatment for pneumoconiosis, which mainly focuses on symptomatic treatment and prevention of various complications. Once pneumoconiosis is diagnosed, it should be removed from the dust workplace, and serious cases should be arranged for rest and recuperation; Strengthen nutrition and exercise to enhance physical fitness; According to the condition, symptomatic treatment to relieve symptoms and pain; Actively prevent and treat various complications. Early diagnosis and getting rid of dust work in time can delay the progress of the disease and prolong the life span of patients.
Prevention is the key to control pneumoconiosis. Producers, operators and organizers should conscientiously implement the health policy of "prevention first" and actively adopt comprehensive dust control measures of "leather, water, density, wind, protection, management, teaching and inspection" (that is, reforming production technology, wet operation, sealing dust sources, strengthening ventilation, personal protection, strengthening dust control management, strengthening dust prevention publicity and education, and strengthening health inspection) to reduce the dust concentration in the working environment.
Long-term inhalation of different kinds of dust can lead to different types of pneumoconiosis or lung diseases. China's Catalogue of Occupational Diseases includes silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, graphite pneumoconiosis, carbon black pneumoconiosis, asbestos pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, Potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis and foundry's pneumoconiosis, as well as other pneumoconiosis that can be diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Pneumoconiosis and Pathological Diagnostic Criteria of Pneumoconiosis. The brief introduction is as follows:
1. Silicosis
Silicosis is a disease caused by workers inhaling a large number of dust containing high concentration of silica for a long time, with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis as the main disease, which further affects lung function, leading to systemic diseases and loss of working ability.
silica is widely distributed in nature, and all kinds of ores contain various forms of Shi Ying (including silica).
The main types of jobs exposed to silica dust mainly include ① rock drillers, blasters, pillar workers, transporters and rock drivers in coal mines; (2) the mountain road, tunnel and culvert pneumatic driller, blaster, etc.; (3) raw material crushing workers in the iron and steel metallurgical industry; (4) Shaving, cleaning and sandblasting workers in the machinery manufacturing industry; ⑤ Manufacturing and roasting of acid-resistant and refractory materials; ⑥ Raw material crushing, grinding and transportation in glass, enamel and ceramics industries.
The incidence of silicosis is closely related to the free silica content, dust concentration and contact time of workers exposed to Shi Ying dust. Generally, the onset is relatively slow, and it usually starts after 5-1 years of exposure to dust.
Exposure to high silica content, high dust concentration, and lack of personal protective measures, silicosis that occurs within 1-2 years after exposure to dust is called "rapid silicosis". Some workers were exposed to a certain amount of Shi Ying dust, but they were not diagnosed with silicosis at that time, and it was only several years after they got rid of the dust that they were diagnosed with silicosis, which was called "late silicosis".
silicosis is the most serious occupational disease in pneumoconiosis, and it is also the most common and widely affected occupational disease in China. The common complications of silicosis are: ① pulmonary tuberculosis, which is susceptible to tuberculosis infection due to the decreased resistance of patients; ② Spontaneous pneumothorax often occurs after severe cough or forced breath holding; ③ Emphysema.