1. Du Fu's life can be divided into four periods.
Before the age of thirty-five, it was his study and strong travel period. At that time, it was the heyday of Kaiyuan, and the economic situation was good, which was the most proud period of his life. During his long-term tour of Zhuang, the poet came into contact with the incomparable rich cultural heritage and magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland, which brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poems. But because of this way of life, it is impossible to get in touch with the people and go deep into reality. Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparation period for his creation.
He entered realism from the stagnation of Chang 'an in the second decade. This is the brewing period of An Shi Rebellion. Traitors Li and Yang are in power. They can't repay him. They had to follow the dignitaries and live a humiliating life of "being rich every day, dying with fat horse dust", so that they were often hungry and cold, which enabled him to go deep into the people, understand their sufferings and see the evils of the ruling class. As a result of ten years' imprisonment, he has become a person who cares about the country and the people. This determines the direction of his literary development.
The third period of Du Fu, from forty-five to forty-eight, was the most intense period of An Shi Rebellion. The country is in peril, the people are in great disaster, and he himself has gone through difficulties and obstacles. In northern Shaanxi, he fled with the people. In occupied Chang 'an, he witnessed the Hu people being slaughtered and burned, and felt the pain of the country's destruction and death with the people. The Anshi Rebellion was a national contradiction, and the war at that time was a self-defense war related to the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards war is different from before. He does not oppose it, but actively calls for it. In his works, on the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people; On the other hand, it encourages people to take part in the war. In this context, a series of highly patriotic poems, such as Three Officials and Three Farewells, reached the peak of realism.
At the end of 759 AD, he abandoned his official position and went through all the hardships to reach Chengdu. He built a thatched cottage in the western suburbs of Chengdu, and he loves to associate with people. During these eleven years of wandering, his life was very bitter. Even in the year of his death, he went hungry for five days. Fortunately, no matter how hard his life is, no matter where he wanders, he is closely related to the people. The songs of autumn wind breaking the thatched cottage and the songs of Henan and Hebei officials and soldiers selected from junior high school textbooks are all excellent works in this period. He wandered in Sichuan for eight or nine years. Finally, the guest died on a wrecked ship. In that era of slavery, he should send out a strong voice of concern for the sufferings of the people. Naturally, his situation is depressing.
From the above description, his experience is consistent with the development of poetry creation style.
Second, the ideological nature of Du Fu's poems
As early as the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu was known as "the history of poetry". Because his poems not only widely reflect the social outlook in the process of the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty, but also vividly reproduce the major events in this historical turning point. More importantly, the poet truly reflected the suffering life of the people at that time with sympathy, their feelings, wishes and demands, sincerely and touching his patriotic enthusiasm to the death, profoundly exposing and effectively whipping all kinds of crimes that the ruling class endangered the country and the people, with a high spirit of people-oriented and seeking truth from facts.
1. Du Fu experienced people's sufferings extensively and profoundly, and his poems reflected people's sufferings in the war, under the oppression of tax exploitation and unreasonable military service system. "Worrying about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing in the intestines" is a true portrayal of Du Fu's broad mind of caring for and sympathizing with the people.
When he witnessed the sufferings brought to the people by the unjust war, he wrote the novel Garage Shop, expressing his deep sympathy for the people. In the Anshi Rebellion, I witnessed all kinds of tragedies caused by cruel military service, so I wrote poems such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" to reflect them respectively, and the poet's tears could be seen between the lines. The poverty and suffering of the people come from the exploitation and oppression of the ruling class. In this regard, the poet bravely revealed: "The imperial court divided silks, which originated from the cold women. Whip the husband's family and gather in a poor city. " "Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones." During the war, people lost their basic living conditions under exploitation and oppression and were forced to sell their children. The tragic situation of grief is reflected in the poem: "When you are injured, you are tired of the army, and you can take everything away." I'm from Jianghan. What generation am I? "What is particularly commendable is that the poet can push himself and others and care for the unfortunate in his extremely difficult and painful situation.
