First, the task of nursing
With the development of nursing, the task of nursing has also changed. 1978 who pointed out: "as a professional nursing worker, the only duty of a nurse is to help patients recover and healthy people promote health." Nurses need to help humans solve the following four health-related problems:
(A) to alleviate the pain
Relieving individual pain is the basic duty and task of nursing work. In clinical nursing practice, nurses master and apply nursing knowledge and skills to help individuals in a disease state to alleviate their physical and mental pain.
(2) Restore health
Nurses use basic nursing knowledge and skills to help nursing objects with health problems solve health problems, improve their health status and improve their health level.
(3) Keep healthy
Through a series of nursing activities, nurses help nursing objects to reduce or eliminate factors that hinder health, avoid or delay the occurrence of diseases, prevent the deterioration of diseases, reduce disabilities, promote rehabilitation and achieve the best health state.
(4) promoting health
Nurses help individuals, families and communities acquire the knowledge and resources needed to maintain or improve their health through health education and other activities, with the goal of helping people maintain the best health level or state.
The goal of nursing is to improve people's quality of life on the basis of meeting people's needs and respecting people's rights. The ultimate goal of nursing is not only to maintain and promote the high level of personal health, but also to face the family and community, and ultimately improve the health level of all mankind.
Category of nursing
(1) Clinical nursing
The service object of clinical nursing is patients, and its contents include basic nursing and specialized nursing.
1. Basic nursing is to apply the basic theory, knowledge and skills of nursing to meet the basic needs of patients, and it is the basis of nursing in various specialties, such as observing the situation of excretory nursing and operating the basic nursing skills of hospice care.
2. Specialized nursing is based on the theory of nursing and related disciplines, combined with the characteristics and diagnosis and treatment requirements of specialized patients, providing holistic nursing for patients, such as the nursing of various specialized patients, emergency nursing and the operation of specialized nursing skills.
(2) Community nursing
Based on clinical nursing knowledge and skills, it provides services for individuals, families and communities to promote health, maintain health, restore health and reduce disability, help people establish a healthy lifestyle and promote the improvement of the health level of the whole people.
(3) Nursing management
Using the theories and methods of modern management science, we plan, organize, direct, coordinate and control the factors such as manpower, material resources, time and information in nursing work to ensure the efficiency and quality of nursing work.
Nursing education
Based on the theories of nursing and pedagogy, we should cultivate nursing talents to meet the needs of medical and health services and the development of medical science and technology. Nursing education includes basic nursing education, post-graduation nursing education and continuing nursing education. Basic nursing education includes three levels: technical secondary school, junior college and undergraduate course; Post-graduation nursing education includes postgraduate education and standardized post training education; Continuing nursing education is a lifelong education for nursing practitioners to learn new theories, new knowledge, new technologies and new methods.
(5) Nursing scientific research
Nursing scientific research reveals the inherent law of nursing through observation, scientific experiment, investigation and analysis, and directly or indirectly guides nursing practice, thus promoting the development of nursing theory, knowledge and technology.
Third, the way of nursing work
(A) case nursing
Case nursing is personalized nursing carried out by a special person, and one nurse cares for one patient. It is suitable for the needs of nursing and clinical teaching of critically ill patients. The advantages are: clear responsibilities of nurses; Provide patients with all-round care and be able to fully grasp the patient's situation; Give full play to the talents of nurses and satisfy their sense of accomplishment. Disadvantages are: labor-intensive; Lack of cooperation among nurses; Nurses can only take classes, but can't implement continuous nursing.
(2) Functional nursing
Functional nursing is a centralized way of nursing work, which centers on daily work and assigns tasks. The main work content is to complete the doctor's advice and carry out routine basic nursing. Such as "office nurses", "therapeutic nurses" and "visiting nurses". Advantages: clear division of labor, easy organization and management, and labor saving. Disadvantages are: repetitive working machinery; One-sided service, patients can not get complete and continuous care.
(3) Group nursing
Group nursing takes holistic care of patients in the form of groups. The nursing group consists of 7-8 nurses of different levels, led by people with rich experience and high knowledge and skills, and is responsible for making nursing plans and measures, arranging the work tasks of team members, and jointly completing the overall care for patients. Each group is responsible for 10- 15 patients. The advantages are: it can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of nurses; It is conducive to the team spirit and the role of nurses at all levels; It can basically meet the needs of patients. The disadvantages are: the personal responsibility of nurses is relatively weak, and team members need quite a lot of time to run in and communicate; Need more nursing staff.
(4) Responsibility nursing
Responsible nursing is a comprehensive, systematic and continuous holistic care for patients by responsible nurses and auxiliary nurses according to nursing procedures. Patient-centered, the responsible nurse is on duty for 8 hours and is responsible for nursing for 24 hours during hospitalization. The responsible nurse takes care of the patients according to the nursing procedure. When the nurse in charge is not on duty, the assistant nurse will take care of the patient according to the plan made by the nurse in charge. The advantages are: nurses' responsibilities are clear and their autonomy is enhanced; Can provide continuous holistic nursing service for patients. Disadvantages are: there are many tasks in copywriting, resulting in the consumption of manpower; It is difficult to ask nurses to be fully responsible for patients 24 hours a day.
(5) Systematic holistic nursing
Systematic holistic nursing is a way of working, which is guided by modern nursing concepts and centered on nursing procedures, and systematizes all aspects of clinical nursing and nursing management. It is the further enrichment and perfection of nursing methods on the basis of responsible nursing. It takes the nursing object as the center and regards the nursing object as an open organic whole with biological, psychological and social factors. According to the needs and characteristics of the nursing object, provide comprehensive help and care in physical, psychological and social aspects, solve the existing or potential health problems of the nursing object, and achieve the purpose of restoring and improving health. The advantages of systematic holistic nursing are: nurses' sense of responsibility is strengthened, and patients can get the best care; Give full play to the initiative, enthusiasm and potential of nursing staff; Standardize nursing forms to reduce the time spent by nurses on paperwork. The disadvantages are: it needs more manpower and requires higher knowledge framework for nurses; It is difficult to standardize various forms and formulate standard schemes.
Fourth, the nursing knowledge system
As an important part of modern medicine, nursing specialty has established its own stable and unique professional knowledge system after more than one hundred years of development, especially in recent decades. The specific contents include:
(1) Basic knowledge
1. Basic medical knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pathogenic microbiology, etc.
2. Knowledge of natural sciences such as biology, physics and chemistry.
3. Literature aesthetics, philosophy, psychology, ethics, sociology and other humanities and social science knowledge.
4. Other knowledge, such as computer application, information technology, statistics, etc.
(2) Nursing professional knowledge
1. Basic knowledge of nursing specialty, such as introduction to nursing, nursing foundation, etc.
2. Clinical specialized nursing knowledge includes theories and techniques of various specialized nursing such as internal medicine nursing, surgical nursing, obstetrics and gynecology nursing and pediatric nursing.
3. Preventive health care and public health knowledge, such as community health care and school health care.
4. Nursing management, education and scientific research knowledge such as nursing education, health education, nursing management and scientific research. The knowledge system of nursing specialty is not fixed, but is constantly adjusted, developed, enriched and improved with the development of science and technology and the deepening of nursing research.