How to explain homosexuality?

Please see Wikipedia's entry on homosexuality.

It describes in detail the homosexuality in history and the research on this behavior.

You can say for sure.

Homosexuality can be seen in animals.

And maintain a stable proportion.

Entry link: blog.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8b.

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The ancient Greeks expressed the love between men. Same-sex love was widely accepted in ancient Greece

Homosexuality is a sexual orientation or tendency, and members with homosexual tendencies only have sexual desire or admiration for people with the same gender identity in society. People with this sexual orientation are called homosexuals. Homosexuality can sometimes be used to describe homosexual behavior, that is, sexual behavior between members of the same sex, regardless of the sexual orientation of the participants.

There is also a view that homosexuality, as a modern concept, has different meanings in different times and cannot directly correspond to modern homosexuality. For example, the relationship between "lover" and "beloved" in ancient Rome may be completely different from that of "homosexuality" in modern times.

catalogue

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* 1 etymology

O 1. 1 Chinese

* 2 How many homosexuals are there?

* 3 Homosexuality and Continuity Spectrum

* 4 Same-sex sex in animals

* 5 Theoretical research on homosexuality and its behavior

* 6 Why does homosexuality exist?

* 7 sociological point of view

O 7. 1 law

O 7.2 politics

O 7.3 army

O 7.4 religion

+7.4. 1 Atheist, agnostic and secularist

* 8 History

* 9 examples of relevant academic research.

O 9. 1 English bibliography

O 9.2 Chinese bibliography

* 10 related topics

* 1 1 External links and references

* 12 footnote

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origin of a word

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The word "homosexuality" is a modern concept. As far as we know, this word first appeared in an article by Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny. At the end of 19, the Prussian Empire promulgated a new constitution, stipulating that those who engage in male homosexual acts shall be sentenced to 1 to 4 years' imprisonment. Karl Maria Kertbeny wrote an article attacking and resisting the law, and coined the word "homosexuality" for the first time, which has been used to replace the derogatory term "pederast" which was widely used at that time. Kertbeny thinks that many homosexuals are more masculine than ordinary men, and they are better than heterosexuals who commit crimes such as rape and injury because of excessive sexual desire. Kertbeny hopes that his new words and explanations will help to abolish Article 175 of the new Constitution of the Prussian Empire. But this law was passed and implemented in 187 1, and 60 years later, it became the source of the Nazi government's massacre of homosexuals.

However, Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist and author of Sexual Psychiatry, and other doctors accepted this word as a pathological diagnosis method.

The literal translation of the word "homosexuality" means "same sex", which comes from the Greek prefix "homo-" (meaning "same") and the Latin root "sex" (meaning "sex"). Other words expressing homosexuality, such as homophobia and inversion, are basically not used now.

With the emergence and development of psychological science, homosexuality began to be used to refer to a mental illness in medical clinical research. Gay people always thought homosexuality was a slanderous word until the American Psychiatric Association 1973 removed homosexuality from the list of mental diseases. Therefore, homosexuals in the west rarely use the word homosexuality to refer to themselves and homosexual sex.

Later, the taboo word "gay" became popular and was recognized by homosexuals, becoming a more appropriate name for homosexuality. The English word gay means "feel happy" and "make people happy". /kloc-In the 9th century, prostitutes began to be labeled as lesbians, and at the same time, people called those idle playboys gay. At the beginning of the 20th century, some homosexuals in the United States began to use the word gay as their label, which is different from the word gay widely used in pathology and clinic. In the 1960s and 1970s, gay groups in the United States strongly urged all media to use gay instead of homophobic news. In response, the word gay began to be gradually accepted and used by the media. But it's actually a long process. For example, it was not until 1989 that The New York Times, one of the mainstream American media, finally accepted the word gay to refer to homosexuality.

Gay is usually used to refer to gay men and lesbian women. The latter comes from the name Lesbos, an ancient Greek island. This small island is located in the Aegean Sea, near the northwest coast of Turkey, and it is a rocky mountain. It is an important residence for Ionians. In the 7th century BC, Lesbos was famous as a lyric poet. Among these poets, the most famous is the lesbian poet Sappho. Lesbian originally refers to people living on the island, but since Sappho, the word lesbian has begun to have a new interpretation. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the medical community began to use lesbians to refer to women who have the same sexual orientation as Sappho. From then on, lesbians began to contain the meaning of female homosexuality and were widely used.

