Science and education. Regarding the former, I dare not comment because of my limited knowledge; But yes.
The rumor is impressive.
As early as 1964, he wrote a paper analyzing the influence of sunshine, temperature and rainfall on grain.
People have put forward many ideas for developing agriculture. Mao Zedong attached great importance to it after seeing it, and specially invited Zhu Kezhen to Zhongnanhai, right?
He said, "Your article is very good! We have agricultural eight-character physique (soil, fertilizer, water, planting, density, safety,
Work, management), just for. Your article is in charge of the sky, which makes up for the deficiency of the eight-character constitution. "Zhu Kezhen replied.
The weather is unpredictable and difficult to manage! But Mao Zedong said, "The two of us worked together to put heaven and earth together.
Everything is under control! "(People's Daily, article 50 of" 80 figures in the history of communist party, China ",quoted from Beijing Youth Daily.
"20065438+0 July 2nd)
The next day, Nie, director of the State Science and Technology Commission, called Zhu Kezhen to inquire about the situation.
The focus of the conversation should be implemented in scientific and technological work; Pei, vice president of China Academy of Sciences, knows more about this.
The conversation was communicated in the party group (Biography of Zhu Kezhen, 197, 1990).
"There are unexpected events in the sky, and people are doomed." Unexpectedly, a few years later, this "man in charge of heaven" was gone.
Can survive the cultural revolution.
First, Chiang Kai-shek put him in charge of Zhejiang University, and he put forward three conditions.
Zhu Kezhen was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang. What 19 10 was admitted to Tsinghua, the second phase of Geng to study in the United States, and Hu Shi,
Zhao Yuanren and others went to the United States to study. In the United States, he and Ren Hongjuan founded the Chinese Science Society and got into Harvard University.
Doctoral degree. After returning to China, he worked in Wuchang Normal School (predecessor of Wuhan University) and Nanjing Normal School.
The school (predecessor of Southeast University) and Nankai University taught, and later served as the director of the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica.
The main founder of modern meteorology and geography in China.
At the beginning of 1936, Zhejiang University was awarded "One Two"? The influence of that "September movement" set off a wave of expel president Guo Renyuan,
It is said that party member Hu Qiaomu, who studied in this school, is one of the organizers of this student movement (Zhejiang University Jane
History "on page 34, Zhejiang University Press 1996). Guo, a native of Guangdong, studied in the United States in his early years, specializing in it.
He has made great achievements in the research of semantic psychology. After being forced to resign, Chen Bulei recommended Zhu Kezhen to Chiang Kai-shek. With the approval of Chiang Kai-shek
Weng Wenhao, Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan and a famous geologist, was entrusted with this work. Zhu Kezhen to Cai, President of Academia Sinica.
For advice, Cai thinks it's best not to go. "But Chiang Kai-shek can't live without it, and it's okay to say it." ("Zhu"
The first volume of Ke Zhen's Diary, page 14, People's Publishing House, 1984)
On February 26th, 438+0, Chiang Kai-shek made an appointment with Zhu Kezhen in his apartment, and Zhu said that he would discuss with Mr. Cai before making a decision.
. In addition to being afraid of affecting his research work, he has three concerns: First, "he is not good at serving ministers and committees."
Member dragon, etc. And dismissed it "; Second, the situation is restless and war is imminent; Third, even if you promise to come down.
It is difficult to see results in a short time. Afterwards, after repeated persuasion by Weng and others, he suggested that if it could be full.
Three conditions can be considered. These three conditions are: "Finance must provide continuous assistance; The principal of the employer has full power, no
Intervention by political parties; And the time is limited to half a year "(ibid., p. 17- 18). The second is educational independence.
He dared to put forward such conditions to the authorities, which made the world think deeply and made future generations feel ashamed.
I wonder if this matter has something to do with an article by Zhu Kezhen. The title of the article is "The Importance of Common Sense"
The record of his speech on the 20th anniversary of Nanjing Normal University was later published in the first issue of Guofeng Monthly.
Volume 8,No. 1 (1 936,65438+10 month,1). The article said: "The purpose of university education is to cultivate a country's leadership.
Talents, on the one hand, advocate personality education, on the other hand, learn specialized knowledge, and pay special attention to cultivating people's thoughts to make them fair.
Accurate, independent, not constrained by customs, not idolized, not blindly following the trend, can only use their own.
