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In verbal communication, both parties are unconsciously or consciously changing roles (translated into English is the communicative role or subject position) and choosing appropriate address forms to ensure effective communication. Appellations usually include common nouns, proper nouns and personal pronouns. They play the role of instruction and role orientation in communication, define the discourse roles of both parties, and stipulate the basic role relationship for further discourse construction. Sociolinguistic theory holds that "the use of address forms should be based on different interpersonal relationships, such as kinship, power and consistency, correctly understand the role relationship in a specific context, and follow the speech behavior norms of discourse roles expected by society."
What is the specific function of address forms in verbal communication? Are there any potential principles and laws that can be used? The author believes that the discussion of these issues is conducive to people's more harmonious interpersonal activities.
2. The function of address forms
In interpersonal communication, address forms usually include three aspects: the address of the communicating parties to each other, the address of the speaker to himself, and the address of the speaker to others. Beautiful? Fechmann put forward the register theory in his sociolinguistic research, which divides the use of address forms into five registers: family domain, friends domain, religion domain, education domain and work domain. He believes that people can choose their own address forms on different occasions according to these five registers.
The author thinks that the function of appellation is to ensure the coherence of discourse and the clear expression of meaning, and to make the communication between the two sides smoother. Specific performance in:
(1) Address forms build new interpersonal relationships. Among them, it is divided into: expressing hope to approach; Only as a title; Express delivery. For example, when two people meet for the first time, one knows the other's name is Zhang Xiaojun. When he calls the other person "Xiaojun", it will make the other person feel kind. This is the name he uses to express his wish to be close to each other. This is also the first time for two people to meet. One party calls the other "Zhang Xiaojun". Its effect is not as good as the first one to express goodwill and enthusiasm. When one of them calls the other "Hello!" This impolite address is obviously that one party is unfriendly to the other and a symbol of distance.
(2) Address forms adjust old interpersonal relationships. Among them, it is divided into: making the original relationship closer; Keep the original relationship unchanged; Alienate the original relationship. From the following conversation, we can see that the different uses of appellation skillfully convey the psychological activities of both sides, suggesting that the two sides have different adjustments to the original interpersonal relationship.
A man said to a woman, "Wife, please forgive me this time!" "
The woman replied, "No, Chen Zhongqing, I won't be a fool again!" " "
Before and after the above article, the two men chose different titles, indicating their different adjustment purposes to the original interpersonal relationship. The husband uses the very intimate title of "wife", and its purpose is obvious, that is, he wants to close the relationship between the two and ask his wife to forgive him. Calling each other by their full names is a psychological activity of trying to keep their distance, even alienating the original intimate relationship, indicating that they don't cooperate and refusing to accept their husbands' apologies.
Another example: I am very excited at the moment, but I don't know how to say it. I just said, "Ah, brother Runtu-there you are-"He stopped, his face was happy and desolate, and he moved his lips, but there was no sound. His attitude was finally respectful, and the clear cry: "Sir-"was selected from Lu Xun's hometown.
In this conversation, the young Lu Xun was very happy to see Runtu and enthusiastically called each other "Runtu Ge". The young Lu Xun naturally expressed his inner joy with this title, which narrowed the distance between them and made the relationship closer; However, Runtu realized his low status, and even when he saw his former good partner, he dared not go near him. He just separated two people with the title of "master" and kept their relationship only between master and servant.
3. Principles and rules of address forms.
Appellations are gradually formed by working people in their long-term social life, and their use in different regions has its own national and regional characteristics. However, the author believes that the principles and laws of address forms are still relatively universal.
Principles of using address forms
The choice and use of address forms must conform to two basic principles: the principle of effectiveness and the principle of appropriateness. The principle of validity and the principle of appropriateness belong to different levels. The principle of validity is the choice principle of reference predicate at the social level, which conforms to the role orientation when appellation occurs, and is also the most important principle in the time and space of verbal communication and the first choice principle. Because communication is an instinctive need of human beings, satisfying the effectiveness of communication is the first principle. In order to satisfy the validity, the principle of propriety becomes the second principle in the use of address forms. The principle of appropriateness starts from the perspective of language as a tool. In order to conform to the principle of propriety, the choice of address forms must follow the standards of politeness, style and style.
