According to the draft of Qing history &; #8226; "Selected Records 1" says, "There is a clear school, and it is along the Ming system. The capital is called Chinese studies, and there are official schools such as the Eight Banners and Imperial Clans. Directly to the provincial government, state and county schools. "
First of all, about students
Interns refer to students who are admitted to local official schools (government, state and county schools) through children's exams, commonly known as scholars, also known as scholars, doctoral disciples, disciples, students and so on. Students are called because in ancient times, schools called students. Those who study in prefectures and counties are called Yi Yao students and county students, while those who study in the government are called county Yao students and government students.
There are three types of students: catering students (catering students), additional students (multiplication students) and dependent students (dependent students), collectively known as Zhu Sheng.
In the Qing dynasty, life, complexity and attachment were the main factors. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, students were awarded the qualifications of official, state and county schools because of their salary increase. Such students are called case students or reimbursement students. Close the case as soon as possible.
In the fourth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1647), Confucianism in all provinces was divided into universities, middle schools and primary schools, and children were admitted to school. There are forty universities, thirty middle schools and twenty primary schools. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), it was changed to: children were enrolled in all provinces, with 20 in the big government, 0/5 in the prefectures and counties, 0/2 in middle schools and 7/8 in primary schools. "
As a student, he has a superior position than ordinary civilians. Draft of the Qing Dynasty &; #8226; Election record 1: "If you are kind to all students, you will be free from doing bad work. Poor students rent houses and subsidize schools. If you violate the ban, the instructors of the government, state and county will be punished, and the big ones will be punished after applying for political reform. Can't blame local officials. "
After becoming a student, tong sheng must take many exams. Students' exams are mainly divided into two categories:
One is the tutor exam, which includes monthly class and quarterly exam. The monthly shift is once a month. The quarterly exam is a four-season exam in spring, summer, autumn and winter, with the same content as the monthly exam. Every month, students gather in Minglun Hall to recite the emperor shunzhi's Xunzi Wen Zi and Kangxi Emperor's Bed. No leave is allowed except for anxiety, illness, going out to study as a teacher and inevitable accidents. Those who don't attend the monthly class three times in a year will be warned, and those who don't attend the monthly class and the quarterly exam will be expelled from the people. Monthly and quarterly examination papers should be sent to the educational administration department for inspection and archiving.
One is an examination presided over by the emperor's special school administration. There are two kinds of examinations: annual examination and scientific examination. Generally, during the three-year study and administrative term, the first year is the annual examination, and the second year is the subject examination.
In 2008, students will be rewarded and punished according to their merits and demerits. The new year's exam implements the "six-level method", that is, rewards and punishments are divided into six levels according to the results.
"Six-level Method":
Those who rank first, whether they are proliferative, epiphytic or Tsing Yi, can be supplemented as students. If there is no shortage of students, the affiliated middle school, Tsing Yi and the development society will all make up for the proliferation. Where there is no proliferation, Tsing Yi and Fashe are tutorial students; You can wait for the shortage of students to make up. If the disease stops or degrades due to fault, the original treatment and qualification should be restored.
Ranked second, proliferation and health; Epiphytes, Tsing Yi and Pharma are the auxiliary of proliferation, and when proliferation is not lacking, Tsing Yi and Pharma are the auxiliary of epiphytes; Stop hair loss, reduce hyperplasia and restore health. Hyperplasia is reduced to epiphyte and resumed, but it cannot be supplemented as epiphyte.
Ranked third, those who originally stopped hair care will resume their original treatment when there is a vacancy. Those who return to school after funeral leave, those who return to school after illness, those who return to school after examination, those who find out the facts because of the deterioration of things, and those who proliferate and degenerate into epiphytes, all return to their original identities; Tsing Yi and the Development Society can resume the qualification of additional students, but those who are degraded and proliferated cannot resume.
If you rank fourth, you will avoid being beaten, but you should stop. Keep the vacancy (others can't make it up) and make up the exam within half a year. Students who were originally suspended from school and demoted are not allowed to take make-up exams; Those who proliferate, become attached to each other, grow up in Tsing Yi and develop societies will be punished.
The fifth person will be allowed to be replaced by others. Those who have been punished for stopping hair growth are reduced to hyperplasia, hyperplasia is epiphyte, epiphyte is Tsing Yi, and Tsing Yi is the development society. Those who were punished by development agencies were turned into people.
Those who rank sixth, those who were born for more than ten years, those who were born for more than six years and those who have proliferated for more than ten years will be punished as bookkeepers in our office, and the rest will be replaced by the people. Students who have been in school for less than six years.
For students, the annual examination is a crucial assessment. All students must attend, and those who don't attend for no reason will be turned into people. Those who miss the exam for some reason will make up the exam within a time limit, and those who don't make up the exam will also be dismissed as the people. After ten years (1745), it was changed to: those who failed the exam three times in a row became people (later relaxed to five times without taking the exam).
