Ice Jian
2018-04-0117: 49 influential creators of 100 quarterly magazines, good-looking creative partners, official account of UTV Military Academy, and high-quality military creators.
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Today is the 50th birthday of China Astronaut Center.
In fact, 50 years ago, the previous life of the Astronaut Center had a brighter name-the Cosmic Biology Laboratory.
The story begins with 1955.
( 1)
1955 10, 44-year-old Qian Xuesen finally got rid of the humiliation and obstacles imposed on him by the American government and returned to his haunted motherland.
The new China in full swing has given this world-renowned scientist great respect.
"You treat me with a national scholar, and I will serve my country.".
In the next few months, Qian Xuesen made a non-stop inspection of China's teaching and research institutions and industrial infrastructure.
1in February, 956, he submitted the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and put forward the general idea of developing China's rocket and jet technology.
According to Qian Xuesen's suggestion, on the basis of various departments of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a scientific planning group was set up in conjunction with the State Planning Commission, bringing together more than 600 scientists from various scientific and technological fields across the country. According to the principles of "focusing on development and catching up" and "taking tasks as the longitude, taking disciplines as the latitude and taking tasks as the discipline", "1956 to 1967" was compiled. The "Outline" proposes that:
Jet planes and rockets are the highest achievements of modern flight instrument technology. The mastery and development of this technology is of great significance for strengthening China's national defense construction.
The speed of jet plane can exceed the speed of sound propagation, and the flying height can be as high as 20 kilometers, which can be developed into a high-speed vehicle.
Rockets have higher speed, can reach higher heights, and can be used as a tool for interstellar transportation.
Because the rocket uses complex automatic control system to control the flight path, it can meet the requirements of national defense beyond long-distance aiming, and it is also a weapon of modern air defense. ...
All the plans in this outline are aimed at the urgent need and necessity of national defense, and there is no mention of the so-called "aerospace" today. In fact, even the word "aerospace" was invented by Qian Xuesen several years later. )
1956 April 13, the State Council and the Central Military Commission approved the establishment of the Aviation Industry Committee of the Ministry of National Defense to lead the scientific research work of China's missile aviation industry, with Vice Premier Nie as the director, Huang Kecheng and Zhao Erlu as deputy directors and Qian Xuesen as members. (1958 10, Aviation Industry Committee was reorganized into the Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense of the Ministry of National Defense.
This year, 45-year-old Qian Xuesen has just served as the first director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is planning and demonstrating the basic direction of China's mechanical research with Qian Weichang. And his good friend Guo Yonghuai is still detained in the United States.
In July, the Fifth Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense (Missile Administration) was established, with Qian Xuesen as the first deputy director and chief engineer.
6543810.8, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense (Missile Research Institute) was established, with Qian Xuesen as its president.
China's missile (aerospace) cause began.
(2)
In addition to looking up at the starry sky for thousands of years, 1957 can be called the first year of space in human history.
10 year1On October 4th, the first Soviet artificial satellite Putnik 1 was launched.
1 month later, the second satellite of the Soviet Union flew into space with the puppy "Lycra"-because there is no recycling technology, Lycra can only stay in the vast space forever.
Despite the bad luck, the first man-made satellite in the United States also flew into space in1958+1October.
In the noise of human marching into space, China, who once gave birth to the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and thousands of families flying into the sky, can only be a spectator.
Look, look at a doorway, too!
According to Nie's instructions, China Academy of Sciences deployed large-scale observation of Soviet satellites nationwide.
It is this observation that laid the foundation for China Aerospace TT&C —— The radio signal receiving device developed by Chen Fangyun and others of Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences can not only receive the signal frequency, but also calculate the satellite orbit, and outline the embryonic form of China Aerospace TT&C network.
The successive successes of the Soviet Union and the United States in the space industry have made China scientists eager to prove that "China people are by no means worse than foreigners" and at the same time repay the love of the Party and the government.
At the beginning of 1958, scientists such as Zhu Kezhen, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Xuesen, director of Institute of Mechanics, and Zhao Jiuzhang, director of Institute of Geophysics suggested that the development of satellites in China should be faster, which would promote the development of many emerging technologies. Zhang Jinfu, Party Secretary and Vice President of China Academy of Sciences, reported the scientists' suggestions to the Central Committee many times.
1958 in may, the second meeting of the eighth national congress was held. On May 17, Mao Zedong made an important speech on the problems exposed since the 20th CPSU Congress, calling on the whole party to break the superstition of the Soviet Union-to surpass Britain, catch up with the United States and cross the Soviet Union!
Now that the Soviet Union has developed a satellite at 1957, we must not fall behind.
Mao Zedong announced with his unique romantic style: "China will also build satellites. Moreover, if you want to do it, you must be big, and you will not throw it as big as an egg. "
To tell the truth, at that time, everyone, including the Soviet Union and the United States, didn't know how to send a satellite into space.
But the cold war is like street youths dancing, and they can't fight. The core essence is to roll their eyes at each other-"You will, I will; I will, you won't. "
In August, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held a meeting, which listed the development of artificial satellites as the first task of 1958, code-named "58 1", and set up a special "58 1 group", with Qian Xuesen as the team leader and Zhao Jiuzhang as the deputy team leader.
At the same time, three design institutes have been established: the first design institute is responsible for the overall design of satellites and the development of rockets (soon transferred to Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute); The second design institute is responsible for the development of control system; The third design institute is responsible for the development of radiosondes and the study of space environment.
Sending a puppy into space is not the ultimate goal of space flight. Exploring space and conquering the universe, after all, need people to achieve. And to send people to heaven, the premise is to ensure that people can survive in space.
In September, the State Council approved the establishment of the Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences, with the famous biologist Bei Zhangshi as its director (as shown below).