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(adapted from Japanese surname)
Japanese names generally consist of one to four Chinese characters, up to nine Chinese characters.
In Japanese, Miao (みょぅじ, also written as "name") means "surname" in Chinese; In modern Chinese, the "name" comes before the name (なまぇ). In Japanese, there is also the word "surname", which refers to the clan (surname name), including Genji, Shi Ping and Fujiwara, that is, the clan that once held political power in ancient times.
catalogue
The development history of 1
2 surnames
2. 1 source
2.2 reading methods
2.3 Writing
3 name
See also.
5 related links
Development history
In ancient Japan, there were only first names without surnames.
At the end of the 4th century AD, the Yamato court unified many small countries in southern Japan into one country, and its rule was based on the surname system. A group headed by the great monarch (later emperor) of the Yamato court, which controls the central government and establishes blood relations with the kings of small countries affiliated to the court, is called "history", and a "history" is also an aristocratic family. At that time, clans were not confined to paternal or matriarchal families. It is not a natural social group, but a central tycoon who established a court to monopolize or hereditary official positions and ruled farmers with the help of the court. So these surnames are named after their positions, territories and places of residence, such as Izumo, Taboo and Nakamori (later Fujiwara). There are also names from God's names and skills.
Later, in order to maintain the ruling order, the Yamato court awarded the nobles "minister", "honesty", "monarch", "knowledge", "minister" and "companion" respectively. ぁそん), すくねぁみき, みの. This surname is a title indicating identity, family status and status, which is equivalent to a title. It is hereditary, and it is a symbol used by nobles other than the royal family to distinguish their identities. After the reform of Dahua, because of the implementation of the official position system, the surname indicating identity gradually lost its meaning. In aristocratic society, only the surname is called, not the surname.
From the 9th century to10th century (peacetime), a new name-Miao word (Miao means branch) appeared. Due to the development of society, the original clan was divided into several families, which generally matched their occupation, residence, official names or pseudonyms of the place names of their private land, and these names became "Miao characters". In fact, Miao Wen is a new surname after a family is separated from the clan. Since then, surnames, surnames and Miao Wen have gradually merged into one, collectively known as Miao Wen.
Before the Meiji Restoration, the Chinese meanings of the names of Japanese aristocratic children were as follows (Japanese → Chinese):
Name of home? Miao → Shi (シ)
Common name? ぁざな→ Alias
History () → surname (), surname.
Last name (カバネ) → Title
Taboo (ィミナ) → Name
Unlike the surname (カバネ), which is a gift from the emperor, what is the surname? Miao characters are not given by the emperor, and can be decided by individuals freely. The original meaning of surname refers to the name of a family, which often comes from place names, house numbers and so on. In addition, there are some examples of being rewarded by the host family, such as the famous Yuchai Xiuji, whose Miao language "Yuchai" was rewarded by Oda Nobunaga. As for common terms? ぁざな and ィミナ are people's names. Taboo (ィミナ) is a real name. Like the custom in China, it is not directly used because of taboo, but a generic term is used instead? ぁざな.
It can be seen that before the Meiji Restoration, the names of Japanese aristocratic children included: surname? Miao words+common names? ぁざな+surname (ヂ) or surname (カバネ)+taboo (ィミナ); The names of warriors or civilians are: surname? Miao character+name (equivalent to the taboo of samurai, but obviously not taboo in civilian occasions). If Nuo Nuo Bunaga Oda, his full name should be Nuo Nuo Bunaga Oda. Among them, ODA is the surname, Zhong Zheng is the general name, Pingchao is the surname (カバネ), and the extension is taboo. Another example is that Tokugawa Ieyasu's full name is "Tokugawa Jiro Yuan Tingchen", in which "Tokugawa" is "family name? Miao, Jiro and Saburo are generic names, the source is surname, the courtiers are surname (カバネ), and Konka is taboo.
In addition, because he is considered to be a descendant of God, he should not have a surname, so the Japanese emperor has only a first name and no surname.
Before 1875, only the nobles and samurai, who accounted for a very small proportion of the population, had surnames, and most people (more than 95%) did not have surnames. It can be said that the Japanese have surnames, but it has only been more than a hundred years. 1870 (the third year of meiji), in order to meet the needs of conscription, taxation and household registration, emperor meiji promulgated the order on the allowance of Miao characters for civilians, allowing all Japanese, including civilians who were not allowed to have surnames before. Japanese civilians who are used to not having surnames are not enthusiastic about it, so the work of creating surnames is slow. Therefore, in 1875 (the eighth year of Meiji), Emperor Meiji issued an order that people must call Miao, stipulating that all Japanese people must use their surnames. With the rapid growth of Japanese surnames, 1898, the government promulgated the Household Registration Law, which made the surnames of every household fixed and could not be changed at will.
