First, the number of words should be equal. The number of words online equals the number of words offline. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal. There is a special case that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, during the Republic of China, some people ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplets: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The first part of "Yuan Shikai" and the second part of "China people" are "sorry", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.
Overlapping or overlapping words are allowed in sentences. Folding in half and overlapping words are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng wrote "Wuxi Donglin Academy Union: the sound of reading in the wind and rain, and the sound and sound are heard"; Family affairs, state affairs and world affairs are all concerned.
However, we should try to avoid "homophony" and "homophony" in couplets. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position of the upper and lower parts. The so-called ectopic reduplication refers to the fact that the same word appears in different positions in the upper and lower links. But some function words are allowed to have homonyms, such as Gelinglian of West Lake in Hangzhou:
The song of peach blossom and flowing water;
Between the shade and the grass.
The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower couplets is repeated in the same place, but it is OK because it is empty word. However, there is a special form of "ectopic mutual weight" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen's couplet with Dr. Sun Yat-sen:
A person is eternal; One person through the ages. Second, equivalence of parts of speech. There are two types of parts of speech in modern Chinese, namely, notional words and function words. The former includes nouns (including locative words), verbs, adjectives (including color words), numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Part of speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning. In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the words 12 above correspond to each other. This rule should be observed in most cases. Thirdly, the semantic correspondence rule refers to putting things of the same type represented by Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago. In particular, nouns are divided into many subcategories, such as astronomy (sun, moon, wind, rain, etc. ), season (day and night, etc. ), geography (mountains and rivers, etc. ), government offices (towers, doors, etc. ), vegetation (trees, peaches, plums, etc. ), birds (chickens, birds, cranes, etc. ) and so on. Finally, the corresponding rules of adjacent categories, that is, words in adjacent categories can be paired with each other. For example, astronomy returns to the season, astronomy to geography, geography to the palace and so on.
Third, the structure is commensurate. The so-called structural proportion means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions (or the structure of their phrases and sentence patterns) should be as consistent as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, the partial structure is opposite to the partial structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure, and so on. For example, Li Bai's topic is Hunan Yueyang Loulian:
Water and the sky are one color;
The wind and the moon are boundless.
This conjunction is both a subject-predicate structure. Among them, "water sky" and "romantic moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are all positive structures.
However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements for some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately.
Fourth, the rhythm corresponds. That is, the places where the up and down links stop must be consistent. : such as:
Don't let the spring and autumn pass; It's the hardest for an old friend to come once.
This is a seven-character short couplet, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "223". Longer couplets must have corresponding rhythm.
The fifth is uniformity and harmony. What is leveling? The classification of flat tones in Putonghua is, in short, flat tones and upper tones, flat tones and flat tones. In the ancient four tones, the flat sound is flat, and the rising, going and entering sounds are silent. Even peace and harmony include two aspects:
(1) The upper and lower links are opposite. Generally speaking, word alignment is not required, but attention should be paid to the alignment of the upper and lower tails (feet), the upper part is different and the lower part is flat; The words at the end of the sentence or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The ending (foot) of each clause in a long couplet should be flat, right.
(2) The upper and lower couplets alternate in the sentence. Yu Dequan, a contemporary couplet writer, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules. Simply put, it is "flat, steady and steady", and the rhythm like a horseshoe goes on, such as:
Shushan has a road service as its path.
○○●●○○●
There is no limit to learning the sea.
●●○○●●○
(○ is flat, ● is flat. Press the word "learning"
For input tones)
The problem of alignment is not absolute, and it can be flexible in many cases. If there are overlapping words, compound words, palindromes, humor, phonology, etc. in couplets, it can be decided according to the specific situation. There are some exceptions if the trade union thinks it is necessary.
Sixth, the content is relevant. What are couplets? It is both "right" and "related". The words mentioned above are all "right", with the same number of words, equivalent parts of speech, the same structure, corresponding rhythm and even harmony, but they still lack a "couplet". "Lian" is about content relevance. Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an irrelevant thing, and the two can't reflect, connect and echo, it can't be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.
But there are exceptions to any law of couplets, and so is "content-related". There are two extremely special couplets in couplets. First, "there is no love for each other." The upper and lower couplets are neat word for word, but the content is irrelevant (or specious), and the comparison of the upper and lower couplets can arouse unexpected interest. For example:
The tree is half looking for an axe;
Really irrelevant.