I think this reason is already rich common sense in real university education. Zhu Kezhen also said that science is not mysterious.
It's just organized common sense; At present, the state affairs are in turmoil, and the disaster of national subjugation is imminent, which is entirely the responsibility of the government and the people.
Lack of common sense. (The Complete Works of Zhu Kezhen, Volume 2, p. 244, Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press, 2004.
Facts have proved that Zhu Kezhen took office with this idea.
Second, before he took office, he took "professors running schools" as his main goal.
After some preparation, Zhu Kezhen officially came to Zhejiang University on April 25th. After completing the handover procedure, he first
Discuss with the faculty and staff, and then meet the students in the gym and make a speech. He said: "A school implements teaching.
The most important element of education is to choose professors, books, instruments and other equipment and school buildings. Of the three,
The enrichment of teaching talents is the most important. "Why do you say that? Because "the professor is the soul of the university.
The style of study in a university depends entirely on the choice of professors. If there are more professors in the university, learning knowledge is the most important thing.
Lifelong career, with education as the supreme responsibility, will naturally develop a good style of study and constantly cultivate erudition.
A scholar eager to travel. "(ibid., p. 334)
In Zhu Kezhen's view, the so-called professor is not a title, a professional title, a treatment, nor a kind.
Climb the stairs; Professors are a group of people who take knowledge research as their lifelong career and education as their highest duty.
. Taking this standard as a measure, we can see where the gap between professors is now and why the current style of study is corrupt.
In order to enrich the team of professors, Zhu Kezhen visited Shao Peizhi and other academic predecessors many times and hired Hu.
More than 30 famous scholars, including Mei Guangdi, Wang, Lu Shougeng and Zhou Chengyou, came to our school to teach.
Enable a group of scholars who have won the public's hope to serve as deans and department heads. He did this entirely to achieve "
The goal of "professor running the school" This can be seen from his diary.
After Zhu Kezhen became the president of Zhejiang University, Zhu Yicheng, Dean of Engineering College, visited. Talk to each other
Zhu Kezhen said that he always advocated that professors run schools, but Zhu Yicheng disagreed. Zhu insisted: "I thought about it.
This is a goal. The first step is to find a group of like-minded professors. "("diary of Zhu Kezhen "first.
A book, page 26) shows that Zhu Kezhen's above speech is also paving the way for this goal. As for Zhu Yicheng,
Wu, a famous scientist, said to Zhu Kezhen, "If this man doesn't leave, there will be endless troubles.". Zhu also heard that Zhu only received
The salary was not in the class, so he decided to "investigate the matter thoroughly" (ibid., page 29).
If professors should take studying knowledge as their lifelong career and teaching and educating people as their highest duty, then learning
How should students work hard? In this speech, Zhu Kezhen put forward specific requirements for college students' personality cultivation.
He said: "We who have received higher education must distinguish right from wrong, wait and see, think carefully and refuse to follow blindly."
The habit of. "With this habit, you won't hurt yourself, you won't be tired, and you won't live up to what you have learned. (Complete Works of Zhu Kezhen)
Volume 2, page 337)
But how can we form this habit? Zhu Kezhen said: The purpose of university education should be left to students.
Master the methods of learning, open up the ways of seeking knowledge, and cultivate your self-reflection consciousness and critical essence through learning knowledge.
Jesus Christ. Only in this way can college students have the ability to observe and think carefully about society and nature.
Will be bound by traditional ideas and will not be used by a few people. However, today's universities often give priority to imparting knowledge.
, make students lose the ability of independent thinking. Because of this, he believes that "the student movement in the past six months must be
Enthusiasm is admirable (other few people are another problem), but its way is really pitiful. "The word.
At the end, he said hopefully: since everyone has received higher education, don't follow blindly; Only independent thinking.
To cope with the difficult and dangerous environment. As long as you can do this, "ten or twenty years later, you can do it."
China, as the backbone of society, is a person who needs to be clear-headed and make good use of his thoughts in the future. (same as above,
Page 338)
Third, at the inauguration ceremony, severely criticize the education system that only "teaches" but not "trains"
1May, 93618th, Zhu Kezhen, who had already taken office, took office. The ceremony started at 10: 30 in the morning.
First of all, the new headmaster swore, including "never waste money, never use one person indiscriminately, never engage in malpractices, and never accept bribes."