Other words addressing homosexuality, such as fag, faggot, homo and dyke, are all derogatory terms for homosexuals. Queer, a term used to address sexual minorities, was originally a derogatory term, but with the internal use of sexual minorities, the word began to be recognized by sexual minorities, but not everyone accepted it.

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Chinese

In ancient China, there was no such thing as "homosexuality", but a more taboo expression was used, as follows:

* "Broken Sleeves": According to legend, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty slept with Dong Xian, and Dong Xian held down the emperor's sleeve, so the emperor could not bear to wake him up, and "Broken Sleeves".

* "Longyang": Historically, Long Yangjun "brushed the pillow mat" for Wang Wei.

* "Peaches": Zixia Mi and Wei Linggong eat peaches respectively.

Other words such as "masculine wind", "fragrant brothers" and "Longyang addiction" refer to homosexuality.

In modern spoken Chinese, "comrade" is often used to address homosexuals (but in formal occasions, the original meaning of this word remains unchanged). In addition, after the English word gay absorbed by Cantonese, there is also the title "Ji", which is used to refer to homosexuality. But this word is usually derogatory. Such derogatory terms include "glass" and so on.

With the emergence of Internet and gay bars, more Chinese words appear in gay groups. These words are usually unfamiliar to people from non-gay groups. For example, in Taiwan Province Province, Motss (same-sex member) is usually used in BBS.

In the lesbian community, "T" refers to those who tend to be masculine or like to dress up as male/neutral ("T" may come from tomboy in English); "Shiva" refers to a lesbian (also called P) who is very feminine in dress, behavior and temperament. The distinction of T/W in lesbian culture in Taiwan Province Province is equivalent to Butch/Femme in the West. The word "po" originally comes from T, which means "T's wife". But in recent years, Shiva's subjectivity has gradually emerged to refer to those who have feminine temperament; Uncle refers to the older T, which originated in the 1960s and is a courtesy title for lesbians to their elders. "chili pepper", "Lala" or "Lala" refer to lesbians, which first appeared in the lesbian novel "Notes of the Crocodile" by Qiu, a writer in Taiwan Province Province, and became popular in Taiwan Province Province in the1990s.

Gay men also have their own set of terms and expressions. For example, the common cultural term in Taiwan Province Province is "C goods", which comes from the English word "Sissy" and refers to a gay man with femininity. The queen of male chauvinism (King Kong Barbie) refers to a gay man who is very masculine in appearance and strong in body shape, but vaguely has feminine characteristics or actions and thoughts. In addition, just like the "T" and "P" of lesbians, gay lovers in Taiwan Province Province are generally divided into two roles: elder brother (also called Gege) and younger brother (also called Didi). But the main difference between them is not the degree of femininity or masculinity, but the concept of protection and dependence. However, on the whole, this difference is not obvious and there is no clear definition. It is mainly men who reject femininity. The most important thing is that Taiwan Province Province is still a conservative society, so gay men are still influenced by patriarchy. The name "elder brother" is full of penis castration, which is more gratifying than reality. It is mainly a kind of worship and yearning for the plot atmosphere of the opposite sex brothers or sworn brothers.

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How many homosexuals are there?

At present, there is no actual gay population statistics, only research reports or sample surveys for reference. The proportion of homosexuals in the population will have different results according to different estimates, ranging from 1% to 37%. However, due to the political reasons of this topic, many people have challenged these studies.

In different surveys, due to the different definitions of "homosexuality", the results will be very different. But many surveys agree with the following views:

* People who have experienced homosexuality many times are less than those who have experienced homosexuality only once;

* There are fewer people who completely define themselves as homosexuals than those who have experienced many homosexual acts;

In an extreme study, Kinsey reported that 37% men in the United States get different degrees of pleasure in contact with another man; In another study, the American Poll Center reported that only about 0.7% of American men think they are absolutely gay (see footnote 1). Many random surveys conducted in the United States and Europe tend to think that the number of people who have had same-sex sexual experience in the past accounts for about 8%, while the number of people who have only had same-sex sexual experience only accounts for about 2%.