Du Fu cares about the fate of the country. When most of his poems are concerned about the country and the people, he shows sincere and touching patriotic enthusiasm. "Gan Kun is covered in scars, when will he be worried?" It embodies the poet's consistent feelings of worrying about the country.
Du Fu once expressed his outstanding views on military affairs, politics and diplomacy during the period of counterinsurgency in his poems. He believes that it is not appropriate to use returning soldiers to evaluate the chaos: "This generation is less expensive, the four sides are brave and determined to win", and it is even more inappropriate to let them stay in the Central Plains, which will lead to extinction: "Huamen will stay, and Yuanye will become desolate." The poet truly feels that to evaluate the insurgents, we must rely on the people to carry out the war of anti-aggression.
Although his ideal failed, he still pinned his hopes on his friends. He once risked his life to remonstrate and asked his friends to "love themselves in times of crisis". His emotions are based on the rise and fall of the country. He rejoiced in putting down the rebellion and reunifying the country: "News came from the distant West Railway Station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop tears from pouring down my coat, and I was worried about this endless war: "When will the mourning end?" . The poet died unsatisfied.
3. Du Fu has the courage to expose abuses and attack the ignorance, decay and luxury of the upper ruling class. "If you have to save the wounded, go to the thief first" just shows his sober fighting spirit of criticizing realism.
The poet hates the dissolute life of the ruling clique. In many poems, the luxury of the ruling group and the hunger and death of the people form a sharp and strong contrast, and distinguish right from wrong. Du Fu holds the dedication of "saving the world and loving death", and "believing in illness and hating" is like a thorn in the side, exposing and criticizing all people and things that endanger the country, which is beyond the reach of previous poets.
Du Fu's life is always full of sincere and passionate passion. Even though he was repeatedly hit and tortured by politics in his life, he was never depressed and depressed. With such a political attitude, he is full of deep feelings for daily life and natural scenery. In his works praising natural scenery, remembering relatives and friends, and remembering the past, he often shows his thoughts and feelings of loving the motherland, sympathizing with the Eight Masters and liking current politics.
In 763 AD, in the twelfth lunar month, Tubo captured Chang 'an and was looted. The poet saw the mountains blooming early in Shu, and in the poem "Early Flowers", he was full of worries about the capital and the current situation. Climbing the Building is a masterpiece in this respect. It's not far away when it hurts the scenery. Moonlit Night and Moonlit Night Remembering Brothers are his masterpieces that miss his loved ones. Du Fu missed Li Bai's poems and songs and wrote them well, including his admiration for Li Bai. There are sympathy and complaints about Li Bai. In view of the above, Du Fu himself is known as the "poet saint".
Third, the artistic features of Du Fu's poems
His poems are profound in ideological content, serious in subject matter, profound in feelings and diverse in expression techniques. Therefore, we call Du Fu's greatest achievement and characteristic "ism". With his rich life experience, his poems are mostly about life, which requires realistic expression. This is the internal reason for the formation of this feature of his poetry. Here we talk about the application of Du Fu's narrative poems, which have the largest number and high quality.
1. Good at typical artistic generalization of real life. He is very good at selecting and summarizing typical characters and reflecting the general through individuals. For example, the dialogue between "pedestrians" in the "military vehicle shop" tells the same or similar experiences of thousands of conscripts and soldiers; "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are the best examples of typical generalization. "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road freezes people to death", "There are many people in ten rooms, and there are many people in Qian Shan", so these poems of Du Fu have been thrilling for thousands of years, and the secret should also be a highly concentrated summary of real life.
2. Subjective and objective. That is to melt one's subjective consciousness, thoughts and feelings into an objective and concrete description, without knowing what to say. It is also his greatest skill to examine the greatest characteristics of Du Fu's narrative poems, because he must have a cool mind who is good at restraining his excitement. In "Shi Qu Guan", except the sentence "What makes Guan angry and why do women cry?" , are concrete descriptions of objective things. He integrated his subjective feelings and comments into the objective narrative, and the main events themselves directly infected the readers. In Car Shop, Du Fu never speaks. When the words of "pedestrians" are finished, the poem is over. His poems are ironic in narration, which makes him feel sad and sincere.
