The face, back, curtain, clothes, profile and flesh of ancient money;
In ancient times, the front of money was called face, which was generally cast with characters, called face writing or Qian Wen. The vertical lines on the surface are called vertical lines and the horizontal lines are called horizontal lines. The back of money is called back for short, and there is a word on the back called back. If there are neither words nor patterns, it is called a bare back, and generally a money back is called a curtain.
The square hole or round hole of money can be called through, and it can also be called a good letter. A big hole is called a wide hole, and a small hole is called a narrow hole. Money worn outside is called meat. The outer edge of the meat is called the edge, or side; The inner edge forming the boundary is called the inner profile, or the good profile or the functional profile; Thin inner contour is called thin contour, and very thin contour is called thin contour. Before the Han dynasty, the back of a round coin had no inner and outer profiles, so we called it a flat back. From the time when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty minted five baht coins, coins had inner and outer profiles. Double profiles are called heavy wheels or heavy profiles; Double section is called heavy hole or re-penetration. If the inner contour is lower than the outer contour, we will become a shadow contour.
Qian Wen and Ancient Currency Forms;
Qian Wen is words cast on banknotes. Qian Wen's reading from the top, right, bottom and left directions is called back reading or rotating reading, while Qian Wen's reading from top to bottom and right to left is called direct reading or sequential reading. Qian Wen's calligraphy styles include seal script, official script, original script, cursive script, running script, Shoujin style and Song style. Even with the same font, the techniques are varied. Shape is the casting technology, material and modeling structure of ancient money. Coins in each era have their own characteristics, and it is necessary to stipulate the differences between coins in previous dynasties. For example, some square-hole round coins have profiles, while others have no profiles; Some have large perforations and some have small perforations; Qian Wen has some direct reading and some rotating reading. Therefore, the coins of each era have formed their own unique style, and this method is also very scientific in identifying the authenticity of ancient coins. In order to make Qian Wen not easy to wear, Xiangqi's knife cloth casts the outline of the coin very high, and there is a high point in the back middle. Without these characteristics, it should be judged as a fake. Even the knife coins in the same currency system have changed because of the time sequence. This requires coin lovers to memorize the characters and characteristics of the times that often appear in Qian Wen, so as not to be taken in by counterfeit money.
Carved mother and iron mother:
The carved mother is also called Zuqian. Carve monetary model directly with copper blocks or tin and lead blocks. When casting money, use the ancestral money as a mold and turn the mother money over. These mother coins are distributed to various places, and model coins are made from mother coins. The carving of ancestral coins is very fine. At present, all the carved mothers are golden yellow copper, which is an excellent copper material. Qian Wen, the mother of bronze sculptures, is exquisite and eloquent. The engraved mother money has no trace of knife marks, which is slightly larger and heavier than the money circulating in the same edition. Carved mother coins are made into money molds to take away. Craftsmen cast them in money molds with molten copper. After the coins are cooled, the mold is opened and the coins are taken out for processing and polishing.
During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of metallurgical technology and mining technology promoted the development of mint industry. Brass coins became popular in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy. When I used to identify the copper content of coins, I always threw them on the ground and listened to the sound of fineness. Copper coins with high fineness were thrown on the ground, making a golden sound. In addition to brass, there are white copper coins, which is due to the large proportion of tin in copper-tin alloy. Another kind of white copper coin is nickel copper.
Carved mother money is bigger than mother money and circulating money, mother money is slightly bigger than circulating money, and copper is also better. Just because the mother money is cast from the sand of ancestral money, the outline and mouth of the money are not as deep as the carved mother, and are worse than the carved mother in all aspects. Besides copper, mother money is also made of iron. Mother money made of iron ore is bigger and heavier than copper coins of the same level.
Ancient coin lovers should distinguish between iron mother and iron mold copper coins. Iron mother money is to turn out the sand for casting iron coins to make mother money, and then cast it into currency, which is actually just different from copper coins. Before casting a large number of cast iron coins, the iron mold copper coins are poured with molten copper to test the effect of the money mold, so these copper coins are called trial casting, which is exactly the same as cast iron coins. This kind of money rarely circulates.