After Kinsey, a large number of large-scale cross-cultural surveys have always shown that homosexuals account for less than Kinsey claimed. These surveys covered tens of thousands of randomly selected subjects.

Note, however, that different reports are biased due to the concealment of the tester. (Footnote 1)

Different materials are usually cited, such as:

* Smith 199 1 analyzed the report of National Polling Center [1], and showed that when 18 years old, 5.9% of active men had a male partner, but after 18, only 1%.

* A study conducted by Christopher Bagley and Pierre Tremblay in 1998 showed that 13.5% of men "reported a certain degree of homosexuality", including "claiming to double-count homosexuality (5.9%) and/or bisexuality (6.

* NHSLS reported that after 18, homosexuals accounted for 4.9% of the population. [3]

Generally speaking, the materials cited by anti-homosexuals usually show that the proportion of homosexuals is 1%, while the materials cited by gay activists are nearly 10%.

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Homosexuality and continuity spectrum

Please see: gay people.

Usually in the opposite sex, some people will have a certain degree or temporary affection for the same sex. On the contrary, many people who identify themselves as homosexuals, or those who tend to have same-sex behaviors and maintain same-sex relationships, also maintain sex with the opposite sex or maintain long-term heterosexual relationships. These heterosexual practitioners who maintain homosexual behavior are usually considered to be part of the crowd hiding in the closet, or people who hide their homosexual tendencies. The number of this group will decrease as the society's tolerance for homosexuals increases.

There are some studies, especially the experiments mentioned by Alfred Kinsey in his Sexual Behavior of Human Men (1948) and Sexual Behavior of Human Women (1953). In Kinsey's experiment, respondents were asked to evaluate their sexual orientation in a changing spectrum of sexual orientation from absolute homosexuality to absolute heterosexuality, and then after comprehensively analyzing the results of self-evaluation and the behavior of respondents, Kinsey thought that most people showed bisexuality at least to some extent. Many people are attracted to both sexes at the same time, although usually they prefer one sex. Kinsey and his colleagues believe that only a few people (5- 10%) are absolutely gay or heterosexual. In addition, if bisexuality is defined as preference for one sex is not stronger than preference for another sex, then fewer people are completely bisexual. Later studies showed that Kinsey's research exaggerated the incidence of bisexuality in the population, but his concept of continuous spectrum was widely accepted.

Homosexual behavior with people of the same sex is not necessarily regarded as homosexual tendency, but homosexual behavior. Not all people who are attracted to or maintain same-sex relationships consider themselves gay or bisexual. Some people who often have homosexual sex still consider themselves heterosexual. Therefore, it is very important to distinguish homosexual sex, homosexual attraction and homosexual self-identity, which are not necessarily consistent. For example, in prisons or other gender-segregated environments, heterosexuals may be led to participate in situational sex, even though they are heterosexuals in the external environment. Some people engage in homosexual sex not because of their sexual orientation or desire, such as male prostitutes. They are usually young heterosexual men, but they make money by having sex with men. There may be some male prostitutes who are gay themselves, but most of them are not.

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Homosexual behavior of animals

Please see: homosexuality among animals.

Homosexuality is common in birds and mammals, such as apes. Some people think that this kind of sexual behavior is related to male social organization and social dominance theory. Homosexual behavior in prisons, monks and military camps is usually regarded as non-homosexual or situational homosexuality, showing similar "dominant" characteristics.

Homosexuality can also be found in bonobos who practice matriarchal social model; Male black swans in Australia often pair up as spouses or form a family of three with female swans to breed offspring. Male sheep similar to humans also have homosexuality. A study on male sheep in March 2004 showed that the homosexual behavior of male sheep was related to a part of their brain called "androgynous nucleus of sheep". This study, together with other studies, shows that animals choose partners according to brain differences, rather than gender differences as commonly thought.

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Theoretical research on homosexuality and its behavior

Please see: queer theory.