Rules for the use of address forms
(1) With the continuous development of social technology and culture, address forms are gradually changing. The common feature of these changes is that the use of appellation is more flexible and the connotation is richer. The author divides these changes into two categories, one is called nature change and the other is called object expansion. For example, what used to be considered disrespectful can be used as a common word to express intimacy today. This title is widely used among young people. For example, "pig" used to be a curse. The speaker will only call others "pig" when he is angry or impolite, and the other party will be annoyed when he hears others call him that. Today, it is very common for young men and women to call each other "pigs". Not only do we not feel that calling each other "pigs" is a disrespect to others, but we feel more cordial and lovely. The author calls this change of address form a change of nature. The change of another appellation is summarized as the extension of the object, which is also reflected in young men and women. For example, men often refer to their girlfriends as babies. "Babies" used to be the appellation of babies, or the love words of elders to the younger generation. Now, this appellation extends to boys and girls.
(2) The fewer words people use when addressing each other, the closer their relationship becomes. For example, in a family, parents sometimes use their children's nicknames and sometimes call their children's full names. Among them, the use of nicknames such as "Tao Tao" and "Tao (II)" is different. The latter generally contains more emotions, indicating that the relationship between the two is close, while for the former, ordinary friends or elders can call it this. Among names, full names are more likely to make people feel strange and serious. Removing the surname has narrowed the relationship between the caller and the callee and simplified it into a one-word address, which clearly shows that they are very close. In life, when children make mistakes, parents often criticize their children by calling them by their full names to show their seriousness at this time. For example, when a husband and wife quarrel, the wife will call her husband like this: "Zhang!" "Draw a clear line between each other and yourself and express dissatisfaction with each other. Therefore, the author expresses the kinship expressed by these appellations as follows: full name appellation
(3) When there are differences in age or seniority between the two communicating parties, when the older party and the younger party are involved in addressing others, the former often uses the latter as the addressing standard. The latter does not need to change roles when addressing others. Aunt and nephew are at home. Aunt said to nephew, "When will grandma come back?" The nephew replied, "Grandma will be back this afternoon." This is an example of a hierarchy between two speakers. This will also happen when there is a difference in age. For example, when a cousin asks his cousin where his mother is, he will say, "Where did your menstruation go?" . My cousin asked where my cousin and mother had gone, but the situation was different. He would ask, "Where did your mother go?"
(4) When both parties are strong and weak, the weak party needs to address other objects with respect. If a soldier reports a colonel's military situation to the general, the general asks, "Where is he?" The soldier said, "Colonel XXX is on his way." Among them, strength is the level of status and rank.
(5) Both sides treat themselves with the principle of modesty. This kind of address to oneself was particularly remarkable in ancient China, but it was rarely expressed in modern society. At present, "Xiaxia" and "I" are still in use, but the universality of use is also very low.
(6) Both parties choose different appellations with the purpose of both parties as the core. When you want to get closer to each other or show friendship, the address is mainly honorific, or name+seniority, or nickname. There is no clear hope of approaching, and both parties are mainly based on full name, surname and position. If the relationship is not good or you don't want to maintain it, the title is often simply "hello!" Or something like "the sun!" Such a title. Of course, this hidden rule is not absolute. For example, sometimes the name of the chairman is omitted, but directly calling him "chairman" can express the love and respect for the chairman, especially the intimacy of the superior-subordinate relationship, while the same title only maintains the general relationship in some occasions.
4. Conclusion
In a word, address forms are principles and laws formed in life, and their usage changes gradually with the changes of society. The study of address forms should keep pace with social development in order to promote better verbal communication between people.
Introduction to ancient appellation knowledge
From ancient times to the present, the appellations of infant, young, young, strong, middle-aged and old in China are really varied, elegant and interesting.
Less than one year old-2 ~ 3 years old-when I was a child
Girls are 7 years old-boys are 8 years old-years.
Childhood is generally called-total angle1under 0 years old-huangkou.
13 ~ 15 years old-the year of dancing spoon 15 ~ 20 years old-the year of dancing elephant
12 years old (female)-Chai Jin is 20 years old (male)-weak crown
13 years old (female)-cardamom
15 years old (female)-and the year of death
16 years old (female)-broken melon years, jade years.
20 years old (female)-Tao
24 years old (female)
Marriage-the Year of Plum Blossom
To the age of 30 (female)-Xu Niang, who is half old.
30 years old (male)-30 years old
40 years old (male)-undoubtedly a strong year.
50 years old-more than half a century, the year of knowing right and wrong, the year of knowing life, the year of loving your husband, and the year of Dayan.
60-year-old, flat-headed, Cong 'er, hometown Zhang.
70 years old, the year of country, career and government.
80 years old-the year of the staff.