It is estimated that at least 95% of surnames currently used by Japanese residents come from the period after Meiji Restoration. This figure lacks authoritative statistics at present. According to the Dictionary of Japanese Names published by China Commercial Press in 198 1, there were about 70,000 surnames in Japan [1]. The largest number of statistical records was in the 1980s, with about1.4000, that is, about 1000 people used a surname on average [2].
After the Japanese get married, because the law prohibits the husband and wife from having different surnames, the wife generally changes her husband's surname, and if she is an adopted son-in-law, she changes her maiden name.
surname
source
Because Japanese surnames are very variable (they can be changed because of newly established family businesses, branches of family groups or adoption relationships, which is also the main reason for the large number of Japanese surnames). Therefore, the origin of Japanese surnames is very complicated and there are different opinions. Generally speaking, Japanese surnames can be divided into two categories: those that have existed since ancient times, and those that were founded after Miao characters.
There are more than 40 common surnames, among which Suzuki, Sato, Tanaka, Yamamoto, Watanabe, Gao Qiao, Kobayashi, Nakamura, Ito and Saito account for 10% of the total population, exceeding 100000. Surnames after 3600 users are extremely rare.
Japan's biggest surname is Sato, and its origin comes from Fujiwara Hideo, that is, the descendants of people who served as Saemonnojo in Fujiwara family. It is also said that it may be because Japanese people generally want their families to prosper, just like Fujiwara, who can hold public office. Similarly, many other surnames with the word "rattan" have the same expectations. The second largest surname in Japan is Suzuki, which is similar to Sato and comes from the surname of an ancient military commander.
Words such as Sichuan, Tian, Shan and Ye often appear in Japanese surnames. Some people think that this is related to their national yearning for nature. For example, the dog surname used to be given to princes and nobles. But it was mainly because Miao characters had to be called orders. At that time, civilians with low education level could only use their familiar names. Up to the sun, moon and stars, down to flowers, birds, fish and insects; From occupation and residence to natural phenomena. You can think of it as a surname. For example, Watanabe lives near the ferry, and the owl breeder is a fisherman who raises fish eagles.
In Japan, the distribution of surnames varies from place to place, which has a certain relationship with its ethnic composition. For example, Okinawa has more "and that country". This is because it was a Ryukyu kingdom in ancient times, and the locals took the place name where they lived as their surnames. Jin Tianyi is not uncommon in Hokkaido, because it is a place where Ainu people live in compact communities.
pronounce
The pronunciation of Japanese surnames is so complicated that I can't understand them very thoroughly myself. The same pronunciation may correspond to dozens of Chinese characters, and the same group of Chinese characters may have several pronunciations or even be completely irregular. This may indirectly lead to the phenomenon that Japanese society relies heavily on business cards: the public needs Roman Pinyin or true and false names on business cards to accurately read each other's names. (Of course, business card culture is also related to Japan's strict class society. )
Take Suzuki, the second largest surname in Japan, as an example. There are also eight kinds of Suzuki, such as Shoushoumu and Zhongshu. And the same Chinese character "Suzuki" has fourteen different pronunciations [source request].
Another classic example: "takanashi" is pronounced as Takanashi, and its pronunciation is totally incompatible with Chinese characters. At this time, it needs to be analyzed like solving a puzzle: taka means eagle in Japanese, and whether nashi is the termination of qualitative language in Japanese is written as "eagle without" in Chinese characters, and "because there is no eagle, birds can come out to play", so it is called "takanashi".
Some Japanese characters also have a lot of trouble in Chinese, mainly because Chinese dead characters and homophonic characters have no Chinese pronunciation.
See also: Kanji # Chinese Pronunciation.
Writing method
After the implementation of simplified Chinese characters in Japan, Chinese characters for personal names are also published as a standard, but it is not mandatory. People can apply whether to use the new simplified Chinese characters, so some people find it difficult to write. For example, many people named "Shigu" changed their names to "Shigu". However, there are many exceptions. For example, "one" and "wide" are opposite. More people continue to use "Guang" and many strokes, such as "Ryoko Hirosue", which is a famous example. In general literature and media, the word "one model" often appears simply because of the standard use of words, but in fact, the hukou book is written as "wide model". However, people who can freely choose their writing methods are limited to families that have grown up in Japan since ancient times. People who have been naturalized after the promulgation of the standard Chinese Characters for Personal Names use simplified characters.
name
Japanese names usually consist of two names. The names of male members of the Japanese royal family usually end with benevolence, such as Emperor Akihito, and the names of female members usually end with children, such as Prince Aiko.
Generally, men usually end with introduction, assistance, lang, husband, male and tree. Women generally end with Zi, Hua, Xue, Yi and Xiang.