1. Are the members of Dongchang, Xichang and Jinyiwei all eunuchs?
Aren’t the members of Dongchang, Xichang and Jinyiwei all eunuchs? The leaders of Dongchang, Xichang or Da Neixingchang , mostly served by eunuchs and eunuchs.
The commander of the Imperial Guard is the emperor's confidant. The leader of Dongchang is called the eunuch of Dongchang Palm Print, also known as the factory owner and factory supervisor.
There is no clear record of the West Factory, it is similar to the East Factory. The leader of the Jin Yiwei is called the commander (or commander of colleagues, commander of ministers).
Extended information Dongchang, official signature. That is, the Dong Jiji Factory, a privileged supervisory agency, secret service agency and secret police agency in the Ming Dynasty of China.
In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty established the Dongjishi Factory (referred to as Dongchang), with a trusted eunuch as its leader. Dongchang is the earliest national spy intelligence agency established in world history, with branches as far away as the Korean Peninsula.
Xichang is a unique official name of the Ming Dynasty, and its full name is "Xichang". In order to strengthen the rule of secret agents during the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, in the 13th year of Chenghua (1477), the West Factory was added to the East Factory. Factory, its activities range from the capital to all over the country.
Later, due to opposition, it was forced to be withdrawn. It was briefly reopened in the first year of Zhengde and was revoked five years later.
Jinyiwei is the exclusive military and political intelligence collection agency of the Ming Dynasty. It was formerly the "Gongwei Division" established by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and later renamed the "Qinjun Duwei Mansion". It governs the Yiluan Division and is in charge of the emperor's guard of honor and bodyguards. . In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), the pro-military Duweifu and Yiluan Division were abolished and replaced by Jinyiwei.
As the military organization of the emperor's bodyguard, the main function of the Jinyiwei is to "directly control the guards, patrol and arrest". Its leader is called the Jinyiwei Commander, who is generally held by the emperor's trusted generals and is directly responsible to the emperor.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Official positions in the Ming Dynasty.
2. In the Ming Dynasty, Dongchang, Xichang and Jinyiwei were almost all eunuchs. What should their top leaders be called?
Not all members of Dongchang, Xichang and Jinyiwei were eunuchs. The leaders of Xichang, Xichang or Da Neixingxing factories are mostly served by eunuchs and eunuchs.
The commander of the Imperial Guard is the commander, and he assumes the position with the confidence of the emperor. The leader of Dongchang is called the eunuch of Dongchang Palm Print, also known as the factory owner and factory supervisor.
There is no clear record of the West Factory, it is similar to the East Factory. The leader of the Jin Yiwei is called the commander (or commander of colleagues, commander of ministers).
: Jinyiwei is the exclusive military and political intelligence collection agency of the Ming Dynasty. It was formerly the "Gongwei Division" established by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. It was later renamed the "Pro-Military Duwei Mansion". It governed the Yiluan Division and was in charge of the emperor's guard of honor and military affairs. Guards. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), the pro-military Duweifu and Yiluan Division were abolished and replaced by Jinyiwei.
As the military organization of the emperor's bodyguard, the main function of the Jinyiwei is to "directly control the guards, patrol and arrest". Its leader is called the Jinyiwei Commander, who is generally held by the emperor's trusted generals and is directly responsible to the emperor. . Anyone, including members of the royal family, could be arrested and interrogated in secret.
In order to strengthen the centralized rule, Zhu Yuanzhang specially ordered him to take charge of the prisons and gave him the power of inspection and arrest. He also established the Town and Fu Department to engage in reconnaissance, arrest, interrogation and other activities. They also participated in the work of collecting military intelligence and instigating rebellion against enemy generals. For example, during the Wanli Korean War, they collected a large amount of military intelligence on the Taoist and Japanese troops.
In the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang paved the way for Prince Zhu Biao to inherit the throne. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Jinyiwei torture instruments to be burned, and the prisoners in custody were transferred to the Ministry of Punishment for trial; at the same time, he ordered that all internal and external prisons be transferred to the Three Justices Division for trial. Abolish Jinyiwei.
