The early symptoms of pneumoconiosis patients are not obvious, and the pulmonary signs and X-ray examination often have no specific manifestations, which makes early diagnosis difficult. With the development of the disease, clinical symptoms gradually become obvious, such as cough, chest tightness, chest pain, shortness of breath and so on. The diagnosis and staging of pneumoconiosis depend on chest X-ray photography, which mainly reflects the pathological changes of patients' lungs. Through chest X-ray photography, it can be observed that the patient's lungs can produce progressive and diffuse fibrous tissue hyperplasia. With the development of pulmonary fibrosis, patients will gradually affect the respiratory function and the functions of other organs.
According to the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis should be carried out by medical and health institutions approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level. The diagnosis of silicosis is mainly based on occupational history and X-ray examination. Occupational history mainly includes the type of work, length of service, dust concentration in the workplace, production status, protective measures and personal protective measures. X-ray examination, mainly X-ray chest film, is the main basis for the diagnosis of silicosis in China at present. Its specific standards are divided into: no pneumoconiosis (code 0), first-class pneumoconiosis (code I), second-class pneumoconiosis (code II) and third-class pneumoconiosis (code III).
At present, there is no specific treatment for pneumoconiosis, mainly symptomatic treatment and prevention of various complications. Once pneumoconiosis is diagnosed, it should be removed from the dust workplace, and serious cases should be arranged for rest; Strengthen nutrition and exercise to enhance physical fitness; According to the condition, symptomatic treatment, reduce symptoms and pain; Actively prevent and treat various complications. Early diagnosis and timely dust removal can delay the progress of the disease and prolong the life of patients.
Prevention is the key to control pneumoconiosis. Producers, operators and organizers should conscientiously implement the health policy of "prevention first" and actively take comprehensive dust prevention measures of "leather, water, density, wind, protection, management, education and inspection" (that is, reforming production technology, wet operation, sealing dust sources, strengthening ventilation, personal protection, strengthening dust prevention management, strengthening dust prevention publicity and education, and strengthening health inspection) to reduce the dust concentration in the working environment.
Inhaling different kinds of dust for a long time will lead to different types of pneumoconiosis or lung diseases. The catalogue of occupational diseases in China includes silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, graphite pneumoconiosis, carbon black pneumoconiosis, asbestos pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, Potter's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis and foundry worker's pneumoconiosis, as well as other pneumoconiosis that can be diagnosed according to pneumoconiosis diagnostic criteria and pneumoconiosis pathological diagnostic criteria.
First, silicosis
Silicosis is a disease caused by workers inhaling a large amount of dust with high concentration of silica for a long time, which is mainly manifested as diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, which further affects lung function, leading to systemic diseases and loss of work ability.
Silica is widely distributed in nature, and various minerals contain various forms of time (including silica).
The main types of work exposed to silica dust mainly include ① drillers, blasters, pillar workers, transporters and stone diggers in coal mines; (2) Pneumatic drillers and blasters in mountain roads, tunnels and culverts. ; (3) Raw material crusher in iron and steel metallurgical industry; (4) Shaving, cleaning and sandblasting workers in machinery manufacturing; ⑤ Manufacture and roasting of acid-resistant refractory materials; ⑥ Crushing, grinding and conveying of raw materials in glass, enamel and ceramic industries.
The incidence of silicosis is closely related to the content of free silica, dust concentration and exposure time of workers exposed to dust. Generally, the onset is slow, and it begins in 5~ 10 years after dust exposure.
Silicosis that occurs within 1~2 years after exposure to high silica content, high dust concentration and lack of personal protective measures is called "rapid silicosis". Some workers were exposed to a certain amount of timely dust, but they were not diagnosed as silicosis at that time, and they were diagnosed as silicosis after several years of dust removal, which is called "advanced silicosis".
Silicosis is the most serious occupational disease in pneumoconiosis, and it is also the most common and influential occupational disease in China. The common complications of silicosis are: ① tuberculosis, which is prone to tuberculosis infection because of the decreased resistance of patients; ② Spontaneous pneumothorax often occurs after severe cough or forced breath holding; ③ Emphysema.
Second, coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis refers to pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of productive dust by coal miners, which is caused by long-term inhalation of high-concentration coal dust or coal silica dust by workers. Because of the different content of free silica in coal dust, coal workers' pneumoconiosis can be divided into silicosis, coal silicosis and coal lung.
