Hysteria is sudden, exaggerated and suggestive, and its symptoms are obviously emotional, even giving people an artificial impression. It can happen under suggestion or self-suggestion, or it can get better under suggestion. If hysteria has been clearly diagnosed, people present should not panic, let alone accuse the patient of pretending to be sick. The correct way is to calm down the tense atmosphere, that is, don't deny or exaggerate the symptoms of patients, let patients calm down, and believe that they can get better after giving some stimulation. They can stimulate or acupuncture Hegu, Renzhong, Neiguan and other points at will, and they can be relieved after calming down. For people who hold their breath, don't cover their nose and mouth and bend their limbs to avoid suffocation. Hysterical excitement or physical dysfunction should be dealt with by a psychologist in time. Some people often cheat in order to avoid unpleasant events, or to get compensation, or to escape from service, or among prisoners, and its manifestations are sometimes difficult to distinguish from hysteria. Because of hysteria's exaggeration and performance color, it often gives people a feeling of pretending to be sick. But cheaters have a clear purpose, and their symptoms are easily controlled by will. They can vary from time to time, from person to person, from place to place, rarely last, and are often affected in public. In collective occasions, such as school, after a person suffers from hysteria, people around him witness the illness, and because they don't understand the illness, or are influenced by superstition or unscientific explanation, they have fear and tension, which increases the mental burden. In this case, due to the role of suggestion and self-suggestion, some people have hysteria attacks with the same symptoms one after another, and some people are more likely to have seizures due to mental stress, excessive fatigue, lack of sleep or menstruation. The symptoms of grand mal seizure are basically the same as those of the first seizure. Because of the obvious mental stimulation before the onset of hysteria, the special personality characteristics of hysteria patients before the onset of hysteria, such as strong and unstable emotions, easy to be emotional, childish emotions, impatience and willfulness, have strong implications, and their emotions and behaviors are easily influenced by other people's words, behaviors and attitudes. Therefore, when hysteria breaks out, if the words, behaviors and attitudes of relatives are inappropriate, therefore, when hysteria breaks out, relatives should first calm down, avoid excessive care and enthusiasm, avoid panic, and treat the occurrence of the disease correctly. In order to improve the patient's unhappy mood, relatives can consciously divert the patient's attention, focus on things of interest or let the patient leave the environment temporarily.
Disease research
The Truth and Rationality of Hysteria In early medical circles, hysteria was regarded as an abnormal contraction of limbs caused by abnormal uterus, and it was regarded as a disease of women. It is usually treated by this barbaric excision method. Later, Freud proved the truth and rationality of hysteria. He pointed out that hysteria often occurs in men and causes hysterical paralysis and contraction through hypnotic suggestion. In fact, the name "hysteria" itself is a shame in the history of medicine. The root of the word "hysteria" is the uterus. Using this term to name mental system diseases shows the incompetence of early medicine. Shortly after Freud returned from studying in Paris, he reported his research results in Paris to the Medical Association, but at that time, medical authorities even claimed that Freud's report was "not credible". When Freud talked about a kind of male hysteria, an old surgeon jumped up and shouted, "My God! Dear Mr. Freud, how can you say these boring things? Hysteron means uterus. How can a big man be hysterical? " After the report, Freud and Bluel co-authored A Study of Hysteria, which opened the door to psychoanalysis.
Edit the disease classification of this paragraph.
What is the classification of hysteria? Hysteria is more common in women, with obvious personality characteristics of hysteria, and its onset is mostly related to psychological reasons, and it has a similar medical history in the past. The clinical manifestations of hysteria are extremely complex and diverse, which can be similar to the symptoms of many diseases and occupy almost all the symptoms of medical clinical departments. The clinical manifestations of hysteria can be divided into two types: one is separation symptoms: mainly mental symptoms; The other is conversion symptoms: mainly manifested as physical dysfunction, which is described in detail below. The following are the specific types of hysteria, which are classified according to the nature and form of symptoms: one type of hysteria, separated type: mainly mental symptoms; (1) emotional outburst, acute attack under the action of mental factors, manifested as crying, laughing, rolling, shouting, etc. Emotions change quickly, often accompanied by dramatic expressions and actions. (2) the scope of consciousness is narrowed, and mental activities are limited to unpleasant experiences that cause diseases, with dull perception, incomplete orientation and short duration, and most of them cannot be recalled afterwards. ③ In a lethargic state, patients stay in bed with their eyes closed all day, unable to wake up, close their eyes, avoid their eyes during examination, and their pupils are not narrowed. Others can be manifested as amnesia, alternating personality, Ganser syndrome, juvenile dementia and other mental symptoms. Type ⅱ, conversion type: mainly manifested as physical dysfunction, motor, sensory, reflex and autonomic nervous dysfunction can be found. However, detailed examination did not find the corresponding organic basis, nor did it conform to the physiological characteristics of neuroanatomy. The common manifestations are spasm, limb tremor, paralysis, inability to stand and walk, wordlessness and aphonia, hypersensitivity, decreased or disappeared sensation, hysteria and special sensory tube disorders, such as hysterical deafness, blindness, hysterical vomiting, burping and hyperventilation.
