Understand the word type:
(1) Homographs: Consists of different characters. Such as "Martial Arts", from Ge Cong. The word "toe base" refers to people walking with weapons, indicating conquest or showing force.
(2) Synonyms: composed of the same words. For example, "from" means that two people follow each other, and "comparison" means that two people are close to each other.
Understanding is a word-making method, which is created to make up for the limitations of hieroglyphs and referents. Compared with pictographs and deixis, knowing words have obvious advantages: first, they can express many abstract meanings; Secondly, it has a strong word-building function. Shuowen Jiezi contains 1 167 words, which is much more than pictographs and signifiers. Until now, people are still using cognitive methods to create simplified words or dialect words, such as "stove, dust, country, country". A knowing word is a combination of two or more forms, which is varied and complicated. This is why the knowing method is so "productive", and there are more knowing words than pictographs and signifiers. Take "man" and "wood" as examples: people can be combined into "obedience, gregarious", and people can also be combined with other forms into "protection, logging, defense, reward for martial arts"; "Wood" and "wood" can be combined into "forest", and "wood" can also be combined with other forms into "analysis, facies, mining and sleepy". Because literacy is the intersection of two or more bodies, it can express many abstract meanings that are difficult to express by pictographic or referential methods.
Here are some examples of knowing words:
(1) the word "mo". Oracle Bone Inscriptions's word "Mo" is written like this: There is grass up and down and the sun in the middle, indicating that the sun has fallen into the grass, and it is already dusk. It is a knowing word for the two pictographs of "grass" and "sun". After the official reform, it was simplified to "Mo". The original meaning of "Mo" is that when the sun goes down, it is later extended to "No", "Don't", "Nobody" and "Nothing", as well as the meaning of speculating or asking questions, such as: Mo Ru, helpless, Mo Bu, Murphy, unpredictable, Mo Ru and so on. As the original meaning of "Mo" at sunset, it was later replaced by the newly coined word "Twilight".
2 the word "washing". The significance of washing hands. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing, the lower part is in the shape of a basin (dish), and the upper part is a pictogram of a hand reaching into the basin, indicating that you are washing your hands, which is a combination of two pictograms of "dish" and "hand". Jin Wen and Xiao Zhuan made it more clear that the left and right hands wash in a basin (dish), and there is water in the basin, which is a combination of three pictographs: "dish", "hand" and "water". After the official change, it is no longer pictographic, and the shape of the basin has been written as "disk".
3) the word "pat". The inscription is like an arrow in the string, and the hand (inch) is on the hair. Xiao zhuan changed the bow and arrow into the word "body", which was wrong. Original meaning: hit a long-range target with a bow and arrow. ◎ [~ dry] a kind of grass in ancient books, whose roots can be used as medicine.
◎ [Servant ~] The official names of China from the Qin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty were abolished after the Song Dynasty.
◎ [Nothing ~] A. One of the twelve methods of ancient music in China; B. The name of the clock cast by King Jing in the Spring and Autumn Period in China.
Folding arhat-like recognition characters
Some new words are composed of two or more identical morphemes. Most of the two characters overlap in the left and right coordinate structure, and most of the three characters overlap in the tower-shaped upper and lower structure, which looks like a pyramid in gymnastics. For example, three "people" form a "crowd"; Three "fire" constitutes "inflammation"; Three "Woods" make up "Sen"; Three "days" constitute a "crystal"; Three "straightness" constitutes "foundation"; Three "waters" constitute "seedlings"; Three "mouths" make up "goods" and so on.
Break through the body and decipher the words.
Because their glyphs have changed greatly, we can't see their origins now.
For example, why add a crooked mountain next to a woman's personality? Although some crosstalk explains that this means overthrowing the Five Mountains and liberating women, this word game is not etymological analysis. The correct etymological analysis can only be carried out from the traditional Chinese character "?" Go ahead and you can see it in the middle. This "?" The word "female" on the left refers to a woman, and the "broom" next to the woman is a broom. Together, that means women work with brooms at home. "Woman, broom?" And "endless strength, field for men" was in line with the social situation of "women working outside the home" and "men plowing and women weaving" at that time.
For another example, the etymology of the word "East" can only be analyzed from traditional Chinese characters.
The etymology of quite a few words is not easy to see, so people call them "broken words". People who are used to writing traditional Chinese characters often criticize the simplification of Chinese characters, because it is difficult to see the origin of simplified characters. In fact, this is a prejudice. Even if traditional Chinese characters are still used, how many people can analyze its etymology!
The knowing word is a combination word, which has obvious advantages over pictographs and reference words. Understanding breaks through some limitations of pictographs and referents. However, its own limitations are also great. First of all, its meaning is vague, uncertain and inaccurate. For example, "Mo" means the sun is in the grass, which means "sunset". How can it not be understood as "sunrise in the East"? "Hugh" means "people rest under the tree". How can it not be understood as "people working by trees"? Second, pronouns and function words cannot be homophonic, and many abstract meanings cannot be understood. For example, how to understand the pronoun "I" and adverb "hen"? "
A knowing word is a word-making method that combines two or more words according to a certain relationship between things. There are two conditions to know words, one is to combine words, and the other is to form new meanings by combining words. Otherwise, it can't be regarded as literacy.