Generally, the onset length of pneumoconiosis of coal workers is longer, which is 15~20 years or longer. The course of the disease develops slowly, and patients are mostly asymptomatic in the early stage. With the growth of age and the progress of pneumoconiosis, combined with respiratory infection, symptoms such as cough, black sputum, chest tightness, chest pain and shortness of breath will gradually appear.
Third, graphite pneumoconiosis
It refers to the pneumoconiosis of diffuse fibrosis and emphysema caused by long-term inhalation of high concentration graphite dust.
Graphite is divided into natural graphite and synthetic graphite. Natural graphite ore is crystalline carbon mixed with many minerals, and the content of free silica is quite different.
Graphite is mainly used to manufacture electrodes, graphite furnaces, graphite crucibles, neutron reducers of atomic reactors and pencil lead. Graphite is also needed for steel casting, mechanical lubrication and casting coating.
If workers inhale a large amount of high-concentration graphite dust for a long time, the pneumoconiosis they suffer is mostly mixed pneumoconiosis; Pneumoconiosis can be divided into silicosis and graphite pneumoconiosis because of the different content of free silica in dust.
The length of service of graphite pneumoconiosis is generally long, mostly 15~20 years, and the symptoms are also mild, generally no obvious symptoms. Some patients may have mild dry throat, cough, black sputum, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other symptoms after work. Patients with graphite pneumoconiosis develop slowly.
Fourth, carbon black pneumoconiosis.
Pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of high concentration carbon black dust by workers who produce and use carbon black is called carbon black pneumoconiosis.
Carbon black is mainly made of petroleum, natural gas, turpentine and coke. As a raw material, it is made of smoke and dust after burning in a furnace. It is widely used in tire manufacturing, electrode manufacturing, plastics, paints, printing inks, pigments, inks, records and so on. It is also used to make decoloring agent, purifying agent, filter aid and carbon black paper.
The symptoms of carbon black pneumoconiosis are not obvious, only some patients have chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, expectoration and other symptoms, most patients can generally participate in certain productive labor, the course of disease develops slowly, and the onset length of service is more than 15 years.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Asbestosis
Refers to the long-term inhalation of asbestos dust in the production process, which mainly causes pulmonary fibrosis.
Asbestos is a fibrous mineral containing silicates such as iron, magnesium, nickel, aluminum and calcium. China is one of the countries rich in asbestos in the world. Asbestos is also a carcinogen, and patients with asbestosis are prone to complicated malignant tumors.
Asbestos is mostly used as heat insulation, heat preservation, fire prevention and braking materials for construction, shipbuilding, aerospace and transportation machinery.
The incidence of asbestosis is closely related to the concentration of asbestos dust in the production environment, and the general length of service is 10~ 15.
The early symptoms of asbestosis are very mild, with only a slight cough, no sputum or a small amount of mucus sputum. Symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest tightness may occur in the later stage.
Asbestosis patients are prone to complicated with severe pulmonary heart disease in the later stage. Lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma are serious complications of asbestosis.
Six, talc pneumoconiosis
It is a chronic pulmonary fibrosis disease with long-term inhalation of talcum powder dust as the main damage.
Talc is often used in paper industry, ceramic industry, textile industry, chemical production and pharmaceutical industry.
The incidence of talc pneumoconiosis is slow, and the length of service is more than 10 years. The symptoms of talc pneumoconiosis are generally mild, and those who are seriously ill may have symptoms such as difficulty in sputum aspiration. The common complications of talc pneumoconiosis are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a few patients who enter the advanced stage may be complicated with pulmonary heart disease.
Seven, cement pneumoconiosis
It refers to pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of dust (including raw materials, clinker and finished products) produced in high-concentration cement production.
Cement is a mixture of limestone, clay, slag, pulverized coal, iron powder, gypsum and other raw materials at a certain temperature and conditions. The content of free silica in cement dust is generally 2% ~ 5%. The length of service of cement pneumoconiosis is generally more than 10 ~ 20 years.
The onset of cement pneumoconiosis is slow, the disease progress is slow, and the symptoms are not obvious. The common complications of cement pneumoconiosis are chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma.
Eight, mica pneumoconiosis
Refers to chronic pulmonary fibrosis caused by long-term inhalation of mica dust.