Subject examination is mainly an examination for students to obtain the qualification to apply for rural areas. Only the top four students are eligible to take the subject one exam. Only those who rank in the first, second and third categories (the top ten in big provinces) after the examination are eligible to apply for the jury. The examination content is basically the same as the annual examination. The examination results should be reported to the Department of Ritual for the record. In addition, the scientific research also has the function of "supplementing and awarding", which is the same as the annual examination in this respect. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, the provincial examination was suspended, and it was resumed in the twelfth year of Kangxi.
"There are no fixed years of study in schools at the prefecture, state and county levels, and many old people are always a scholar. Students have two ways out. One is to become a student in Gong Jian, imperial academy through recommendation, and the other is to become a juror after having obtained the provincial examination. The two are collectively called tributes. "
Second, about Gong Sheng.
The so-called tribute students, this refers to the local tribute to the court as a member of the students. According to Ming history &; #8226; Election Chronicle and Draft of Qing History &; #8226; According to the book selection records, tribute students in Ming Dynasty were divided into four categories: year-old tribute, grace tribute, election tribute and tribute. There were two kinds of tributes in Qing dynasty: secondary tributes and excellent tributes. In addition, selecting tribute and paying tribute in Qing Dynasty were called pulling tribute and giving tribute respectively. In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Sheng was also called "Ming Jing".
1, annual tribute. Year-old tribute is the earliest among all kinds of tribute students, which first appeared in the seventeenth year of Hongwu. Draft of the Qing Dynasty &; #8226; Selected notes 1: "In the second year of Shunzhi, at the age of 30, he was appointed as the capital office. There is a one-year-old in a government school, two three-year-olds in a state school and one two-year-old in a county school. One accompanied two, studied politics and strictly selected. Charge more and send it back to the original school; More than five, study politics and punish them. In fifteen years, when the Ministry was ordered to make a detailed investigation, those who were in their prime were allowed to be sent to prison. In the first year of Kangxi, the amount of tribute was reduced, with two people aged three in the government, one in the state and one in the county. Eight years, the case of Shunzhi, repeated for two years. "
Because of the age of tribute, it is often called "getting tribute" because it is "shallower and deeper than its food" (in Yong Zhengdi). "Tribute" sounds derogatory, while "Jinshi" is an elegant name for tribute students.
When Gong arrives in Beijing, he usually has to pass the court exam. After Shi Ting was admitted, Lao Gong was first sent to imperial academy to study. Give some punishment to those students who are not from China. There is a clear record in "A Record of Ming Taizu" on how to punish the tribute students who failed the exam. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), in March, Gong Sheng's imperial examination was cancelled. Imperial academy didn't mention that "the educational administration was given a sequential examination, and the quasi-consulting department selected the subjects of this province".
2. ang. It is a new name for old tributes under special circumstances. In the Qing dynasty, "due to the Ming system, state-owned celebrations or Dengji, the imperial edict was full of tribute." In the first year of Shunzhi, the provincial capital, prefectures and counties were ordered to study, with this year's tribute as tribute and the second tribute as tribute. It's been like this for generations. "Engong is also called the Golden Lion.
3. Select (extract) the tribute. "Qing Yi" was held in the first year of Shunzhi because of the tribute selection system in Ming Dynasty. There are six people in Shuntian, two in the provincial capital and one in each county. "From the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658) to the fifth year of Yongzheng, the selection of tribute also stopped many times. In December of the fifth year of Yongzheng, the election will be held every six years. In February of the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), the selection was changed to once every twelve years, and this has been taken as an example.
4, deputy tribute, after having obtained the provincial examination, in addition to the admission of the main volume, take a number of other names as the deputy list. "Prison vice list. In the second year of Shunzhi, Shuntian was asked to have a Chinese-style vice list as a tribute. Lin Sheng, tribute Enla and Chen Lao were both exempted from imprisonment and tried by the court. In fifteen years, he stopped paying tribute, but the vice list remained unchanged. In the first year of Kangxi, the tribute was stopped. Eleven years, played by Chalu. "
5, excellent tribute, once every three years, the number is more than eight. Yougong's requirements are wider than Bagong's: "Excellent students don't take exams when they arrive at the Ministry." In the twenty-third year of Qianlong (1758), it was changed to "at four or five o'clock, the Ministry will send ministers to try to present them at different levels." Those who pass must be supervised, and those who are barren must be sent back to the original school. " Therefore, You Gong's position is lower than Ba Gong's. For example, during the Tongzhi period (1862- 1874), some students who passed the examination were "enrolled in the Seventh Class of Beijing Lawsuit", some were "tried in a magistrate", and some were "invited by the official department to be divided into teaching posts and auxiliary officials"; As for the outstanding students admitted, they are only "apprentices with the magistrate" or "for the purpose of teaching", and none of them are small officials in Beijing.
Old tribute, grandfather, bagong, deputy tribute and you gong are collectively called "five tributes". Scholars, except those who took part in the imperial examination, all entered the official career from this, which is also called the right path. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, so-called "tribute" was also allowed as a tribute of the army. "After a few stops, the system of expedient measures at the time of the founding of the People's Republic of China was established."
