2 English Reference Eight Syllabuses [Xiangya Medical Dictionary]
Eight Principles [Committee on Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine]. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
3. Note Eight Classes refer to eight dialectical programs of exterior and interior cold and heat deficiency and excess yin and yang [1]. "Medical Mind Knowledge": "There are always diseases, and cold and heat are both exterior and interior yin and yang." Eight-outline syndrome differentiation is one of the basic methods of TCM syndrome differentiation [2]. It refers to the dialectical method of analyzing and distinguishing the disease location, exterior and interior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, yin and yang, the nature of deficiency and excess, and the comparison between pathogenic factors and human disease resistance [1]. Distinguish the depth of the disease from the appearance; The essence of cold-heat syndrome differentiation; Distinguish between evil and positive and the ups and downs of reality; Yin and Yang are the general principles for managing the other six categories [2]. External heat is yang, and internal cold deficiency is yin [2]. Four pairs of contradictions in eight categories are relative, interrelated and transformed [2]. Clinical complex syndromes can be used as the basic method of analysis and induction [2]. We can find the key to the disease, master its essence, determine its category and point out the direction for treatment through eight-point syndrome differentiation [3].
As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases already included eight categories of syndrome differentiation. "Compendium of Materia Medica" quoted Kou Zonggui as saying: "Eight essentials, one is virtual, the other is real, the third is cold, the fourth is hot, the fifth is evil, the sixth is positive, the seventh is internal, and the eighth is external." Six Essentials of Medicine: "Eight therapeutic methods: Yin, Yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess." "Jing Yue Quan Shu Zhong Chuan Lu": "Every diagnosis and treatment must first examine Yin and Yang, which is the program of medical ethics." Also, "the six changers are cold outside and hot inside." Cheng Zhongling's understanding of medical mind: "There are always diseases, including cold, heat, deficiency, excess, exterior, interior and yin and yang."
Generally speaking, the guiding principles of the other six categories are the disease location from the exterior to the interior, the nature of cold and heat, the rise and fall of excess and deficiency, and yin and yang. Exterior, heat and excess are mostly yang; Internal, cold and deficiency are mostly yin. Clinically, it is an important basis for treatment to analyze and summarize diseases and syndromes, judge the location and nature of lesions and the relationship between righteousness and evil in the process of lesions.
Exterior and interior are two procedures used to distinguish the depth and severity of a disease. Generally, at the beginning of exogenous pathogen, the pathogen is on the muscle surface, which belongs to exterior syndrome, and the condition is mild. If the disease is in the viscera, it belongs to the internal syndrome and the condition is serious. Syndrome differentiation of exterior and interior shows that exogenous pathogenic factors and six evils invade human body, and the lesion site is in exterior or interior. The understanding of this relative concept is particularly important for syndrome differentiation of six channels of typhoid fever and syndrome differentiation of warming diseases, protecting qi and nourishing blood. [4]
Cold and heat are two procedures to distinguish the nature of diseases in eight types of syndrome differentiation. Cold syndrome and heat syndrome can reflect the ups and downs of yin and yang [5]. Generally speaking, cold syndrome is a symptom of yang deficiency or cold pathogen, while heat syndrome is a symptom of yang excess or heat pathogen. The so-called "yang is hot and cold" and "yang is cold and yin is hot". Distinguishing between cold and heat is the basis of using warm medicine or cold medicine in treatment. The so-called "cold is hot, and hot is cold."
Deficiency and reality are two procedures to distinguish the rise and fall of evil. Deficiency refers to the deficiency of vital qi, and the function of viscera is attenuated; In fact, it refers to excessive pathogenic factors and excessive viscera function. Distinguish between the deficiency and excess of the disease, understand the rise and fall of the pathogenic factors, and provide the basis for determining the treatment methods of tonifying deficiency and strengthening the body resistance or purging excess and eliminating evil [6]. "Su Wen. The General Comment on the Theory of Virtual Reality says: "The pathogenic factors are too real, but the essence is empty." Judging from the contrast between good and evil, although deficiency syndrome is lack of healthy qi, evil spirits are not abundant; Although the evil is positive, the righteousness has not yet declined, and the dispute between positive and negative is fierce. Distinguishing between deficiency and excess is the basis of strengthening the body resistance (tonifying deficiency) or attacking evil (purging excess) in treatment. As the saying goes, "deficiency makes up for it, but in fact it is removed."
Yin and yang are two categories that distinguish the nature of diseases, and they are the general outline of eight classes, namely, exterior and interior, cold and heat, and excess and deficiency. Analogy and Yin-Yang meridians say: "People's diseases must have their roots, either in Yin or Yang. Although there are many lesions, the root is one. " It is pointed out that although syndromes are complex and changeable, they are always divided into two categories, and it is necessary to distinguish yin from yang first, so yin and yang are the general categories of eight classes, and general exterior syndrome, excess syndrome and heat syndrome belong to yang. This paper expounds the clinical manifestations, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment methods of yin syndrome and yang syndrome from six aspects: exterior and interior, cold and heat, and deficiency and excess. However, clinically, Yin syndrome refers to deficiency in the interior and cold syndrome, while Yang syndrome refers to excess in the interior and heat syndrome.