In the upper and lower links, "tree" and "fruit" are both vegetation; "Already" and "Run" are function words; "Half" and "one" are numbers; Both "seek" and "point" are escaped as verbs; "Hugh" and "no" are function words; "Vertical" and "phase" are function words; "Axe" and "dry" are ancient weapons. The All-China Federation is more unexpectedly interested in using spoken English than poetry.
The second is to recite the poem clock alone. The upper and lower couplets recite two unrelated things respectively; Word for word, word for word, neat; Connect two things from a certain point through a conjunction. There are some similarities between the poem in the poem and the bell, and also similar to the riddle, but there are also many differences. Interested friends can further study.
Couplets emphasize the relevance of content, but they are forbidden to be synonymous, which is called "fighting". The so-called "avoiding synonymous opposition" refers to the relative sentences of the upper and lower parts, and its meanings should be avoided as far as possible, such as "rising sun" to "rising sun", "history books" to "history books", "China's past dynasties show" to "Chi county magistrate gives birth to spring", "business is booming all over the world" to "financial resources are expanding into the three rivers" and so on. Of course, the crossing of individual non-central words, or the crossing of hands, accounts for a small proportion in couplets, which is harmless. [Edit this paragraph] The custom of couplets
As a custom, Spring Festival couplets are an important part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. In 2005, the State Council listed the custom of couplets in the first national intangible cultural heritage list. The relevant introduction and evaluation texts are as follows:
The custom of couplets originated from the dual phenomenon of ancient Chinese in China. During the Western Jin Dynasty (around 290), the appearance of harmonious and exquisite antithesis can be regarded as an important symbol of its formation. In the course of more than 1,700 years of historical circulation, traditional literary forms such as couplets, parallel prose and regular poems have influenced and borrowed from each other. After three important periods of development, namely Northern Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, the forms became increasingly diverse and the cultural accumulation gradually enriched. Couplets include couplets, couplets and couplets. Since the Ming Dynasty, people have called it couplets.
Couplets use "vice" as quantifier, and generally use two lines of sentences as a pair, which are displayed side by side and vertically, from top to bottom, first right and then left, with the upper part on the right and the lower part on the left. Couplets belong to metrical literature, and there are various stresses, but there are no restrictions on the number of words and sentences, ranging from one word to thousands of words. Its stylistic features are the comparison from top to bottom, the same number of words, the same part of speech, the same level and level, the corresponding words, the combination of rhythm and form and meaning, especially the level and level of melody and part of speech. Couplets are concise, elegant and popular, and are called "poems in poems".
Couplets take characters as their content and calligraphy as their carrier. There are many kinds of products, such as paper mounting, picture frames, wood carving, stone carving and bamboo carving. In the development of couplets, a large number of related works have appeared, and there are tens of thousands of couplets.
Couplets are widely used, not only in palaces, pavilions, halls and bookstores, but also in festivals, inscriptions, congratulations, mourning and tombs. According to different functions, it can be divided into Spring Festival couplets, birthday couplets, scenery couplets, self-titled couplets and various skill couplets.
The custom of couplets is passed down and spread in Chinese-speaking areas and ethnic groups with cultural origins of Chinese characters, which is of great value for promoting Chinese culture.
The customs of couplets mainly include the following:
Customs of Spring Festival couplets. Spring Festival couplets, called Spring Festival couplets in ancient times, are seasonal couplets written and posted during the Spring Festival every year. The custom of Spring Festival couplets originated in the Five Dynasties, formed in the Song Dynasty, and became very common in the Ming Dynasty. In Hunan, posting Spring Festival couplets is an important custom in the Spring Festival culture. Spring Festival couplets have the characteristics of eulogy, timeliness and pertinence, highlighting the word "spring".
There are many kinds of Spring Festival couplets, which can be divided into door heart, frame pair, cross string, spring strip and bucket square according to the place of use. The "door core" is attached to the center of the upper end of the door panel; The "door frame pair" is attached to the left and right door frames; "Cross-dressing" is posted on the crossbar of the door; "Spring strips" are posted in corresponding places according to different contents; "Dou Jin", also known as "door leaf", is a square diamond, often attached to furniture and screen walls.
Marriage customs. Wedding couplets are written to celebrate the wedding, and are usually posted on the door, cave door, hall or makeup hall of the wedding home. Its content is mostly warm praise and good wishes for both parties to the marriage, with a strong auspicious and festive color.
