Percussion, as one of the main forms of folk instrumental music in the Central Plains, covers the whole Central Plains. Percussion clubs spread all over the village, with a long history and deep roots, passed down from generation to generation.
The performance style of Central Plains folk percussion music is rough and bold, vigorous and vigorous, passionate and magnificent.
Keywords: percussion; Folk instrumental music; Form of performance
First, the status quo and combination of folk percussion
Central Plains folk percussion music is the most popular among the masses, with the largest number of organizations and the most popular among the masses.
Percussion has a very long history.
According to legend, in primitive society, human ancestors made various noises with sticks, stones and other objects to chase and disperse wild animals, gain prey for a living and express their feelings at the same time.
According to the official records of Emperor Li Zhou of the Zhou Dynasty? Drum people? Sacrifice god with thunder drums, sacrifice god with spirit drums and sticks, and enjoy ghosts with road drums. ? According to the biography of the reflection of Mi Heng, Mi Heng? Drumming Cao? As can be seen from the allusions, percussion music was first used to pray for gods and worship ancestors, bells and drums rang in unison for meals, then entered the palace, became a pleasure for banquets and ceremonies, and then entered the army, becoming an important means of practicing array and giving orders for attack and defense. Playing drums to help fight? Sound the golden bell and retreat? Said.
Percussion music has really become the joy of all people, and it is closely related to the jubilation and joy of the people when it flows into the people again. Although it has gone through many vicissitudes, it is? Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze? And with the development of social history, folk percussion music is constantly developing, changing and improving.
Central plains folk percussion club. Commonly known as big bronze? Is this folk? Social fire? The title of.
This name is named after the leading instrument of the band. Big? From here.
The band consists of cymbals, cymbals and drums, with drums as the leading instrument.
Drum, also called chop drum, has a drum surface diameter of more than 1m and a drum height of about 500m, and is supported by a drum stand, and one person knocks or many people knock around.
The cymbals are made of sounding copper, and they are also called cymbals.
? Hey? It was introduced into China from India during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to records, Tianzhu originated in Zhang Zhonghua. According to Liangzhou (AD 346-353), Chongsi was translated as a tribute to male artists, and Tianzhu was happy.
? Do you have any musical instruments? Copper cymbals? Wait for nine kinds.
Osmium appeared in the Song Dynasty. Copper cymbals, Fautu's floating cymbals, are small and clear, also known as cymbals. ? According to historical records, the size and shape of rubidium and cymbal are basically the same, and there have been new changes since their spread.
The diameter of the mouth surface is about 65cm, and the middle bulge is bubble-shaped, making a deep sound. It is the main instrument in percussion melody.
The cymbal is 40cm in diameter, with a large bulge in the middle, accounting for about 1/2 of the cymbal diameter.
It makes a loud sound and is the backbone of folk percussion instruments.
Other supporting instruments are generally small drums, big gongs, hand cymbals and small gongs, as well as bow gongs, elbow gongs, laobang gongs and three-eyed gongs. The number of instruments and bands is uncertain.
There are about 100 to 150 people in large bronze clubs, and some have 10 to 20 people (because several pairs of cymbals and cymbals can be used at the same time, and several people play drums, but there is no fixed number of bows and elbows).
? Gong? It is made of soft bamboo strips about 200 cm long and 5 cm wide. One end is inserted into the player's back and waist, and the other end is decorated with carved faucets. There is a big gong hanging under the faucet, supported by the left hand and knocked by the right hand.
When playing, the musicians began to dance, the gongs struck at a single rhythm, and the bows and gongs walked in front of the big band to guide them.
? Elbow gong? It is to install a shelf on the top of a wooden stick with a length of about 70cm and a diameter of about 3cm, hang a big gong, and decorate the shelf with various myths and opera figures. Its gameplay and function are the same? Gong? Same.