The status of benefactor, bagong and vice-benefactor is higher than that of caring for benefactor. Emperor Qianlong once approved the proposal put forward by Xia Zhifang, an imperial envoy approved by the official department: "Students from the state, the state and the county are allowed to enroll separately, and the main book and the official are allowed to enroll separately in the annual tribute." In the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792), in September, Emperor Qianlong rewarded the juren who were over 70 years old and belonged to the vice-list, Bagong and Engong, and allowed them to try as a whole, but they belonged to the old Gong's "vice-list".
You Gong's position is roughly equivalent to Niangong. In February of the second year of Qianlong (1737), the official department thought that imperial academy's "excellent tribute should be selected compared with the old tribute. Since it is guaranteed to be a good post, there is no fixed regulation on the selection of civil servants at the expiration of their term of office." After the completion of the course, it is allowed to be included in the tribute points of each year in order to be selected to re-establish the discipline. In case of post examination, it is also allowed to consult in one book, and the main book and the official eye are selected separately. "The official department of this proposal has also been approved by the emperor Qianlong. In May of the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), in the case of "Manchu-Mongolian examination", Yougong and Jiugong were also classified as the same kind: those who obtained the first-class merit from the students of En, Ba and Deputy Gong were in the same state; Second-class and third-class are evaluated by the state and used by the county. Students who have passed the exam, those who have passed the exam, those who have donated tributes, and those who are in the first grade will use the master book; The second class is for officials.
In addition to the above five kinds of tributes, there are so-called example tributes (often called tributes in the Ming Dynasty). "Where Lin, Zeng and Epiphany in Confucianism are donors of gongsheng according to government regulations, they are called gongsheng. This was the only way from donation to official at that time. ..... paying tribute or studying in prison, or staying in school, can be called imperial academy Guo Jianzi. " Examples of tributes can be divided into tributes, increased tributes and complimentary gifts according to the status of students before declaring donations.
Example tributes do not belong to the right path, and their status is naturally lower than the above five tributes. In June of the twentieth year of Kangxi, there was an edict: "Han army and Han people are not allowed to take the right exam." In February of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), it was stipulated: "The teaching posts in all provinces are supplemented by promotion, kindness, promotion, vice-ranking and health. He donated personnel, the decree was changed to the county official, and the discipline was changed to the main book. " The "model tribute" is obtained by donation and is despised by ordinary people. During the Qianlong period, if an official was determined to take the right path and enter the official position, he was allowed to resign from his official position and take the imperial examination in his original capacity. "
Third, about Guo Jian's son.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the central official school and the highest institution of learning in China was imperial academy (otherwise known as "Cheng Jun" and "imperial academy").
Imperial academy's students and apprentices include Gong Jian, who was imprisoned as Gong Sheng, and Giant Sword, who was imprisoned as a juren.
As early as March of the sixth year of Hongwu, prisons had already appeared. During the Yongle period (1403- 1424), at first, "I will try to send the first juren to prison", and in June of the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), because "imperial academy is getting older, and now the school can't accommodate him".
Supervisors in Ming dynasty were divided into shadow supervisors and case supervisors (also called "accepting supervisors"), while in Qing dynasty, they were divided into benevolent supervisors and superior supervisors.
1, Enjian. "Qianlong years began to implement, mainly to select and take care of some qualifications, special status, and good conditions to be admitted to prison. In the second year of Qianlong (1737), the students of quasi-Eight Banners Han officials should attach importance to history, invite them to take the examination of appointed ministers every three years, and select the best invigilator, which will be integrated with the invigilation of Han Palace. Later, everyone agreed to let Cowen supervise all the Eight Banners students, Chinese students and astronomy students in Qin. In the fifty-first year of Qianlong (1786), he accompanied the descendants of the sages of Confucius Temple. Anyone who practiced martial arts and was handsome and handsome was allowed to be a prison. "
2. Shadow supervisor. There are two kinds of shadow supervision: grace shadow and difficulty shadow. According to the rank of civil and military officials at home and abroad, Yin Yin was put in prison. "Have to go to prison, called officer, and people's livelihood. There are also people who are not limited to official products but are specially imprisoned. This is called grace. Generally, the son of a dead official will be blessed. "
3. Excellent supervision. "It's similar to YouGong, but the conditions for entering the prison are slightly reduced. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng, if Confucianism was a part-time student or a martial arts student in the local area, it could be selected as an excellent supervisor. " "During the Yongzheng period, I began to analyze the name of the tribute supervisor and was promoted to excellent tribute. The attached students were allowed to be excellent supervisors."
4. example supervision. "Similar to the tribute, it is also a relatively loose condition. A scholar who has not obtained the qualification of a student, that is, Junxiu, can obtain the qualification of a supervisor through donation, which is called a case supervisor. "
In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Sheng's position was obviously higher than that of blade master. For example, in September of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the crown of the relevant personnel was stipulated, in which "Jinding was used for people below seven grades, for Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng; Both students and supervisors use silver shirts. " In December of the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), Yong Zhengdi "told the cabinet that all provinces should be allowed to send eugenics, and all students should be allowed to give old-age pensions, and the affiliated students should be supervised students and put into prison." After ten years of Qianlong (1745), in June, Guo Jian student Shi erlu was awarded a tribute for his first-class military service in Yisangkou and other places.
(Reference:
Deng Mingqing student, tribute, supervisor)