Custom of birthday couplets. Birthday couplets are special couplets to celebrate the birthday of people who have celebrated their birthdays. Their contents are generally articles praising the merits and morals of people who have celebrated their birthdays. Those who wish them a long life are blessed with warm and respectful feelings.
The custom of elegiac couplet. The elegiac couplet, called mourning couplet in some places, evolved from elegiac couplet and is a kind of couplet used by people to express their memory and mourning for their ancestors and the deceased. Often posted at the door, on both sides of the urn, on both sides of the memorial hall, on the wreath. Generally, solemn, solemn and painful feelings are written in black and white. Through a common language, arouse people's memory and respect for the deceased. [Edit this paragraph] The origin of couplets
Philosophical origin: antithetical couplets are antithetical literature. The parallel symmetry of this language is very similar to the so-called "Tai Chi gives birth to two instruments" in philosophy, that is, everything in the world is divided into two halves of yin and yang symmetry, which are very similar in thinking essence. Therefore, we can say that the philosophical origin and deep-seated national cultural psychology of China's couplets are binary concepts of Yin and Yang. The dualism of yin and yang is the basis of China's ancient world outlook. It is the way of thinking of ancient people in China to grasp things with the binary concept of Yin and Yang. This idea of duality of yin and yang has a long history.
China's divinatory symbols are composed of yin and yang,
Said: "One yin and one yang is the Tao." Laozi also said: "Everything is negative and holds Yang, and it is harmonious to rush." (
Chapter 42. Xunzi thought: "Heaven and earth combine to create everything, and Yin and Yang combine to change." (
)
It means: "the way of heaven and earth has left and right, yin and yang." This concept of Yin and Yang is not only an abstract concept, but also widely penetrated into the understanding and explanation of everything in nature and human society in ancient China.
"If there is heaven and earth, everything will have men and women, men and women, husband and wife, father and son, father and son, princes and ministers, ups and downs and etiquette measures."
Use various concrete things to symbolize yin and yang respectively. Yin represents Kun, earth, female, woman, son, minister, abdomen, lower, north, wind, water, lustre, flowers, black and white, suppleness and so on. Correspondingly, Yang represents dryness, sky, male, father, monarch, head, upper, south, thunder, fire, mountain, fruit, red and yellow, vigor and so on. This ubiquitous concept of yin and yang has penetrated into the subconscious of the Han people, thus becoming the collective unconscious of the nation. The concept of yin and yang is manifested in national psychology, and one of the important characteristics is the persistence and infatuation with things in the form of "two" and "pair". "things are born in two ... and have left and right bodies, each with a concubine." (
) "The road in the world is just a package for two people." (
Volume 93) "Maturity and rebirth are in righteousness. Governing the text, from Taiji to two instruments, is nothing more than nothing; Daily use, cold and heat, day and night, all kinds of personnel-life and death, dignity, wealth, respect, up and down, length, distance, old and new, size, smell, depth, light and shade, all kinds of ends, can not be enumerated. " (Ye Xie:
This kind of national psychology, which is rooted in the dual world outlook of Yin and Yang and prefers pairs, is one of the deep-seated reasons for the emergence and popularity of antithetical sentences. Many previous discussions have also noticed this connection. "Wen Xin Diao Long? Li Ci: Creation is shaped, and the support must be twofold; God makes sense for use, and things are not isolated. My husband is full of words, and I have to worry about it. You must compete with each other and naturally pair up. ..... Body implants must be two, words and deeds are consistent. ……
Etymology: A standard couplet, the most essential feature of which is "antithesis". When expressed orally, it is verbal confrontation, and when written, it is verbal confrontation. What is the meaning of language duality? Usually we talk about four items: equal number of words, relative parts of speech, flat and oblique contradictions, and the same syntax. The most important of the four items is that the number of words is equal and the contradiction is flat and oblique. The number of words here is equal, which is different from the "number of words" in English. Its essence is syllable equality. That is, one syllable corresponds to one syllable. In English, the words "car" and "jeep" are equal in number, but not in syllable. However, in Chinese, "k?m?ch?" and "j?p?" are equal in number and syllable. The reason why Chinese can achieve "syllable" equality is because Chinese is a language with monosyllabic as the basic unit. Syllables, morphemes and characters are trinity. Every syllable in Chinese has a strong independence and has a certain length and tone. In ancient times, there were four tones: flat, rising, falling and entering. Now there are four tones: rising, falling, rising and falling, which are divided into flat and