3. Use of dialogue and personalization of characters' language. In order to write the characters vividly, he absorbed the creative experience of Han Yuefu, and often used dialogues or monologues to personalize the characters' language. He attaches great importance to the pondering and tempering of poetic language, and is good at expressing the most content appropriately and vividly with the least words.
"I came from three thousand miles away. Sad this autumn, with my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this high alone. "The predecessors once said that these fourteen words have eight meanings. "Three Years of the Flute, Guan Shanyue, Before the Soldiers of Various Countries" vividly summarizes the war-torn era and the poet's wandering life. The accuracy of Du Fu's words often shows the poet's tempering efforts. The word "vertical" in the famous sentence "The stars come down from the clearing and the moon comes up from the river" shows the vastness of Ye Ping at night, and the word "surge" shows the rippling scenery of the moon reflecting the river. The word "go" in "Wanzhongling Valley near Jingmen" makes the quiet mountains fly with dragons and snakes.
In "Wedding Farewell", write a bride's monologue: "Rabbit silk is covered with hemp, so it is not long. It is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband. With your wife, mats don't warm the bed. It's too hasty to say goodbye on the morning of the curtain call wedding! Although your trip is not far, you will go to Luoyang to wait and see ... "Marriage is painful, but the thought of being a bride who has just passed the door inevitably leads to a reserved attitude, shy language and strong throughput. This fully conforms to the specific identity and mental outlook of the characters.
4. Du Fu's poetry styles are diverse, and "depression and frustration" is the basic style of his poetry. "Depressed and frustrated" is a summary of Du Fu's creative style in "Into the Carving Fu Biao". The profound ideological content, the emotional expression of repeated sighs, is dignified and deep. Melancholy and tragic artistic realm, rigorous meter and sonorous rhyme are the main factors that form this style.
Like other great poets, Du Fu's poems are diverse in style. Some of his poems are unrestrained, soothing and peaceful, with quiet and clear artistic conception and relaxed feelings. For example, some poems, such as "A Heart on a Water Threshold", all reflect this artistic style which is different from "Depression and Frustration".
5. Du Fu's poetry forms are extremely complete, and he is good at every style. Du Fu is especially good at metrical poems. His metrical poems are rigorous, coherent, steady and skillful, which represents the highest achievement of metrical poems in Tang Dynasty. As he described in "Ten Rhymes of Zheng Jian", "Thinking floats in the clouds while things move, and ghosts and gods prey on the law. There is no regret at all, the waves are old. " It has indeed reached the realm of "extraordinary holiness".
His Yuefu poems not only inherited the tradition of feeling sadness and joy, but also created a new form of "famous articles", which opened up a new way for future generations to write Yuefu.
Fourthly, Du Fu's position and influence in the history of China's poetry development.
Li Gang, the patriotic prime minister at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, praised Du Fu's poems and said, "What is the history of poetry? It is sincere and elegant. Calling for poets, who is the Asia of the world? " These four poems can really summarize the achievements and origins of Du Fu's realistic poems, as well as their lofty position and far-reaching influence in the history of China's poetry. Du Fu is worthy of being a "teacher of poets". His poems are highly ideological and artistic, attracting later poets, drawing spiritual nutrition from them and gaining artistic reference. For example, Bai Juyi consciously studied the realistic spirit and creative method of Du Fu's new topic "Story", wrote a large number of realistic works and launched the new Yuefu poetry movement; Influence, until Huang Zunxian in the late Qing Dynasty.
The thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people in Du Fu's poems have aroused strong resonance among later progressive writers. Wang Anshi, a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, praised this, saying, "I am willing to go from public service to death."
Du Fu now has a Du Gongbu collection of over 65,438+0,400 poems. Thousands of people have paid attention to Du Fu's poems throughout the ages. He is a great poet with world reputation and influence. His works have been translated into dozens of languages and widely circulated. 1962, Du Fu was born in 1250, and the World Peace Council designated him as a world cultural celebrity in memory of him. In the 8th century, such a great realistic poet was born in our country, which left us a valuable cultural heritage and was worth studying and studying.