The reason for editing this paragraph
Mental factors, especially mental tension and fear, are important factors causing hysteria. The acute hysteria in this kind of battle is particularly obvious. Traumatic experiences in childhood, such as mental abuse, physical or sexual destruction, are one of the important reasons for the occurrence of transformed and separated hysteria in adulthood. Whether mental factors cause symptoms or what type of hysteria is related to the physiological and psychological quality of patients. Women who are emotionally unstable, easy to accept hints, often hypnotize themselves, have low education level, are superstitious, and are in adolescence or menopause are more prone to hysteria than the average person. People who have strong emotional reactions, exaggerated expressions, seek the continuous attention of others and are self-centered are prone to hysteria after being frustrated, having psychological conflicts or accepting hints. People with this personality have the following characteristics: (1) Emotion replaces reason: Hysterical patients have a high degree of emotion, strong and unstable emotional response, and are easy to transfer from one emotion to another. They tend to be emotional when interacting with people, and the whole psychological activity tends to be extreme because of the influence of emotions. If you have a good impression on a person, you think he is perfect and a rare good person in the world, but when you encounter a little thing, you immediately feel that this person is useless and the biggest villain. This is the emotional logic of hysteria. His judgment and reasoning are based entirely on the mood at that time. With the change of mood, his judgment and reasoning are also changing. (2) Strong suggestibility: Their emotions and behaviors are easily influenced by the hints of others' words and behaviors, especially when they have a good impression on someone, they will blindly accept their opinions without analysis. Their self-suggestion is also so strong that all kinds of physical discomfort can be used as the basis of self-suggestion. (3) Self-centered, good fantasy: good at boasting and showing yourself, willing to be the center of attention and praise of others. They are full of vivid fantasies, especially when the emotional reaction is strong, imagination and reality are often confused, so that sometimes they don't even know whether this is imagination or fact, thus creating the impression that he is lying. But this personality trait is not a necessary condition for hysteria. Some people who do not belong to this personality will also have hysteria reaction under the influence of strong mental factors. The genetic research results of hysteria are quite inconsistent. Some studies think that hysteria is influenced by genetic factors, while others think that genetic influence is very small. Some people think that hysteria is a multifactorial genetic form. Hysteria is more common in 16 ~ 30 years old, with more females than males. Mental factors and hints are the main causes of hysteria. Fear, humiliation, injustice, unhappiness and distance from relatives are often the causes of the first hysterical attack. As for the later onset, there is not necessarily a strong mental factor. It is also possible that the sudden onset is due to an event related to mental trauma or an event related to a situation similar to the first onset. Some patients may get sick due to physical factors, such as pain, fever, discomfort and fatigue. , thus causing mental tension and fear or mental unhappiness. It shows that it has pathogenic effect. Conversations, expressions and legends with special significance, and seeing other patients get sick can all be the inducement, that is, through their own experiences and associations, they have doubts and are sure that they will get sick. This is the role of self-suggestion. Patients are easily influenced by hints, which is caused by hysteria.
Edit the clinical manifestations of this paragraph.