falling. Flat confrontation is a contradiction. In this way, between morphemes in Chinese (that is, between words), we can establish an antagonistic relationship with equal words or even equal words. In English, even if the name and concept of things can be relative, the number and part of speech of words can be relative, and the sentence patterns of two sentences can be relative, but their syllables are different in length, weak in independence, free to spell and have no tone, so they can't be relative. Couplets are mostly written in words, often written, hung or engraved on other buildings or objects. So the second level of antithesis of couplets is the so-called literal opposition. The relativity of words means that couplets are both language art and decorative art. As decorative art couplets, it requires neatness and symmetry, giving people a harmonious and symmetrical aesthetic feeling. Chinese characters just have the conditions to achieve neat symmetry, which exists in the form of individual square, square and neat, occupying equal spatial position in writing. It is readable and visible. Its square configuration has both aesthetic principles and mechanical requirements. Whether writing horizontally or vertically, it can be dense, neat and beautiful. English, on the other hand, is a phonetic symbol, and each word has different lengths, and it is only phonetic but not ideographic, and it is even more invisible. It can only be arranged horizontally, not vertically, and it is impossible to achieve true symmetry in form. In the following interview, two Chinese and English antitheses with the same meaning are compared to further explain why only Chinese has a real antithesis, while English and other pinyin characters do not.
Interesting couplets
Humor association has a wide range of uses. It is either praise or derogatory; Or sarcasm, or praise; Or encourage, or encourage yourself ... Now extract one or two: (1) Political corruption in the late Qing Dynasty made it common to sell officials and titles. A Chinese medicine dealer in a city spent a lot of money to buy a four-product official. He put on a blue sky jacket and was still contemptuous at that time. He sarcastically said, "Four blue sky jackets and six rehmannia pills."
(2) He was a close friend, and was appointed as an envoy of Gansu in the late Qing Dynasty. When he returned from studying abroad, an academician from surnamed tang mistakenly wrote "Autumn Thoughts" as "Autumn Generation" and "Investigation" as "Winning" in his letter. Then he mocked him with a couplet: "My husband is dreaming. Investigating its differentiation, nine Jiu Nan must be divided into eight or eight. "
(3) black and white are inseparable, teach me how to know the north and the south; Green and yellow don't answer, I want to borrow something from you.
Here is a story. A rich scholar and a poor scholar are friends. One day, the rich scholar took a walk in the yard at night. It's dark outside and he can't see his fingers. So I sang the first part casually, and I couldn't think of the second part. Then the poor scholar knocked at the door and said, "I don't want to answer it." I want to borrow something from you. " Hearing this, Fu Xiucai quickly said, "That's easier said than done. You should check my first couplet. " Then the poor scholar said, "Didn't the younger brother come out when he entered the door?" The rich scholar thought that it turned out to be like this, so he smiled happily!
(4) Unscramble couplets: I watch the door in the middle of idle (idle) month, thinking about repairing my heart and going to the field.
(5) Cleavage couplets: the old wood is dead, and this wood becomes firewood; Women are good, and girls are especially wonderful.
(6) Moonlight screens are well known.
The wind sends fragrance, but the flowers worry Mei Lanfang.
(7) The two boats go hand in hand, and the rowing speed (Lu Su) is not as fast as that of a sailing boat (Fan Kuai).
Eight-tone chorus, Di Qing (Di Qing) is harder than Xiaohe (Xiaohe)
(8) Nantong, North Tongzhou, and North and South Tongzhou connect North and South; East pawnbroker, west pawnbroker and east pawnbroker are things.
This couplet is a famous orientation couplet. The first part was written by Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, and the second part was improvised by Ji Xiaolan. Nantong House, today's Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, North Tongzhou District, today's Tongzhou District, Beijing. "North-South Tongzhou connects North and South" means that you can sail from south to north or from north to south along the Grand Canal. "East Pawnshop, West Pawnshop" was Ji Xiaolan's brainwave when he saw many pawnbrokers in the street. "East pawnshop is a thing", where the former is an orientation and the latter is an object and a loan. Later, some scholars thought that Ji Xiaolan was not good at downlinking, which was a bit tacky. So he made a couplet: "spring reading, autumn reading, spring and autumn reading." Sure enough, it is more elegant than Keelian. Post-Spring and Autumn Period refers to the Confucian classic Spring and Autumn Period revised by Confucius. In addition, a Macao man said, "The east looks at the ocean, the west looks at the ocean, and the east and the west look at things." Here, "looking east at the ocean" and "looking west at the ocean" are the place names of Macao, which are more appropriate.