Xu Shen said, "He who knows is friendlier than others, so he can see the finger, and Wu Xin is also." Class refers to things, friendship is synonymous, and the same wave refers to
Jude's definition of eight characters is vague, which is roughly that words representing certain things compete with each other to form new meanings, and the understanding of this new meaning needs to be guided by the internal or external relationship between related things. The method of understanding Chinese characters breaks through the limitations of pictographs and things and expands the scope of Chinese characters. Ideographic characters and word-making can only be used to represent single and static things (including people). And everything in the world is not isolated, absolutely static. They are interrelated in the process of movement, forming various behaviors and phenomena in the world and nature. Obviously, hieroglyphs and signifiers have no ability to create words for these behaviors and phenomena. Therefore, the ancients adopted such a technique: combining words expressing related things in a certain way, so that people can understand the meaning (that is, the meaning of words) through experience and consciousness. This is the way to know words. For example, the word "Hugh", from man to wood and Oracle Bone Inscriptions to rest, illustrates the relationship between man and tree-man leans under the tree. People can understand the meaning of rest according to the experience that they often rest in the shade after being tired in the field.
Understanding words can be classified from different angles. In terms of glyphs, they can be divided into the following three categories:
1) The homography matrix consists of repeated homography matrices:
& lt 1 & gt； These two words are repeated: from (following), than (two people next to each other), such as (two people standing side by side), there is (second-hand overlap, friendly and helpful), and absolutely (absolutely 2).
Two strings of jade), Peng (two strings of shellfish), Lin, You (two dogs bite each other), Dai (jian 1
When the two brothers meet, they attack their righteousness), silk (two bunches of silk), spine (Ziziphus jujuba), jujube (jujube, a tall tree), inflammation, Hector (lux), arithmetic (counting, arithmetic), elder brother, elder brother (the long and short stripes that make up gossip) and laurel (the jade used as a letter, below the upper circle).
& lt2> Three words are repeated: Sen, Yan (Yan is full of fire), Lei (full of stones), Zhong, Nie (whispering in private), Bang (describing the sounds of many cars), Qi (emblem flower), Jing, Pin and Miao.
2) Understanding heterographs:
& lt 1 & gt； A graphic word composed of several related words: a graphic word expresses a meaning through a complete graphic. It is different from pictographs, which draw the image of objects, and the objects they draw are all famous things, while pictographs draw a picture. This figure consists of two or more single characters, mostly representing actions, behaviors, etc. Example:
Cheng (saving righteousness, saving words) is (holding hands like working)
And (conformity, seeking righteousness) take (cutting ears to report merit)
Only (catch a bird by hand, which means a bird, only) (the original auxiliary word)
& lt2> Cognitive words composed of subject and organ: mainly express the actions of human beings or animals.
Zhizi is a combination of Chinese characters, which consists of two parts, one representing the subject of action and the other representing the organ that issued the action. These characters mainly represent the actions of people or animals, which are different from hieroglyphics representing conjoined names and things.
Watching (people staring at the distance) the enterprise (watching the enterprise under their feet) stinking (smelling) walking (running)
3) Inconvenient words: piece (judging wood, from half wood)
The meaning of cognitive characters is very broad and complex. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two categories: one is direct and concrete, and the other is indirect and implicit. There are many words that have more direct metaphorical meanings. For example, from two people, one is in front and the other is closely behind.
(Grazing) From cattle, it means to eat grass with a whip.
To catch (birds) from the net and catch them under the net means to trap birds.
Cognitive words like this are quite similar to sketches of human behavior or objective phenomena, and people can see and think of its meaning almost at a glance from the configuration of words. However, the meanings of other words are not so simple. For example:
(smelly) from dogs. Ideographic characters of the nose. The original meaning of odor is the general name of odor. The smell is invisible, can be smelled with the nose, and can't be smelled with the eyes. But according to the experience of hunting life, the ancients knew that the sense of smell of the dog's nose was the most sensitive to smell, so the dog knew himself and caused people to associate from tangible to intangible.
From the heart. People and many animals breathe from the heart and travel in the nasal cavity, so they understand with their hearts, indicating breath and breathing.
The configuration of the above words is no longer a direct portrayal of human behavior or objective phenomena, and the glyph no longer reflects the external relationship between things. People can no longer understand the meaning of words simply and directly from the "literal". The ideographic meaning of literacy is metaphysical, and the internal relationship of the things reflected requires people to associate with the "information" provided literally. At the same time, people need to have a profound and concrete understanding according to their own understanding of objective things and their grasp of social consciousness and ideology in a certain era, so as to accurately grasp the meaning of words. On the other hand, it is ancient philosophers who fully and effectively use people's subjective initiative to know and understand things, and then create such understandable words that are easy to be accepted and seemingly abstract in image.
Know the difference between characters, pictographs and indicators. A knowing character is a combination of characters and hieroglyphs or referents, so it can be disassembled into two or more characters that can express meaning independently. It goes without saying that the pictographs of a single unit can't be written even if they are dismantled. Reference characters seem to be detachable, but after disassembly, some of them are words, and the other part is reference symbols instead of words. This is the difference between complex and monomer on the surface. In fact, the characters that constitute literacy are essentially different from hieroglyphics and characters that are used alone. Words used alone only indicate relatively independent and static people or things, and have nothing to do with others; However, the people or things that make up a cognitive word are no longer in an independent and static state. They must have external or internal contact and interaction with each other. Together, they form a new organism and express a new meaning-recognizing the shape and meaning of words. In a word, pictographs and signifiers are recognized because of their uniqueness and statics, and cognition is expressed through their combination and dynamics. So in grammar, pictographs and signifiers are mostly nouns, while cognitive words are mostly verbs.