Multiple groups
Patients with this disease often have emotional, imaginative, imitative, suggestible and self-centered personality characteristics before they get sick. Stimulated or implied by some psychological and social factors, such people often have temporary mental disorders or disorders of movement, sensation, autonomic nerves and internal organs. These symptoms can be caused by suggestion or eliminated by suggestion. The onset age of the disease is mostly between 16-30 years old, and women are far more than men. People with morbid personality are prone to this disease and are highly emotional. Usually, their emotions tend to be childish, changeable, willful, irritable, sensitive and suspicious. They often lose their temper or cry because of a slight emotional reaction, and easily turn from one extreme to the other, often with exaggeration and drama, and are easily emotional about people and things. High suggestibility means that patients are easily influenced by people's words, actions and attitudes, and produce corresponding associations and reactions. At that time, some of my own discomfort produced some corresponding associations and reactions, which was called self-suggestion. The suggestibility depends on the patient's emotional tendency. If he has an emotional tendency towards something or someone, he is easily influenced. People with a high degree of self-presentation tend to be self-centered, often boasting and showing themselves excessively, and like to be the focus of attention. After illness, the main manifestations are exaggerating symptoms and praying for sympathy. Full of fantasy, its fantasy content is vivid, and it is easy to confuse reality and fantasy under the influence of strong emotions, giving people the impression of lying.
Disease symptoms
The manifestations of hysteria can be described as various, including symptoms similar to nervous system diseases such as movement and sensory disturbance, symptoms similar to various visceral diseases, and short-term mental symptoms (abnormal psychological symptoms). It can be said that the performance of hysteria can imitate the performance of any disease in clinical departments, so it is easy to be misdiagnosed. Many initial diagnoses are hysteria, but they are actually physical diseases, thus delaying the lessons of treatment. Therefore, it is difficult to make a correct diagnosis of hysteria in clinic, especially those who lack clinical experience, so don't make a diagnosis of hysteria easily. However, the first attack of hysteria is mostly caused by some kind of mental stimulus, which can also promote hysteria to recur when encountering similar stimulus in the future or when patients recall this stimulus. In addition, the clinical symptoms of various manifestations of hysteria, whether sensory disturbance, dyskinesia, visceral lesions and so on. It is often changeable, and it is easy to change the degree and scope of pathological manifestations through hints, which are often inconsistent with human anatomical and physiological characteristics or the inherent laws of diseases, which is very helpful for correctly judging hysteria. The mental symptoms of hysteria can also be varied, but their symptoms are characterized by venting and performing, which is impressive. Some people will also have many childish actions and behaviors, and even run away from home and wander around. Somatic symptoms can present clinical manifestations similar to various diseases of nervous system or internal organs, but lack positive signs of organic diseases, and symptoms are the result of overexcitation or organ function loss. Common physical symptoms are: 1, sensory disturbance 1) sensory loss: various superficial sensations are reduced or disappeared, and there are many manifestations, such as systemic type, hemifacial type, paraplegia type, glove or sock type, etc. Hemifacial type is the most common type, and the boundary between numbness area and normal side is clear, or distributed along the midline, or irregularly, which can not be explained by the law of organic lesions in nervous system. What are the manifestations of hysteria and morbid personality? 2) Allergy: If there is skin hyperalgesia in the abdomen or severe and persistent pain in a certain part of the body, it is easy to be mistaken for acute abdomen, and even unnecessary surgery will be performed. 3) Special sensory dysfunction: explosive deafness, narrowing of vision (tube vision), amblyopia or blindness, smell and taste disorders, etc. 2. Dyskinesia 1) Attack: during the attack, the attack is slow and irregular, or the limbs are straight, and you can't passively bend, or the horns are inverted, or you struggle to move, grabbing your chest with both hands, pulling your hair, pulling your clothes, rolling, shouting and other emotional expressions. During the attack, his face was red, his eyes were closed, his eyes were swimming, his pupils were normal and he responded to light. Generally, there is no tongue biting or other trauma and urinary incontinence, and no pathological reflection can be found. The attack lasted for dozens of minutes. General consciousness is not completely lost, and there are still some memories after the attack. 2) Tremor: the range can reach the head, tongue, limbs and abdominal wall. And it is paroxysmal irregular jitter, which is relieved when distracted. 3) Can't stand: When lying flat, both lower limbs move normally and have good muscle strength, but they can't stand and move. 4) Paralysis: paraplegia, hemiplegia, one (or two, three or four) limb paralysis. Its muscle tension is normal, decreasing or increasing, passive movement often has resistance, and there is no muscle atrophy, tendon reflex, pathological reflex and bladder and rectal sphincter dysfunction. 5) Aphonia without words: Aphonia speaks as low as a whisper. Those who don't speak insist on silence, but their writing ability is intact. If combined with deafness, it is called hysterical deafness. 3. Reflex disorder. Tendon reflex is normal, active or weakened, and occasionally pharyngeal reflex disappears. 