(10) Eat watermelon in the south and throw the skin to the east; Read from top to bottom, turn left and turn right.
This couplet is of little significance only in terms of ideological content, but it is still very interesting in terms of form. The first couplet refers to the scene of a person eating watermelon against the south wall in summer, which accounts for all the four locative words of east, west, north and south. The second part of the book is ingenious, depicting the state of reading Zuo Zhuan and turning the book to the right just right, without affectation, which is amazing.
(1 1) Big Dipper, reaching 14 in the water; The lonely geese in the south building fly with shadows in the middle of the month.
According to legend, Lin Zexu went to his uncle's house when he was young, which coincided with the couplets of several poets and Uncle Xu. A poet wanted to test Colin's knowledge, so he made an upper couplet, and the clever Lin Zexu immediately made a lower couplet. The first couplet means that the Big Dipper in the sky is seven stars, and when reflected on the calm lake, it becomes fourteen o'clock. The second couplet is that although there are lonely geese in the south building, under the bright moon, "shadow" becomes "a pair of flies" This couplet reflects the intelligence, wit and erudition of young Lin Zexu. [Edit this paragraph] The classification, norms and creative methods of couplets
First, the classification of couplets
Liang Zhangju's couplets in the Qing Dynasty, The Three Stories of Conghua, Lianxu and Lianlian, divided couplets into ten categories, namely, stories, British rule, temples, places of interest, aphorisms, anecdotes, couplets, set sentences and miscellaneous affixes. The Integration of Couplets published in the Republic of China divides couplets into 20 categories, namely, celebration, mourning, melancholy, learning, business, guild hall, temple, shrine, theater, first house, garden villa, New Year's Eve dinner, places of interest, gifts, incense, definite words, definite sentences, funny, vernacular and miscellaneous. These two classification methods are classified according to practical scope, but the latter is more detailed than the former. There are forty or fifty kinds of couplets if they are classified according to their literal structure, rhetorical devices and logical relations. For example:
1. Dual forms: word pair, object pair, pair pair, opposition, worker pair, width pair, line pair, palindrome pair, thimble equivalence.
2. Rhetoric: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic.
3. Wording skills: embedding words, Tibetan words, compound words, reduplicated words, radicals, word analysis, word segmentation, numbers, etc.
4. Logical structure: juxtaposition, turning, choice, cause and effect.
With the development of society and culture, the theme of couplets will be more complete and perfect.
Second, the standardization and creation of couplets.
As the name implies, couplets should be "paired", that is, they are composed of upper and lower couplets. The upper and lower couplets must have the same number of words and the same content, that is, the upper and lower couplets can be "linked", and two unrelated sentences cannot be casually combined to form a couplet. Couplets are a comprehensive subject, with complex contents and various forms, and strict requirements on antithesis and leveling. This book will tell and analyze the creative methods according to the norms of couplets for the reference of those who learn to write couplets.
Generally, couplets are written vertically, with the last word (tone) of the first couplet posted on the right (hand) and the last word (tone) of the second couplet posted on the left (hand).
Although antithesis of couplets has something in common with poetry, it is more demanding than poetry. Couplets can be divided into wide pairs and narrow pairs. Wide pairs can only be formed if the contents of the upper and lower couplets are related, while narrow pairs should be written in strict accordance with the standards of Li Weng Dui Yun. However, in practical couplets, wide couplets are often used, while narrow couplets are rarely used, because the requirements for antithesis are too strict, which restricts people's thinking and is suspected of hurting meaning because of the text.
Third, China's four tones and couplets.
The level and level of couplets are basically the same as poems. One yin applies the basic laws of poetry, with no distinction between 135 and 246.