There are also some studies, such as Alfred Kinsey's sexual behavior towards human males (1948) and human females' sexual behavior (1953). In this experiment, respondents were asked to evaluate themselves from a continuous orientation spectrum from absolute homosexuality to absolute heterosexuality, and then after comprehensive analysis and research on their behaviors, it was considered that most people showed bisexuality at least to some extent. Many people are attracted to androgyny, although usually they only like one sex. Kinsey and his colleagues believe that only a few people (5- 10%) are absolutely gay or heterosexual. On the contrary, only fewer people are completely bisexual. Later research shows that Kinsey's research exaggerates the probability of bisexuality in the population, but his concept of continuous spectrum has been widely recognized.

Some scholars who study queer theory, the most famous of which is the French philosopher michel foucault (although some people think that his views in this respect have been misinterpreted by later scholars), refute modern gender definitions such as homosexuality, heterosexuality or bisexuality, and think that they are not any existing objects, but social structures, the so-called social constructivism. This view is called queer theory. A focus of debate has been that homosexuality before modern society is different from homosexuality in modern society (homosexuality in modern society is more constructed by the concept of equality, while homosexuality before it is constructed by the times, gender and social class). Critics believe that although homosexuality in different times has different characteristics, there has always been a hidden phenomenon, which is not the product of our modern society. At the same time, although the manifestations of homosexuality are closely related to the social structure, its characteristics are always stable and lasting.

When people begin to pay attention to sexual desire or sexual behavior, especially sexual behavior in a negative sense, the causes of sexual orientation are naturally put forward. At present, the reasons for sexual orientation are still inconclusive. It is generally believed that sexual orientation may be formed under the long-term comprehensive action of many factors, rather than determined by a single factor. At present, it is generally believed that education, environment or the combination of the two are the main factors that determine people's sexual behavior.

On the other hand, Susan Blackmore believes that homosexuality and its behavior are determined by genes. One view is that most people in gay gene live a heterosexual life because of social pressure, and marry and have children with the opposite sex. According to this view, after entering the information age, the number of people who think homosexuality is vulgar will decrease, because people will solve more homosexuality and gradually accept this phenomenon and group. Furthermore, people who carry gay gene will not arrange their lives according to the heterosexual lifestyle, and the phenomenon of childbearing will also decrease among gay people.

Simon LeVay's research on hypothalamus of homosexual male corpses (all died of AIDS complications) and Marc Breedloves' research on birth order and finger length ratio of the living showed the influence of hormones on sexual orientation before death. The former points out the feminization trend of male homosexuals, while the latter points out that homosexuals, both men and women, have a masculine trend.

Imitation, as the main way of cultural communication, can also be used to solve some homosexual-related behaviors. When homosexuality is presented to the public through TV or other mass media, with the improvement of public tolerance for homosexual love, it will promote the in-depth study of homosexuality or may appear the trend of imitating homosexual behavior. These were forbidden in the past and will be feasible in the future.

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Why does homosexuality exist?

Please see: reasons for homosexuality.

There are many controversies about what determines a person's sexual orientation (especially about environment and genes): whether sexual orientation is innate or acquired, unchangeable or optional. Some people think homosexuality is an act of learning. However, some people think that if homosexuality is a learning behavior, it should be possible to change the homosexual orientation by letting homosexuals learn the sexual awakening, sexual stimulation and sexual behavior of heterosexuals, but this is actually very difficult. They claim that there must be an innate factor that makes most people have sexual desire for the opposite sex. These factors are also reflected in homosexuality, but homosexuality is an atypical example.

Some scientific research shows that the brains of gay men are similar to those of heterosexual women, but different from those of heterosexual men. Other findings include that fingerprints of gay men are similar to those of heterosexual women. If the fetal fingerprint is formed at 16 weeks, it means that homosexuality may be determined by genes. Studies on identical twins show that if one of the twins is gay, the chances of the other will increase by 50%. The scientific research on homosexuality is still very preliminary, and every new discovery changes the scientific observation mode of homosexuality.

Some religious organizations believe that homosexuality is a choice and provide conversion therapy for homosexuals to change their sexual orientation. However, these therapies have been criticized by medical and scientific circles because the depression they bring sometimes leads to suicide or inferiority complex. The American Psychiatric Association has passed a resolution in 1997, saying that doctors engaged in this therapy will be considered unprofessional.

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Sociological viewpoint

Attitudes towards homosexuality vary from time to place in different societies, from requiring all men to participate in homosexual relations to completely prohibiting them, from accepting homosexuality to treating homosexuality as a sin and imposing the death penalty.