3. What do you call the people in Dongchang?
In the Ming Dynasty, all the servants in Dongchang were given to Jinyiwei. . After Ming Dynasty Emperor Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing, he established an investigative agency headed by eunuchs. Because its address was located on the north side of Dong'anmen (today's Dongchang Hutong north of Wangfujing Street), it was named Dongchang. The function of the Dongchang is to "investigate conspirators and treacherous evil spirits, and share power with the Jinyiwei." At first, the Dongchang was only responsible for detecting and arresting people, and did not have the right to interrogate prisoners. The captured suspects were handed over to the Jinyiwei North Town Fu. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Dongchang also had its own prison. The leader of the East Factory is called the eunuch in charge of the East Factory, also known as the factory owner and factory supervisor. He is the second-ranking eunuch after the eunuch in charge of the ceremony. In addition, there are one person for each thousand households, one for each hundred households, and several foremen, foremen, and room clerks in the East Factory. Those who are specifically responsible for the detective work are the sergeant and the sergeant. The sergeant is equivalent to the squad leader, also known as the stall head. , Fanya is what we commonly call Fanzi.
See, you can call the people killed based on the position they were in.
4. Jin Yiwei, Dongchang, Xichang; who has more power?
Dongchang.
Dongchang has the responsibility of supervising Jin Yiwei.
In chronological order, let’s first talk about the Jinyiwei established by Zhu Yuanzhang. The military system in the early Ming Dynasty was relatively simple. Its basic units were "guards" and "suo". Each guard had about 5,000 regular sergeants. It had offices under it, which were divided into Qianhusuo and Baihusuo. The imperial guard station in the capital There are 48 guard stations under its jurisdiction.
In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to reform the imperial guards and established twelve pro-military guards, the most important of which was the "Jinyi Guards". The leader of the Jinyi Guard is called the commander (or commander, commander, commander), which is usually held by the emperor's trusted generals, and rarely by eunuchs.
Its function is: "Directly control the guards, patrol and arrest." A single number basically divides the Jinyiwei into two completely different departments. The Imperial Guards, who were in charge of guarding the bodyguards, displaying the guard of honor, and accompanying the emperor on tours, were basically the same as the traditional Imperial Guards. The more famous among them was the "General of the Han Dynasty".
Although these people are called "generals", they are actually only responsible for standing in the palace, delivering the emperor's orders, and also doing security work. To put it bluntly, they are just stakes in the palace hall. Of course, these "stakes" are not ordinary people. They are generally tall and powerful, with strong backs and strong waists. They are full of energy, have loud voices, and look quite majestic in appearance. They have a certain deterrent effect on those who do not know the details of the Ming Dynasty. .
The Generals of the Han Dynasty formed their own battalion in the Jinyi Guards, with about 1,500 people at the beginning. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to the expansion of the bureaucracy, the number of Generals of the Han Dynasty also increased to more than 5,000 people. As for "inspection and arrest", this is what makes Jinyiwei different from other imperial guards of other dynasties, and it is also the reason why it can be remembered by people.
In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang’s original intention of establishing the Jinyiwei was just to record the ceremonial guard. However, due to his wanton killing of heroes, he felt that the traditional judicial institutions, the Criminal Department, Dali Temple, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate were not easy to use, so he changed the Jinyiwei to the Imperial Guard. The protective function of the Jin Yiwei was improved, making it the emperor's personal police. The Jinyiwei agency responsible for investigating crimes is the North and South Town Fusi. Among them, the North Town Fusi handles cases designated by the emperor and has its own prison (Edict Prison). It can arrest, torture, and execute on its own without going through the general judicial institutions.
There are five guard posts under the North and South Town Fusi. Their commanders are called Qianhu, Baihu, Zongqi, Xiaoqi, and ordinary sergeants are called Xiaowei and Lishi. When the captains and warriors perform the task of catching thieves and seducing traitors, they are called "Tiqi" (everyone must be familiar with this term).
The number of Tiqi was at least 1,000 and at most as high as 60,000. The Jinyiwei Official School generally selects good citizens with strong military skills and no bad records from among the people, and then they are promoted step by step based on their abilities and qualifications.
At the same time, the official position of Jinyiwei is also allowed to be hereditary. Another famous function of Jin Yiwei is to "hold the imperial staff".