Whether making coins or categories, it is a manual production mode, which leads to uneven quality of coins and high casting cost. The copper coins of the past dynasties in China often made mistakes in the form and flow direction of copper, which made the coins irregular and beautiful and quite different in weight and color. Even the money cast in the same furnace is not necessarily the same in weight, and the color is more difficult to distinguish. A revolution in the history of coinage in China was the use of machines to make coins in the Qing Dynasty. The newly minted copper coins are neat and exquisite, which are well received by the people and the government has benefited a lot.
Raw cellar products and cooked cellar products:
Unearthed rusty ancient coins are called raw pits, so they are called new pits soon after being unearthed; Unearthed for a long time, it is still called Laoshengkeng or cooked pit with rust residue.
And fakes. Later generations forged the ancient money of the previous generation. We mainly observe the words and rust color of money to identify the authenticity of money. Because most of the characters on coins are written by famous artists, and some words learned by forgers are tangible and godless, sometimes the shapes of characters and coins are different, although the bronze rust is true and the coins are fake. Copper is also a relatively stable metal, which is not easy to rust under normal temperature and humidity. After hundreds or even thousands of years, the surface of coins has undergone chemical changes, resulting in copper rust, which will not fall off. The rust of some counterfeit products is specially treated and decorated. Although it is very realistic, it will fall off after soaking in boiling water.
Bao Tong, Yuanbao and Chongbao:
Bao Tong was the name of the copper coin in China from the Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. In Wude, Tang Gaozu, Bao Tong was cast in the fourth year of Kaiyuan. Kaiyuan means to start a new era, which has been used in later generations. Usually, the word "Bao Tong" is preceded by the year number, dynasty or country name. From the Tang Dynasty, money was no longer named after weight, but changed to treasure. Such as Tang, Tang, Taiping, Yongle and Kangxi. Money called treasure has social significance, that is, the power of money has increased.
The name "Yuanbao" was first used for "Deyi Yuanbao" and "Shuntian Yuanbao" cast by Shi Siming in Luoyang during the Tang Suzong period. Shuntian Yuanbao was restructured from German and Italian Yuanbao. These two currencies can be said to be a professional currency. Dali ingots were cast in Dali period, and the production was not refined. At that time, the price of money was very low, but the price of copper was very high. So the official casting is not excellent. Later, there were Tianfu Yuanbao, Chunhua Yuanbao, Shengsong Yuanbao, Xuanhe Yuanbao and Jingkang Yuanbao.
"Chong Bao" is also the name of copper coins. This name was first used for heavy artillery casting in the first year of Tang Dynasty. There are two legal rules for dry yuan money: one is to treat dry yuan as ten yuan; The other is when fifty yuan is a heavy treasure. This kind of money has a double circle on the back, so it is called heavy yuan money. There are many dried ingots handed down, especially Xiaoping money, which is second only to Kaiyuan money. North Korea once minted dry yuan and heavy treasure with the words "Dongguo" on the back, which was the earliest coin in North Korea. Dry yuan money has a bare back, a hanging back or a bird or a cloud, and a cloud to wear. Later, Qian Heng Treasure, Treasure, Ning Treasure, Xianfeng Treasure, Guangxu Nanhan Treasure and so on appeared.
Mark coins, ant nose coins, grimace coins;
Mark coins, that is, coins with special marks on the front and back. For example, there are stars and the moon on the back of money. Like a dried gold ingot, it has the value of Ruique pattern, 990 yuan. There are two kinds of Jin Yuanbao in Song Xianchun: Xiaoping and Zheer. The characters on the back are from yuan to eight characters, indicating the age of coinage. In the eighth year of Xianchun, it was the last time that coins were minted in the Song Dynasty, and no coins were minted in about nine or ten years. Later, the former young emperor, Duan Zong and the later young emperor did not coin money.
In his early days, Zhu Yuanzhang minted various large, medium and large coins, namely Xiaoping, Fold 2, Fold 3, Fold 5, Dang 5 and Dang 10, and set up Baoquan Bureau in various provinces. This time, the names of the provinces are on the back of the coin, including Beiping, Henan, Jinan, Beijing, Zhejiang, Fuzhou, Hubei and Guangxi. And most coins have only the bureau name on the back. Anyone who finds three or more ancient coins with the words Beiping, Hubei, Beijing and Guangxi on the back should pay attention to identification. Each real coin is worth more than 1000 yuan, which is a treasure.