? Old beep? Also known as long horn, it is about 2m long, made of metal, with thin top and low rent. The upper mouthpiece is cup-shaped, and the lower mouthpiece is trumpet-shaped, with loud volume and rough pronunciation, but it can't play melody.
It is to arrange several people to play together before the percussion performance or at the climax of the performance to render the atmosphere.
? Three eyes? It is three 20-25 cm long iron drums made of pig iron and tied together with iron hoops. There is a handle at the lower end, which is filled with self-made gunpowder, which is ignited before the performance or at the climax to show the beginning of the performance or set off the atmosphere.
In the past, the lyrics of many traditional operas described this atmosphere, such as? Is it the sedan chair that started with three shots outside the mansion? Wait a minute.
Second, the form of expression
There are two forms of folk percussion music circulating in the Central Plains.
One is called? Start beating gongs and drums , the other is called? Venue (or opening) gongs and drums? .
Start beating gongs and drums. Is it the bronze club and? Dragon? 、? Lions? When the club class is exercising, the artist shouts? Has it started? From `.
Where is the percussion band at this hour? Dragon? ,? Lions? In front of the club, there are 5 to 7 people in horizontal rows and March vertically. Gong? Elbow gong? 10 and 20 are arranged on both sides of the band in front or two rows, much like the ancient Luanjia, with drums in the middle and banjo in the front and back. The rhythm of the performance is steady, the speed is a little slow, and the qupai setting is single, but the team is neat. Each group of musical instruments takes turns to play, and the personnel must change from time to time according to their physical strength. The sound is noisy and the atmosphere is magnificent.
? Venue (opening) gongs and drums? Named after arriving at a new performance point or playing at the original fixed place.
At this time, the drum (no matter how many faces) is in the center, the drum (conductor) can be controlled according to the situation, and other musical instruments are arranged horizontally according to the types, or in a figure of eight (it can be round when there are few people).
Before you start playing? Old beep? Blow high and make a rich and deep sound. Three eyes? With the explosion, the Allegro drummer directs the band to send out various signals in the center (or side) of the drum with light, heavy, slow and sharp strokes and rigid and soft, virtual and violent gestures.
When conducting, the Allegro drummer does not simply direct the rhythm, but inspires, infects and mobilizes all kinds of forces of the whole band with his exquisite drumming art, full emotion and superb organizational level, and a magnificent, magnificent, passionate and gripping performance can be fully displayed.
Because folk percussion originated from the people, and spread among the people for a long time, it is a spontaneous amateur art form of the people. Most artists are local farmers, and there are no professional groups.
For a long time, few professional musicians have collected and studied their playing techniques and music scores. Therefore, there has been no systematic and standardized percussion instrument playing techniques and score records.
The current performances are based on the oral guidance of senior artists, the experience and habits of performers, and the tacit cooperation of collaborators, forming a regional and incomplete performance technique.
For example, under the restriction of rhythm, drummers beat each other with their own drumsticks, beat each part of the drum surface with double hammers to produce drums with different timbres, beat the drum edges with hammers and scrape the drum edges with double hammers.
When two people beat drums, one beats each other with a drumstick, or when two or more people beat drums, they exchange positions by dancing, which makes the whole performance lively and energetic.
In some places, flying cymbals and flying cymbals are played.
According to Zhang, an 82-year-old folk artist in Yanling County, Xuchang City (he is a cymbal artist himself), Fei Rao and Fei cymbals were used as weapons on the battlefield in ancient times, and later they flowed into folk martial arts. In the Republic of China, this project was put into the performance of folk percussion music as a folk dance.
The instruments used by flying cymbals and cymbals belong to medium and small cymbals and are suitable for playing.
Third, the structure and performance of percussion music
There are three main genres or structural forms of folk percussion music in the Central Plains:
1. Single.
Such as inverted bridge, four-sided mirror, pearl inverted shutter, dog bite, three-sided hammer, etc.
This part of the repertoire is generally short, which can be composed independently, in one go, using repetition and variation, and is one of the more percussion instruments.