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law

See also: world gay law and same-sex marriage.

Recognition of homosexuality in the world map.

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Recognition of homosexuality in the world map.

Until the19th century, many regions that accepted the Napoleonic Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex sexual behavior. However, many countries that adopt the English common law system retain anti-sodomy laws and execute homosexuals. This situation continued until the end of 19.

In the 20th century, with the rise of gay rights, queer research, as a part of pan-civil rights and the research on sexual behavior by academic institutions, appeared in the media, which changed the degree of social recognition of homosexuality.

The Wolfenden Report in Britain is a turning point in the legalization of homosexuality in western countries. Many western civilized countries have now legalized homosexuality or homosexual acts. A series of European countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany, have amended their laws to allow same-sex marriage or legally recognize long-term homosexual relationships. A series of countries allow gay couples to adopt children. The number of politicians who openly admit that they are gay, bisexual or have had homosexual sex in the past is also on the rise. This includes john major and Michael Portillo, a former British Defence Minister. David Norris is an openly gay politician and a member of the Irish Senate. The current and former Irish Presidents Mary McAleese and mary robinson are the founders of the Irish gay law reform movement, which played an important role in legalizing homosexuality in the Republic of Ireland.

Legislation and legalization of same-sex sexual behavior, as well as same-sex marriage and civil union without gender details are the main goals of gay rights activists to protect gay couples and families.

In recent years, some areas have relaxed or abolished laws that discriminate against homosexuals, including sodomy laws and laws prohibiting homosexuals from joining the army.

195 1 year, Bulgaria legalized homosexual acts between adults, and Hungary and Czechoslovakia adopted it in 196 1 year. In England and Wales, 1967 legalized the voluntary same-sex behavior of adults over 0 years old, followed by 1980 in Scotland and 1982 in Northern Ireland. The commitment age decreased from 2 1 to 18 in 1994, and to 16 and 17 in Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 2000. This is the age of commitment to same-sex sex sex, which is the same as heterosexual sex.

In the United States, this trend reached its peak on June 26, 2003, when the Supreme Court of the United States held in Lawrence's judgment on Texas that it was unconstitutional for the US state constitution to criminalize private and non-commercial sexual activities between two adults (including same-sex sexual activities) (see sodomy law). And abolished the national sodomy law.

Homosexuality is not explicitly defined as a crime in the Criminal Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), but before 1996, there were cases in which homosexuals were sentenced according to the "hooliganism" clause in the Criminal Law. The new criminal law passed by the National People's Congress of China 1996 has a clearer explanation of the content of hooliganism, which does not include homosexual acts. Therefore, it can be considered that homosexuality has been completely legalized in People's Republic of China (PRC) (China). However, because most people in China still resent homosexual acts, and there is no law expressly stipulating that the legitimate rights of homosexuals should be protected, homosexuals are still discriminated and oppressed to a certain extent in society, but the general trend of the public (especially the younger generation) is more and more tolerant of homosexuality.

However, the trends in these countries are not the same in the world. In some countries, sodomy is still regarded as a crime (see sodomy law). The most extreme example is that homosexuality will still be sentenced to death in Afghanistan, Mauritania, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Fixed-term imprisonment includes in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Guyana, India, Maldives, Nepal, Singapore and Uganda.

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politics

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army

A soldier took part in the gay pride parade in Jerusalem. The Israeli army allows military service of certain sexual orientations.

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A soldier took part in the gay pride parade in Jerusalem. The Israeli army allows military service of certain sexual orientations.

Usually, because the military implements a stricter gender segregation system than the society, there have been many documents recording homosexuality in the military since ancient times, and it shows that homosexuality in the military is more common than that in the society. Officials in different countries have different attitudes towards this kind of sexual behavior, but they all reflect their cultural views on homosexuality. The armies of ancient Greece and pre-modern Japan traditionally supported this intimate relationship between men. Modern countries, such as Britain, welcome homosexuals to serve in the army, but some countries, such as the United States, regard homosexuals as a threat to the army. Scouts who imitate the army usually reflect the army's position on homosexuality. For example, Britain welcomes them, while the United States refuses gays to join the Boy Scouts.

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religion