How to judge the couplets? Besides distinguishing from the content of couplets, it is more important to judge from the flat sound at the end of couplets. It is strictly stipulated in couplets that the last word of the first couplet should be in a flat voice and the last word of the second couplet should be in a flat voice. Later generations called this rule "flat rise and flat fall". It must be noted that the "four tones" in ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are somewhat different. Since the popularization of hanyu pinyin and the use of Beijing pronunciation as the national common language, the level of the same Chinese character has changed. For example, according to the phonological standard of Pei Fu, the four tones are flat, up, down and inside. Pingsheng is listed as "Ping", and going up, going and entering are all listed as "Nuo". According to Beijing's intonation, it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. In this way, there are more flat words, and some falling words are classified as flat words, which is worthy of attention of comrades who learn to write couplets. In ancient times, many linguists elaborated on the four tones of ancient Chinese in detail. For example, in the book Jade Key Song, Shi Vacuum made the following analysis:
1. Ping-Ping lived a low life. When reading, the pronunciation is peaceful, with a long ending and aftertaste.
2. Go up-go up and shout. Pronunciation is loud, voice is short and there is no ending.
3. It's a long way to go-to sound and mourn. The ending sound is short and high.
4. Input-Input a short and urgent set of sounds. The entrance is simple and urgent, the reception is short and deep, and there is no ending.
Generally speaking, flat words are relatively flat and have long endings. Short vowels or no vowels. Mr Liu Bannong, a modern linguist, first affirmed that the analysis of four tones in ancient Chinese by vacuum interpretation is correct. Mr. Bannon made a supplement according to his own research. He said: "The sound is smooth and smooth, with the least twists and turns, which is often called balanced sound. The two sounds are the most tortuous, rising or falling, falling or rising or falling. It should be unbalanced. The shortest tone is called promoting sound. " Mr. Bannon's argument is simple and clear. Mr. Zhang Shilu simply divided the four tones into two categories: the flat tone is where the long step is, the flat tone is where the short step is, and the flat tone is mainly the difference in length. The author also believes that apart from the long and short steps, the pronunciation of the four tones in ancient Chinese is also quite different. For example, from the flat tone, the scale rises gradually, and reaches its peak at the third tone, that is, the highest pronunciation. The entrance sound plummeted, and the volume was low, short and simple. In short: be quiet and sad, raise your voice greatly, stay away from the voice clearly, and raise your voice directly. The above essay is just a general method, which readers can verify in their study and practice.
In order to practice the ability to distinguish four tones, the ancients listed the following 32 words as the basic knowledge of leveling. As long as you can master these words, other words can also be learned by analogy.
1. one two three four five six seven eight nine X. These ten numbers are: in, out, in, in, in, in.
2. Party A, Party B, Party D, Party E, Party G, Party D, Party B ... The level of the cross is: going to the next level, going to the next level.
The ugly son defended at noon. These twelve words are: up, up, up, up, up and down.
Using Beijing intonation to mark the four tones of Chinese, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone, all evolved from the four tones of ancient Chinese. People used to judge the flat tone of couplets based on the four tones of ancient Chinese. Nowadays, four tones in modern Chinese are rarely used to correct, write poems and fill words except pronunciation. However, with the popularization of Putonghua and the passage of time, the four tones of modern Chinese have finally been accepted by people.
4. You should know that some Chinese characters are always used horizontally, either horizontally or horizontally, such as reading, teaching, doing, thinking, alongside ... For example:
(1) "Look" is a flat sound: the incense burner in sunshine emits purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs in front of Sichuan in the distance; On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
(2) "Look" and groan: plum acid splashes teeth, and banana leaves a green screen; Spring goes to summer, and the days are long and tired. After a nap, I feel depressed and watch the children play with catkins in the air.
(3) "Teach" to be quiet: cherries, apricots, peaches and pomegranates bloom first, so teach them to plant one by one by the window; The bamboo shadow is like a willow, and it clearly enters the house.
(4) "teaching" sounds: chalk has a fast career and teaches students in accordance with their aptitude; The peaches and plums in the garden are full of vitality, and the rain and spring breeze bloom for the second time.
(5) Speaking for Wei: First, moving to Changsha, looking to Chang 'an in the west, not seeing home; There was a flute sound of "Plum Blossom" from the Yellow Crane Tower, and another drop of plum blossom was seen on the river bank in May.
(6) Unjust for Wei: I have made great contributions to Hanwang, but I have not put myself in my heart; If I had known that rabbits don't eat dog meat, I would have regretted sitting in Huaiyin and fishing.
Fourthly, the phrase structure of couplets.
In addition to rhyming antithesis, couplets also have certain rules in terms of phrases and structures. For example:
Shake red;
Detui
(single group, two-character structure)
Moderate benefit;
Full of loss.
(single group, three-character structure)
Happiness lies in contentment;
Can tolerate self-satisfaction.