4, visceral dysfunction 1) Vomiting: most of them are intractable vomiting, vomiting after meals, no nausea before vomiting, eating after vomiting, although vomiting for a long time will not cause malnutrition. No corresponding positive results were found in digestive tract examination. 2) Hiccup: Hiccup attacks are stubborn, frequent and loud, especially when others pay attention and no one is around. 3) hyperventilation: gasping breathing. Although the attacks are frequent and intense, there are no signs of cyanosis and hypoxia. 4) Others: hysteria, excessive drinking, excessive urination and flatulence. Mental symptoms (1) hazy state: consciousness suddenly narrows, contacts and answers with the outside world, and the speech content is simple, which often reflects the inner experience related to the cause. Sometimes there are dual personalities or ghosts and gods, and there are obvious vivid illusions and hallucinations, and the emotions are rich and vivid. It lasted for half an hour to 1 ~ 2 hours, and suddenly I woke up with a loud voice, and I could only recall part or all of my experiences during the attack. What are the reasons for hysteria? (2) Stunned state: sudden onset, no response to external stimuli, fists clenched with elbows bent on both upper limbs, legs straight, resistance during passive movement, normal tendon reflex and no pathological reflex. When the eyeball is passively flipped, close your eyes, flip up or swim. The pupil is normal and responds to light. It may be accompanied by paroxysmal dyspnea and normal heart rhythm and blood pressure. It can last for hours. (3) Emotional outbursts: Acute attacks under the influence of mental factors, manifested as laughter, shouting, noisy, angry, increased speech, etc. I often express my inner experience by singing minor songs. Emotional reaction is rapid, and tears turn into laughter accompanied by dramatic expressions and actions. The duration of an attack is often influenced by the surrounding words and attitudes. There is mild confusion during the attack, and some memories can be made after the attack. (4) Mental amnesia: It is more common to forget the limitations of events that caused mental trauma and forget the past experience and all in wartime hysteria. (5) fugue disorder: the patient suddenly wanders away from home for several days, and can't remember the process after waking up.
Edit this paragraph for diagnosis and identification.
Examination and diagnosis
(1) Most of the patients are young adults aged 16 ~ 40, especially young women. (2) The onset is urgent, and there are often strong mental factors or painful emotional experiences. (3) There are more clinical symptoms and fewer signs, such as mental symptoms, dyskinesia, sensory disorders, autonomic nervous dysfunction, etc. (4) Most patients are affected by mental factors or hints to get sick or make their symptoms disappear. (5) Physical examination and laboratory examination often have no abnormal findings. (6) Having a unique personality of hysteria, such as being highly emotional, suggestive, imaginative and self-centered.
differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis with other mental disorders grand mal generally has no mental factors, complete loss of consciousness, incontinence, positive pathological reflection, suggesting that treatment is ineffective, etc. , which can be used for differentiation. Reactive psychosis has a long course, often has a strong history of mental trauma, and its symptoms are not paroxysmal, and its actions are chaotic and aimless, suggesting that treatment is generally ineffective.
Edit the first aid measures in this paragraph.
(1) Keep calm and put the patient in a quiet room to isolate him from the noise. (2) Suggestive therapy can be used, or acupuncture at Renzhong, Hegu, Zusanli and Yongquan, with points such as Quchi, Sanyangjiao and Shaojian. (3) In the process of psychotherapy, help patients find out the causes of the disease and the factors that affect the recovery of the disease. (4) Patients with severe illness can be sent to hospital for further diagnosis and treatment.
Edit this disease treatment
Therapeutic concept
Because of the acute attack of the disease under the action of mental factors, the clinical signs are different and the course of the disease can be different. Emotional outbursts, disturbance of consciousness and seizures usually disappear in a short time, but they often recur. Visceral dysfunction and motor and sensory symptoms last for a long time and can recur after improvement. The length of the course of the disease and whether it can be restored depends on whether the post-illness treatment is correct. Improper handling or acceptance of bad hints, especially the inappropriate words of medical staff, will often increase the obstinacy of the disease and prolong the course of the disease. Therefore, timely treatment includes psychotherapy, suggestion therapy and drug therapy. Proper treatment can make the symptoms disappear quickly, consolidate the curative effect and avoid recurrence. The prognosis of this disease is generally good. If a few patients have a long course of disease or frequent recurrent attacks, it is difficult to treat them, and those with obvious personality characteristics of hysteria are also difficult to treat and easy to relapse. A very small number of hysteria patients with paralysis or visceral dysfunction, if not treated properly in time, will prolong the course of disease, seriously affect their work and life ability, and may affect their life span due to complications. The treatment of hysteria is both easy and difficult. The key is that medical staff should care about patients enthusiastically, help patients find the cause, guide patients to treat diseases correctly, and establish confidence in overcoming diseases. The cure of disease is the result of the joint efforts of doctors and patients. The treatment of hysteria is mainly psychotherapy, supplemented by drugs and other treatments.