The imperial rod system began in the Ming Dynasty and was a torture method used by the emperor to teach disobedient scholar-bureaucrats. Once an unlucky official offended the emperor and was declared to be imprisoned, he would immediately be stripped of his official uniform, his hands tied behind his back, and taken to the Meridian Gate where the execution would take place.
There, the ceremonial supervisor, the eunuch in charge, and the commander of the Jinyiwei, one on the left and one on the right, were already ready. The victim was wrapped in a big cloth, and with the word "beat", sticks fell like raindrops on his thighs and buttocks.
The executioners are the Jinyiwei captains. They have received strict training and are skilled in skills. They can accurately control the life and death of the victim based on the hints of the ceremony eunuch and the Jinyiwei commander. If the feet of the two people are spread out like a figure eight, it means that the person under the staff can survive; on the contrary, if the toes are drawn inward, the person under the staff will have no choice but to die.
After the cane is finished, the four corners of the cloth wrapped around the victim must be lifted up, lifted up, and then dropped heavily. At this time, even if the person in the cloth is not dead, he has lost half of his life. The punishment of the imperial rod was extremely harmful to the body and soul of the scholar-bureaucrats, but the emperor of the Ming Dynasty never tired of it, and the generals of the imperial guard also had a special liking for it.
Dongchang The inventor of Dongchang was Zhu Di, the founder of Ming Dynasty. After launching the "Battle of Jingnan" to seize the throne of his nephew, Zhu Di's spirit has been in high tension. On the one hand, rumors that Emperor Jianwen was still alive did not appear. On the other hand, many ministers in the court were not satisfied with the new regime. Not very supportive.
In order to consolidate his power, Zhu Di urgently needed a powerful autocratic institution. However, he felt that the Jinyiwei located outside the palace was not very convenient to use, so he decided to establish a new institution. When Zhu Di raised his army, some eunuchs and monks played a great role (such as the famous Zheng He and Dao Yan), so in his mind, he still felt that the eunuchs were more reliable, and they were in the palace, so it was easier to contact them.
In this way, after Ming Dynasty Emperor Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing, he established an investigative agency headed by eunuchs. Because its address was located on the north side of Dong'anmen (today's Dongchang Hutong, north of Wangfujing Street), it was named For Dongchang. The function of the Dongchang is to "investigate conspirators and treacherous evil spirits, and share power with the Jinyiwei." At first, the Dongchang was only responsible for detecting and arresting people, and did not have the right to interrogate prisoners. The captured suspects were handed over to the Jinyiwei North Town Fu. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Dongchang also had its own prison.
The leader of Dongchang is called the eunuch in charge of the eunuch of the East Factory, also known as the factory owner and factory supervisor. He is the second-ranking eunuch after the eunuch in charge of the ceremony. In addition, there are one person for each thousand households, one for each hundred households, and several foremen, foremen, and room clerks in the East Factory. Those who are specifically responsible for the detective work are the sergeant and the sergeant. The sergeant is equivalent to the squad leader, also known as the stall head. , Fanya is what we commonly call Fanzi.
The scope of Dongchang's investigation is very wide. The imperial court will review major cases, and Jinyiweibei Town Fusi will torture serious criminals. Dongchang will send people to hear the trial; every yamen of the imperial court has Dongchang personnel on duty to monitor the officials. Dongchang has to send people to check every move of some important yamen documents, such as various side reports and pond reports from the Ministry of War; even the daily lives of ordinary people and the prices of firewood, rice, oil and salt are also within the scope of Dongchang's reconnaissance . The intelligence obtained by Dongchang can be reported directly to the emperor, which is much more convenient than the Jinyiwei who must report in the form of memorials.
In terms of the relationship with Jinyiwei, Dongchang came from behind. Since the owner of Dongchang had a close relationship with the emperor and was located in the palace, it was easier for him to gain the emperor's trust.
The relationship between Dongchang and Jinyiwei gradually changed from a level relationship to a superior-subordinate relationship. In the era when eunuchs were in power, the commander of Jinyiwei even knelt down and kowtowed when meeting the owner of Dongchang. The power of Dongchang is there.