Mica is a natural silicate of aluminum, iron and potassium, which is widely used in electrical industry and national defense industry. A large amount of mica dust will be produced during the mining and processing of mica ore, especially during mining, which often contains a certain amount of free silica.
The onset of mica pneumoconiosis is slow, the length of service is generally more than 15 years, and the progress of the disease is generally slow. The main clinical symptoms are shortness of breath, cough, expectoration and chest pain. In addition, mica dust can stimulate the upper respiratory tract, showing symptoms such as dry nose and stuffy nose. Patients with mica pneumoconiosis usually have complications such as chronic rhinitis and chronic bronchitis.
Nine, Potter's pneumoconiosis
Potter's pneumoconiosis refers to pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of a large amount of clay dust by porcelain miners and ceramic manufacturers.
Dust will be produced in various processes such as porcelain clay mining, raw material crushing, batching, blank making, molding, drying, blank repairing, glazing and baking.
The clinical symptoms of Porter's pneumoconiosis are mild. Patients have mild cough and a small amount of sputum in the early stage, and they may feel chest tightness and shortness of breath when climbing mountains or working.
Porter's pneumoconiosis is easy to be complicated with tuberculosis and pneumonia, and in severe cases, there will be symptoms such as dyspnea, cyanosis and palpitation.
X aluminum pneumoconiosis
It refers to pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of high-concentration aluminum dust or alumina dust.
Aluminum is a silvery white light metal. Bauxite is the main aluminum ore in nature. Aluminum trioxide is extracted from bauxite and then made into metallic aluminum. Aluminum alloy has low density and high strength. As a lightweight material, it is widely used in aviation, shipping, building materials and electrical appliances industries. Aluminum powder can be used to make explosives, flame retardants and so on.
The shortest length of service of aluminum pneumoconiosis patients is 3 years, and the longest is 37 years. The clinical manifestations of patients are generally not obvious, and symptoms such as cough, expectoration, chest pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath and fatigue may appear.
Eleven, welder pneumoconiosis
It is a kind of pneumoconiosis mainly caused by chronic pulmonary fibrosis and hyperplasia caused by long-term inhalation of high concentration welding dust.
Welding technology is widely used in industrial production. In the process of welding, covered electrode made of different materials and the object to be welded will emit a lot of smoke and toxic gas at high temperature. Covered electrode consists of welding core and coating. Besides containing a lot of iron, the cored wire also contains carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus. The main materials in the coating are marble, fluorite, rutile, starch, water glass, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon and ferrochrome. The smoke produced by welding operation contains many toxic and harmful chemical components. Because different covered electrode is used, the components of welding dust and toxic gas are also different. Welders may suffer from occupational diseases such as welder's pneumoconiosis and poisoning if they inhale a lot of high-concentration welding dust for a long time, especially if they often carry out welding operations in closed containers or in poorly ventilated environments.
The length of service of welder's pneumoconiosis is generally 15~20 years, and the disease develops slowly. The clinical symptoms are mild. In addition, welder's pneumoconiosis is often complicated with tuberculosis, manganese poisoning, fluorosis (some covered electrode coatings contain fluorite, which will escape a lot of fluoride when welding), metal smog fever, electro-optic ophthalmia, etc.
Twelve, casting pneumoconiosis
It refers to pneumoconiosis caused by long-term inhalation of mixed dust such as clay, graphite, pulverized coal, limestone and talcum powder with low free silica content by foundry workers.
Foundry operation is the first process in the machinery manufacturing industry. During the crushing, mixing, transportation and use of molding sand, as well as during the disassembly of sand box, sand cleaning and casting cleaning, a large amount of dust will be generated. Pneumoconiosis mostly occurs in posts with high dust concentration and high content of free silica (such as cleaning sand with cast steel, mixing sand and sandblasting). ).
The incidence of foundry pneumoconiosis is generally slow and the condition is not serious. Most of them have respiratory symptoms such as cough, expectoration and shortness of breath when they are combined with chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other diseases. In addition, foundry workers with pneumoconiosis are also prone to tuberculosis, spontaneous pneumothorax and other diseases.
I suggest you eat more fungus. People who used to work in coal mines gave fungus to eat. Drinking tea, eating kelp and blood tofu is also ok, but it is not as effective as fungus.