Bribery "and other content; Afterwards, Jiang Menglin, Commissioner of Oath, delivered a speech on the stage and addressed the guests. Finally, the new headmaster gave an answer.
In his answer, Zhu Kezhen first told everyone according to the history of Zhejiang that when this country is in trouble, we should
We should learn from the experience of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, that is, "ten years of reunion, ten years of lessons", and we should both "teach" and "train". but
The current education system only emphasizes "teaching" but not "training". Many teachers never talk to students after class.
We've met. This educational system, which only pays attention to knowledge transmission but not personality edification, should
It should be changed as soon as possible.
Then he pointed out that today's universities even have many problems in "teaching":
The first is to pay attention to credits and ignore tutors. The disadvantage of the credit system is that teachers seldom contact with students.
You can graduate as long as you finish all the credits. But the tutorial system provides a guarantee for students to accept the influence of professors, which is correct.
The formation of students' personality is very important.
The second is to attach importance to employment and neglect studies. He said that college student adventureland is behind closed doors with the school.
Close. To solve this problem, we should not only improve university management, but also make clear the goal of university training. He quoted beauty.
Lowell, a famous scholar in China, said: "The purpose of a university is not to let college students earn bread, but to let them."
He tastes good when he eats bread. "For this reason, he emphasized that universities are places to train leaders.
Fang, college students should not only have their own food, but also let everyone have food. Having said that, he explained
Everyone has food "is different from" everyone has food ",the former is a production education system, and the latter is a stolen goods sharing system.
It can be seen that if college students only pay attention to employment and neglect their studies, they are likely to become a member of the spoils sharing system.
.
It is Zhu Kezhen's consistent educational philosophy to emphasize independent thinking, pay attention to personality cultivation and cultivate leaders.
. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhu Kezhen led the teachers and students of Zhejiang University to take refuge in Tianmu Mountain Temple. Just arrived, just in time.
On Sunday, he saw teachers and students going out for a walk in droves, and felt that this was really an ideal place to implement the tutorial system.
Point "(Zhu Kezhen's Diary, Volume I, page 157). The next day, when he spoke to the freshmen,
China's education has made progress in equipment and teachers since its establishment, but there are also some.
The biggest shortcoming is that the school does not take care of the cultivation of students' character. In this way, teachers will impart knowledge.
Knowledge is the only task, and some even "teach for business". In order to correct this tendency, Zhejiang University has a nationwide rate.
First implement the tutorial system. Now, although we are forced to leave the campus, all the teachers and students can get along in harmony here.
Tang, Qi Xin work together ",but it's gratifying. He also told everyone that the country spends a lot of money on you every year.
The purpose is to cultivate the pillars of society and the times, not to let you learn a little technology casually and make a living by yourself.
Do something. These words still have a profound warning function today.
Fourthly, in order to make students clear-headed, he advocated the implementation of general education.
In modern society, the division of labor is getting finer and finer, and there are more and more specialties. So do universities attach importance to theory?
Whether to attach importance to practicality, cultivate professional talents or generalists has become the main problem facing the modern education system. The abbreviation of Zhejiang province
Jiang University evolved from Qiushi School, Zhejiang Secondary Technical School and Secondary Agricultural School, which is of great significance to practical technical education.
Attach great importance to; In addition, whether in the Qing Dynasty, the Beiyang government or the Kuomintang period, practical technical education was put in the first place.
First of all, it is very difficult to change this tradition. However, Zhu Kezhen knows that if you just study,
A major, mastering a technology, will not have a clear mind, nor will it be the final result.
It's hard to succeed! Therefore, he put the implementation of generalist education in the first place at the beginning of his tenure.
1936 On May 9th, when Zhu Kezhen presided over the first school affairs meeting, he proposed the establishment of China Literature Department and Historical Geography Department.
Departments and freshmen are not divided into departments and other bills. Although the last motion has been discussed for the longest time, it was put forward by Zheng, Hu and others.
General education has been put on the agenda by the Public Subject Allocation Committee headed by, Su, and others. front
Su also said when he was the president of Fudan University in recent years: "If Fudan University is allowed to enroll students separately, my opinion is:"
In the first class, Chinese is tested first, and then the paper is judged. If you fail, you will not take part in the following homework. You can't even speak Chinese.
I can't learn anything else "("learning leaves ",p. 250, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1997 edition) is just like.
Mathematicians, he can say such a thing, obviously related to Zhu Kezhen's thought.