The so-called ant nose money is the advanced form of copper shell. Numerologists believe that ant nose money is the currency of Chu, because most of it is unearthed in the south, and the writing is negative language, which is different from the currency of Central Plains. The shape of ant nose money is convex on the front and flat on the back. According to the words on the money, it can be divided into many kinds. The most common is the so-called face money, because this kind of money is oval with inscriptions on it, which really looks like a human face. Followed by six Zhu's, because the above words seem to be the connection of six words, and at the same time, like an ant, plus the face on the high nose, so there is the name ant nose money. These two kinds of money are the most common.
Other kinds of ant nose money, that is, the inscriptions on bronzes are all "complete", which is even more rare. After liberation, ant nose money was found in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu and southern Shandong. Ordinary nose money is passed down from generation to generation, and there are almost no fakes. However, if there are few "all" coins unearthed, we should pay attention to whether there are traces of fraud.
Money: At first, it was not only an ancient agricultural tool, but also a shovel-shaped tool, connected by paddles. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, money, a metal farm tool, was regarded as an important property as an exchange substance. Then the original shovel with monetary function appeared, which was later called "cloth" (that is, "official leave"); Qian Qi was called a mixture of shovels and shovels in ancient times. ) From the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty, although all kinds of currencies were unified as "inner and outer circles", the name "money" remained, and it was still a general term for ordinary currencies.
Fountain: the ancient sound is connected with "money" Because money is like a spring, some people call it a spring. After Wang Mang usurped Liu Han's world, he broke the taboo because of the word "gold" and "golden knife" beside the words "money" and "baht" in the traditional Chinese character "Liu", and officially replaced "money" with "spring" and cast "goods spring", "cloth spring" and "Junichiro Koizumi" as ". Since then, Five Hundred Springs and One Thousand Springs written by Sun Wu of the Three Kingdoms, Ganfeng Quanbao and Yongtong Spring Fire written in the Tang and Five Dynasties have been widely used as "money" and passed down. Later scholars are more elegant and indifferent to the word "spring" than to the word "money". Therefore, you Xi call "money" spring.
Face: short for positive money. That is, the side with the year number or country number is cast to mark the name of the currency. Such as Half a Face, Kaiyuan Bao Tong and Shunzhi Bao Tong.
Back: short for the back of money, also called "screen". There are many changes on the back of money: those who have no words are called "naked back" or "plain back", such as "half Liang" and "five baht" in Qin and Han Dynasties. Most of the money in the Tang and Song Dynasties has the words of moon, moon, address, year and value on the back. For example, in Kaiyuan Bao Tong, the "⌒" on the back is called the moon pattern, and the word "Jing" on the back indicates Jingzhou casting; The word "Tong Ren" on the back of Bao Tong in Jiading, Southern Song Dynasty is the same as that written in Jiading in the second year of safety supervision. The words "Eleven Liang" on the back of Tianqi Bao Tong banknotes in the Ming Dynasty indicate that the value should be ten or one Liang; Bao Tong written by Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty was written in Manchu, which shows that it was written by Baosu Bureau. In the Yuan Dynasty, the inscription of "Zhiyuan Bao Tong" was composed of Mongolian, Xixia and Chagatai, which was particularly strange.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the old Wu Dong currency was used. This big currency was called Babylon and was as big as a wheel.
Small flat money-penny, also known as flat money and penny, is about 2.4 cm in diameter and weighs about 3.5 grams.
Fold two yuan-the money used in two languages is generally about 2.8 cm in diameter and weighs about 7 grams.
San Qian-three-paper money generally has a diameter of about 3. 1 cm and weighs about10g. (The rest, such as 40% and 50%, are pushed up in turn. )
Big money -( 1). Large denomination money and large amount of money are collectively referred to. (2) Five baht of standard size was called large bills in the Six Dynasties, as opposed to cutting small bills.
Wen-the basic unit name of coins, and small flat coins are called Wen.
Penetration-1000 yuan is the same, and so are the bamboo sticks worn in the money hole.