(single group, four-character structure)
Zhifang concentric knot;
Lotus flowers bloom and fall.
(single group, five-character structure)
Conggui is full of fragrance;
Kunshan and Pian Yu are priceless.
(compound group, six-character structure)
Chunjiang peach leaves are wet;
It rains at night and butterflies dream of cold.
(compound group, seven-character structure)
There are hundreds of rivers and great tolerance;
The wall stands a thousand miles, and it is just without desire.
(compound group, eight-character structure)
From ancient times to the present, start again;
Let's talk about emotions first, and then talk about the beginning.
(compound group, nine-character structure)
Three thousand warriors, arrived at the land of secluded swallows;
Dragonfly ninth five-year plan, the day of reopening the Great Song Dynasty.
(Complex group, cross structure)
Forty thousand dollars, the bright moon and the breeze are valuable today;
A pair of white jade, the poet's name is Gu.
(compound group, eleven-character structure)
Heaven and earth show great kindness, and Junzi feels the same;
Ancient and modern Kyushu national glory.
(compound group, twelve-character structure)
The phrases and structures of couplets should be consistent. The upper couplet is a verb-object structure, and the lower couplet must also be a verb-object structure phrase, such as "shake red; Cui Di. " The upper couplet is a radical phrase, and the lower couplet must also have a radical phrase, such as "concentric knot" and "flower with the same pedicle", which are all of the same phrase structure. When planning the layout of couplets, we must pay attention to the fact that the phrase structure of the upper and lower couplets must be consistent, which is also an important rule that the couplets authors must follow. [Edit this paragraph] Other statements about the origin of couplets
Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Fu Tao in ancient times. With regard to the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chan-xue wrote in the fourth issue of Knowledge of Literature and History 199 1 that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Dunhuang suicide note with volume number Stein 06 10 unearthed from the Tibetan scriptures cave in Mogao grottoes:
Years old: Sanyang began to spread, and the four orders began to open.
Fuqing is new at the beginning, and Shouluyan.
Again: three yang □ beginning, four orders to Kyrgyzstan.
Yan Fu's new day celebrates that life has no boundaries.
Beginning of spring Day: When the copper turbidity begins to celebrate the banquet, the jade method begins to adjust the yang.
In addition to three disasters, Five Blessingg has suffered countless disasters throughout the ages.
Baoji can ward off evil spirits, and Yan Rui can ward off evil spirits.
Beginning of spring □ (Home), Fukiko, Sun Chang.
Also: Sanyang began to spread, and Simeng (Meng) began to open.
□□ Walk over and come to Kyrgyzstan one by one.
Celebrate every year, and there is no disaster every month.
Chicken-evil, Yan Fu Cai Yi.
Guardians guard, ghosts hide and bury.
Around the door book, I am healthy!
In fact, this is only the earliest existing couplet. Couplets originated from regular poems, but they are actually misinformation. It is Ji Xiaolan's wishful thinking (see the opening cloud of one of the couplets Conghua: "I heard that Teacher Ji Wenda said that the couplets started in Fu Tao, and the couplets of Meng Chang, Sichuan, Qing Yu and Changchun are the oldest." ),
Zhao Zhixin, the author of Sound Spectrum, clearly pointed out: "Two sentences are connected, and four sentences are unique (sentences), which began in the Six Dynasties, and the Yuan (original) is not close." Wang Fuzhi said that couplets originated from the theory of metrical poetry, just like "decapitation and gouging out feet, harming people's physiology"-Qing history words.
Couplets originated from the symmetry of characters and sounds in China, and appeared before the Zhou Dynasty. With the development of papermaking and calligraphy, couplets have become an independent style.
Mr. Du Huaiqi reiterated that "it is the antithetical couplets that complete parallel prose and rhythmic poetry", and it is precisely because of the dual layout of the couplets that the four tones can be dual and the so-called parallel prose can be formed. Four tones are summed up by complete induction,
The leveling is induced by incomplete induction (see He's Yong Ming Zhi Jian), and Chen advocates that "the metrical rules should be followed, but the technique of fighting for stability should be used flexibly, regardless of the four tones of leveling." Chen Deshu, president of Jiangsu Couplets Association, advocates that couplets should be divided into scattered couplets, connected couplets and French couplets. Zhou Xi (Wei Fu), a professor at Sun Yat-sen University, advocates that the compatibility of rice and materials should be considered in creation, so no, no, no.