September 1936 is the first new school year after Zhu Kezhen took office, and it is also the founding day of his alma mater, Harvard University.
300th anniversary. /kloc-on the evening of 0/7, he gave a speech at the homecoming meeting of Harvard University, saying that the school-running policy of Harvard University could be
To sum up, there are two points: first, it advocates freedom of thought and opposes the interference of political parties and churches; Secondly, there should be more courses in schools.
Attach importance to theory, not just practicality. He stressed that these two points are basically consistent with British universities, but Germany
China, Italy and the Soviet Union are quite different. (The Complete Works of Zhu Kezhen, Volume 2, Page 37 1)
The next day, he attended a freshman lecture in the newly-built teaching building, further expounding this idea. He sued
Tell everyone: college students are the happiest period in life, with no financial burden and no problem of making a living, so they are big.
In addition to honesty and hard work, the most important thing for a family is to have a clear mind, which is better than simple mastery.
A practical technology is more important. He even said: "Our country has come to this step entirely by clear-headed talents.
Very helpful. "(ibid., p. 37 1)
In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhu Kezhen led the teachers and students of Zhejiang University through Jiangxi and Guangxi, and finally arrived in Zunyi. On the way, he
His wife Zhang Xia died of illness, and his hardships can be imagined. Nevertheless, he always pays attention to all-round education.
Make Zhejiang University a first-class university with international influence. Because of this, Dr. Needham, who was visiting at that time, put
Zhejiang University is known as "Oriental Cambridge".
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Zhu Kezhen noticed that American educational circles had reflected on the lessons of war.
The significance of general education. After reading the famous educator Newman's On the Scope and Nature of University Education, he was deeply touched.
, and then wrote the article "The Future of University Education in China" for Ta Kung Pao, and once again raised issues such as generalist education.
I hope to correct the theory of attaching importance to science and technology over the years, and the theory of "making a living without a plan" that is common among students.
Tao "bad atmosphere (The Complete Works of Zhu Kezhen, Volume 2, p. 640th). Before long, he seemed to get paid from Mrs. Fei Zhengqing.
Mei Wei got a report on general education from Harvard University, which said that the purpose of general education is to make people.
The nationals of the host country can have a clear understanding of elections and career choices, while liberal education, although "can not make people become."
Good doctor and barrister, but can make people talk with doctors and lawyers, and know that it is tempting "("Zhu Kezhen Diary "first
Two volumes, page 888). This strengthened his belief in holistic education. 10 participated in the second year.
When I attended the Third Session of the Second Academia Sinica, I heard Chen Lifu lament the scientific research dilemma and thought it was "self".
Eat fruit ",and he" when the minister of education [], trying to advocate the real subject "(ibid., p. 975).
Conclusion: After thirteen years of struggle, I left sadly.
As mentioned earlier, when Zhu Kezhen took office, he proposed to work for only half a year, but he did not expect to work for thirteen years. need
In particular, it is pointed out that these thirteen years include the arduous eight-year war of resistance, which is the history of Zhejiang University.
When the harvest is the biggest and the results are the most. On the occasion of the centenary of Zhejiang University, Su recalled this period of history and was deeply touched.
At that time, "teachers and students lived in ancient temples, ate dried sweet potatoes, lit tung oil lamps and tied quail clothes." But for patriotism
Teaching, learning to save the country, string songs are endless, and its spirit and integrity far exceed the' return of saints'! The ancients said:'
How difficult it is to prosper the country. No matter how difficult it is, it is not only to promote the country, but also to promote learning and education. "(The Blending of Numbers and Poetry, p. 12 1- 122.
, Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 2000 Edition) This is not only a compliment to the teachers and students of Zhejiang University, but also a blessing to President Zhu Kezhen.
Settings. Unfortunately, after the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhejiang University fell into uncontrollable chaos because of the civil war and student tide.
Situation. By the end of April 1949, Zhu Kezhen had to leave quietly, leaving the place where he had been struggling for thirteen years.
Our school ......
Su also recalled that a few years later, Zhejiang University was "divided into four" in the adjustment of departments, which made
The school, which is well-known at home and abroad, has lost its reputation, and he and the department of mathematics have also been "invited out" (ibid.
, page 123- 124). Because of this, he said that Zhu Kezhen, like Mr Cai Yuanpei, is a modern religion in China.
The Great Principal in the History of Education (ibid., p. 203) is really appropriate.