medicine
1, hysterical psychosis: drug treatment is the main method, and different antipsychotics can be selected according to the condition and clinical manifestations. 2, dissociative disorder: according to different symptoms such as emotional outburst, emotional numbness, possession of ghosts and gods, impulse, etc. 3. Conversion disorder: As a suggestive treatment, drugs can often achieve obvious curative effect.
physiatrics
Traditional Chinese medicine, electroacupuncture or acupuncture can all achieve good curative effect, and the effect will be better if oral prompts can be given during the treatment. Patients in spastic state, hazy state, lethargy state and stupor state can acupuncture Renzhong, Hegu and Neiguan, all of which are stimulated by strong stimulation or electricity. Paralysis, contracture, hiccup, vomiting and other symptoms. Receive DC-induced electrical stimulation or acupuncture treatment. Used for aphonia, deafness, etc. Electrical stimulation and electrical excitement can also be used for treatment.
psychotherapy
① Explanatory psychotherapy: let patients and their families know that hysteria is a functional disease and can be completely cured. Eliminate all kinds of doubts of patients and their families, stabilize patients' emotions, make patients and their families have a correct understanding of hysteria, and actively cooperate with doctors for treatment. To guide patients to understand the etiology and the relationship between etiology and treatment, patients should be given the opportunity to relax and give appropriate comfort or encouragement. Patients themselves should also strengthen self-exercise, deal with everything they face with a rational attitude, rather than being emotional, and overcome personality defects with a proactive attitude. ② Hint therapy: it is an effective method to eliminate hysteria symptoms, especially hysterical physical disorder. When carrying out suggestive treatment, we should pay attention to the following problems: on the one hand, the treatment environment should be quiet to eliminate various adverse effects of the environment on patients. All irrelevant personnel should leave the treatment site to avoid aggravating symptoms and bringing difficulties to treatment because of the panic attitude or excessive attention of family members or people around them. On the other hand, doctors should be enthusiastic, calm, confident, full of confidence in treatment, establish a good doctor-patient relationship, and let patients trust doctors in the process of contacting patients and doing comprehensive examinations. Practice has proved that patients' trust in doctors is often the key to determine the success or failure of recommended treatment. At the same time of verbal suggestion, corresponding measures should be taken according to the symptoms, such as oxygen inhalation, acupuncture, intramuscular injection of water or vitamin C injection, intravenous injection of calcium, electrical stimulation treatment and so on. (3) Hypnotherapy: Using the changes of brain physiological function under hypnosis, we can hint through words to achieve the purpose of eliminating hysteria symptoms.
psychiasis
The mental symptoms of hysteria often occur after mental stimulation, showing different degrees of consciousness disorder and emotional imbalance. The patient's emotions are strong, exaggerated and artificial, and are easily influenced by hints. Consciousness disorder is more common in the hazy state, and consciousness activity is limited to the content related to emotional experience, giving people an impression of exposure or "venting". Some feel very wronged; Some are frightened and confused; Some emotional outbursts, easily excited, even crying and laughing, beating their chests, hitting their heads against the wall, rolling on the ground, dancing, tearing clothes, singing and cursing and other dramatic performances; Some are sleepy; Some hyperventilate; Some have seizures; Some people use vivid expressions and exaggerated movements to gain the attention and sympathy of onlookers. The more people, the more powerful the attack. Therefore, patients should be placed in a quiet environment and their company should be reduced as much as possible during the attack, so as to stabilize patients' mood and promote the gradual relief of symptoms. Psychotherapy is the main and effective method to treat hysteria. Whether relatives, friends, neighbors, unit leaders and colleagues can actively cooperate in the treatment process is also the key to successful treatment. Therefore, the relatives of hysteria patients should pay attention to the doctor's explanation and persuasion, understand the nature and causes of the disease, and know that it is a functional brain disease that can be completely cured. It is necessary to improve the attitude towards patients, arrange their life and work reasonably, adjust the environment and remove mental stimulation. When hysterical attacks occur, relatives should not panic or care too much. During the treatment of hysteria, relatives should introduce the medical history to the doctor comprehensively and objectively. When implementing various treatment schemes, relatives should leave the treatment site with confidence to create a quiet and relaxed environment for treatment. Otherwise, relatives' excessive concern, nervousness or panic will affect patients, which may become a bad suggestion factor, aggravate symptoms and bring difficulties to treatment. After treatment, when some symptoms improve, relatives should cooperate with doctors to continue to encourage or hint at patients, so that symptoms can be better alleviated. At the same time, relatives should also treat mental stimulation correctly, explain the nature and prognosis of the disease to patients, and relieve their nervousness in order to achieve better curative effect. At the same time, it is of great significance to consolidate treatment and avoid recurrent attacks.