Tong Guan, 1000 yuan is called Tong Guan.
Sample-refers to the money whose diameter is smaller than that of the same type.
Detail-refers to the fact that the diameter of money is larger than that of the same type.
The front of a coin.
Front text-the text on the front of a coin.
Back-The back of a coin, also known as the screen.
Inscription-Qian Bei's words, symbols and graphics, also known as curtain text.
Wear-refers to the hole in the body of money, also known as good. Square ones are called square holes, and round ones are called round holes.
Wide wear-refers to the money hole.
Narrow penetration-refers to those with smaller money holes.
Inner Guo-refers to the protruding part around Qian Xue, also known as Qian Xue.
Wide pot-refers to the kind with wider inner pot.
Narrow Guo-refers to those who are narrow-minded inside.
Heavy Guo-refers to the double inner Guo.
Decision-refers to the corner or corners of the square hole of the money body.
Four decisions-refers to people who come out from the four corners of the square hole of the money body. Also known as "four decisions".
Chestnut corner-is a special four letters, and the sources of the four corners of the square hole are very small.
Siwen-refers to the four corners of the square hole of the money body and Yang Wen extending to foreign countries, also known as four places and four roads.
Waiguo-refers to the prominent part of the money body, also known as the outer edge, outer wheel, meat Guo and border Guo.
Wide rim-the outer rim is wider, also known as wide wheel and wide edge.
Narrow edge-narrow outside, also known as narrow wheel, narrow edge and thin edge.
Heavy wheel-refers to the double outer Guo.
The forehead wheel-refers to the high in foreign countries and the low in China, which is more common in Wang Mang's money.
Trim-refers to the outward oblique cutting of the exoskeleton, opposite to the frontal wheel.
Marginal money-refers to the money that has been worn away from foreign countries.
Meat-refers to the five-character pattern between the inside and outside of a coin. Thick people are called thick meat, and thin people are called lean meat.
Day-refers to the raised circle on the back of money, also known as Japanese.
Moon-refers to the convex arc on the front and back of the coin, also known as the moon, Oracle and moon mark. The arc is called Yangyue upward and Yanyue downward.
Star-refers to the raised dots on the front and back of the coin, also known as the star text.
Round star-refers to the concave circle on the back of money.
Pregnant star-refers to the moon on the back of money.
Bare back-refers to money without words, also called plain back, light curtain and plain curtain.
Reverse-refers to the misuse of two dollars, both sides have money.
Face to face face to face face to face face to face face to face face to face face to face face to face face to face.
Direct reading-Qian Wen's order is up, down, right and left, which is also called direct reading and reverse reading.
Rotating reading-Qian Wen is arranged in the order of top, right, bottom and left, which is also called circular reading.
Left reading-refers to Qian Wen reading from left to right.
Chuanxing —— refers to the currency made by the model of the inscribed Chinese characters. Qian Wen is the form of the inverted Chinese characters, which was found in the pre-Qin period to the Six Dynasties.
Stay away from Guo-refers to Guo who is far away from his heart.
Connecting country-Qian Wen is connected with China.
Interval-away from the outer Guo and not connected.
Wheel coupling-refers to the connection between Qian Wen and foreign countries.
Deep word-refers to the Qian Wen is particularly deep and steep.
Hidden text-refers to different heights and thicknesses of Qian Wen.
"Jutou"-refers to the first meeting with Guo, also known as "Jutou".
And foot-refers to Qian Wen's first foreign country.
Carved mother-a coin model carved from copper, tin, lead, teeth, bone, wood and other materials, also known as ancestral money.
Mother's money-money used as a model when casting, usually carved directly from mother.
Iron mother-refers to the mother money for casting iron money, which is itself copper.
Iron model currency-copper coins cast with iron model.
Sample coins-sample coins for trial casting and initial casting.
Sample coins issued by the Ministry-the sample coins issued by the central government and the Ministry of Industry as standards in various provinces can also be used as mother coins.
Submitted currency samples-currency samples submitted by local authorities for review.
Cutting money-the general term for trimming money and expanding money. That is, a round coin is cut into two pieces.
Trim money-money with the outer ring cut off. Also known as duality.