2. Active divertimento.
Such as Cui, Yuanyang's poems, Ten Scenes, Hard Ten Mirrors, Protecting the Heart into the Mirror, Hei Hu Going Down the Mountain, etc. These tracks can be played separately or in series, but they are not arranged according to a fixed routine.
This is based on the temporary understanding of the percussionist, and the conductor motioned to change other tracks.
Most of these tracks are improvised, so they are also called? Add flowers? Its time can be long or short, its skills can be more or less, and it's fun.
? Add flowers? It can best reflect the performance level of musicians, and folk artists often use their best and most distinctive skills on it.
3. divertimento.
The divertimento consists of five or more tracks, some as many as twenty.
The song titles in the divertimento are different, some are named after a song, some are titled with the general name, and there are sub-song titles below, while others are named in the order of several tracks.
For example, the ensemble named "Gong and Drum Songs" consists of 265,438+0 percussion tracks with different titles.
Namely: Xiao Ban Qi, Phoenix Three Nods, Qinglong Swing Tail, Butterfly Flying, Three Stages, Bad Household Supplies, Household Search Supplies, Double Doors, Insects in Bamboo Forest, Double Butterflies, Single Butterflies, Lion Rolling Hydrangea and Two Dragons Swing Tails.
Where is the track "Nine Reveals" from? Quyi? Arrive? Where's Qu? There are also divertimentos such as "Nine Returns".
Accompanied by percussion divertimento and folk dance, it is called bronze drum dance, such as Hei Hu going down the mountain, the first shot, sparrows quarreling, showing their heads, ten kinds of tapestries, Qinglong going out to sea, lotus lanterns, string children and so on.
According to the rhythm and emotional changes of music, dancers carry bows and gongs on their backs and make different dance movements and picture modeling.
The "Bronze Drum Dance" of this performance was also included in the "Integration of Chinese Folk Dances".
Fourthly, the role of folk percussion in folk customs.
The folk percussion art in the Central Plains has a long history and deep roots, and has been widely spread and developed among the people for a long time.
Due to historical reasons, there are few written records of folk percussion music, but from the collection of China Folk Instrumental Music Integration, many ancient tracks have been found.
Its notation is based on? Dot, circle, x, bar? A manuscript recorded as a symbol.
From a place, folk percussion has been here for hundreds of years.
One of the important reasons why folk percussion music is enduring is that it is closely related to local traditional folk customs.
The Central Plains is the cradle of Chinese culture and one of the cradles of ancient civilization.
Folk customs with strong feudal colors are still preserved in rural areas around the country.
As a folk music art, folk percussion is always associated with these folk customs. Every Chinese New Year holiday, temple fair and festival, folk percussion music should be used as the opening and guiding way.
The central plains folk percussion music developed under this social background and occupied a certain position in folk customs.
In the past, folk percussion music was indispensable at folk ancient temple fairs.
Ancient temple fairs refer to local sacrifices to a god, such as? Tian Tian Temple? Silent temple? Niangniang Temple? And so on.
The less time is three days, and the more time is five days.
Especially the third day? Zheng Hui? It was all taken by the bronze club at that time? A good soldier and a strong general? Send experts, play the best lineup, play the best songs and do your best.
They are more skilled than technology, and see who is skilled and plays more tricks.
It is this belief that urges them to study hard, improve their skills and promote the prosperity and development of folk percussion music.
Central Plains folk percussion music is also an indispensable protagonist in other customs and entertainment activities.
During the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival or harvest, several Gong clubs will be invited from one place to perform programs and competitions.
Have a plenty of accompanying reading? Lion dance? Dragon lantern? Support a dry boat? Walking on stilts? And other folk arts, bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and wish the crops a bumper harvest and the six livestock a prosperous life.
References:
[1] Wu Fan, Tan Yuejun. On the artistic characteristics of traditional folk percussion music in the Central Plains [J]. Agricultural Archaeology, 2007(03)