Edit special tips for this paragraph.
Women should be alert to hysteria. Hysteria generally occurs in young women, because young women generally have the psychological characteristics of fond of fantasy, easy to be emotional, weak will and high suggestibility. If parents spoil their children too much or are influenced by other bad environmental factors, they will form personality defects such as wayward, withdrawn, self-expression, showing off, sensibility replacing rationality and fantasy replacing reality. Or major changes in life (such as the death of a loved one, divorce of husband and wife, etc.). ), or intimidation, misunderstanding, insult, injustice, etc. , will make their psychological endurance collapse, leading to hysteria. Hysteria is a serious psychological disorder. In the process of symptom occurrence and treatment, suggestion and self-suggestion play an important role, and in some cases, it will lead to collective illness. Therefore, hysteria must be prevented and treated. First of all, we should treat hysteria patients correctly. Hysteria is a neurosis, not a mental illness. There is no organic lesion in the nervous system of hysteria patients. Once the inducement disappears, the patient will recover quickly. Second, we should pay attention to relieving nervousness and creating a comfortable and relaxed environment for patients, because nervousness is a hotbed of hysteria. Third, strengthen the training of patients' will quality and pay attention to cultivating their pragmatic spirit of being open-minded and down-to-earth. Fourth, try our best to eliminate the psychological trauma of patients, enlighten them by telling the truth and guide them to treat life correctly. Treat your own personality defects. Fifth, the clever use of suggestion therapy and "fake drugs". When hysteria patients suddenly have various symptoms of functional loss, you can ask an authoritative doctor to prescribe some placebos, but tell the patients that this is a panacea for curing the disease, so as to achieve the effect of relieving and disappearing symptoms. Sixth, when hysteria patients get sick, they should first control their words and deeds, so that patients can calm down and avoid accidents. In serious cases, we should send them to the hospital immediately. Symptoms and manifestations: spasm, limb tremor, myoclonia, convulsion, paralysis, inability to stand up and walk, speechless, aphasia, various sensory disorders and special sensory disorders, autonomic neuromuscular dysfunction. Emotional outbursts, confusion, lethargy, forgetfulness, juvenile dementia, etc. Key points of consultation: (1) Understand the etiology. All patients are influenced by mental factors. Mental factors are the direct cause of patients' disease-seeking attacks. Hysterical patients are emotional, changeable, emotional, lively, superficial and naive. Very suggestive; Highly self-revealing; Rich fantasy, under the strong influence of emotional reaction, is easy to confuse reality with fantasy. (2) Using suggestion therapy. Suggestive words and deeds, supplemented by language suggestion and other therapeutic measures, such as "drug" injection, acupuncture, acupoint pressing or electrical stimulation, will all receive good results. (3) Consultants should help patients to have a correct understanding of the disease, and clearly, seriously and euphemistically tell patients the situation, severity and harmfulness of the disease, as well as the impact on patients' social function. In this process, appropriate hints and guarantees are necessary. (4) Know the real "self". Learn to use some sound strategies and methods to deal with all kinds of mental stimuli, learn not to deal with difficulties with this naive original reaction, and learn to deal with difficulties in life with a mature and creative attitude. Help patients have a rational understanding of themselves, people and the environment, make their personality mature and stable, and deal with the difficulties with a rational attitude.