80 ~ 90 years old-octogenarians
90 years old
100 years old-Qiyi
Ancient nicknames
General angle: refers to childhood.
The words in The Book of Songs, such as Poem/Feng Wei/Self-protection, banquet in general perspective, Qi Feng/Fu Tian, are all in general perspective. In the future, it will be called childhood "total angle". Preface to Tao Yuanming's Poem Murong: "The general angle hears the Tao, and the white poem achieves nothing."
Look down: refers to childhood.
In ancient times, boys were not crowned and their hair drooped, so "crying" was used to refer to childhood. Pan Yue's "Borrowing Land Fu": "Being shaken by Brown is always looked down upon."
Bundle hair: refers to teenagers.
Generally speaking, it means 15 years old. At this time, you should learn all kinds of skills. Dai Dai Li Ji/Fu Bao: "Go to college, learn big skills and perform big festivals."
Logistics: refers to female 15 years old.
From the Book of Rites, "A woman ... died five years ago". "Cue" means for marriage, which means that you have reached the age of marriage.
Waiting year: refers to the adult marriage of women, also known as "waiting word".
Later Han Dynasty/Empress Cao said that "the young stay in the country". In the future, women's marriage age will be called "waiting year". "Selected Works/Wensong Emperor Yuan Empress's Funeral Policy": "I am waiting for the New Year, and my golden voice is vibrating."
Weak crown: refers to a 20-year-old man
In the Book of Rites/Quli, it is said that "twenty is weak and the crown is high". The ancient man was crowned at the age of 20, indicating that he had reached adulthood. Zuo Si wrote in a poem "Ode to History": "A weak crown makes a gentleman stand out from the crowd."
Standing: refers to 30 years old.
The Analects of Confucius/Politics stands at thirty. In the future, thirty will be called the year of "standing". Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio/Monk Changqing: "When a friend comes to his hometown, respect him, and see that he is silent and sincere, he is only young."
There is no doubt: it means 40 years old.
The Analects of Confucius/Politics is "forty without confusion". In the future, use "no confusion" to represent 40 years old. Ying Kun's "Answer to Han Wenxian's Letter": "My first year, I am not confused."
Ai: It means 50 years old.
The Book of Rites/Qu Lishang's Fifty Words of Love. Old people have pale hair. "The Popular Romance of the Republic of China" 37 times: "... I have reached the age of Ai, what am I dissatisfied with?"
Flower armor: refers to 60 years old.
Named after heavenly stems and earthly branches's intricate name. Ji Chenggong's Chronicle of Tang Poetry (Volume 66): "(Zhao Mu) Li Changji, a middle school student in Xian Tong, wrote a short song and said to the wine,' Manually spend sixty flowers, and the cycle is like a pearl'."
Gu Xi: It means 70 years old.
From Du Fu's Qujiang Poems: "Wine and debts are everywhere, and life is seventy years old." Also known as "Gu Xi".
Whitehead: refers to old age, also known as "Whitehead".
"The Biography of Lu Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty": "Therefore, Duan Ying, the commander in chief, is the best in the world and is used to border affairs with outstanding achievements."
Yellow hair: refers to the long-lived elderly.
The book of songs, such as "poem/truffle/palace" and "Huangfa Taipei". The old man's hair turned from white to yellow. Cao Zhi's "Giving a White Horse to Wang Biao": "Wang Qi loves the county and enjoys the yellow hair period." Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden: "I am yellow and I am happy."
Chubei: refers to the long-lived elderly.
The Book of Songs commonly includes Poetry/Elegance/Walking Reed, Huangtaipei, Taitai, Tun and so on. Erya/Poetic Art: "A broken back leads to a long life." The old man has spots on his back like mackerel.
Period: refers to a hundred years old.
Language "Book of Rites/Quli Shang" is "a hundred years, easy". It is said that centenarians depend on their children and grandchildren to support them. Su Rub's "Two Rhymes and Three Trilogy": "You might as well build it around and count the days."
Reader's Digest No.1 1983
Tanghe cake period: Babies were born in three dynasties, which is called Tanghe cake period.
This language is Liu Yuxi's "Send a Wash Poem".
First degree: refers to the first year of a child's life.
From The Story of Childhood Learning by Qing Dynasty writer Cheng. Later, it was also commonly called "the first birthday". For example, the 60th birthday was called "60th birthday".
Spoon: refers to children.
The language "Biography of Han Poetry" Volume 1: "Male was born with teeth in August and toothless at the age of eight. July female teeth, seven years old and teeth ... "
Teaching age: refers to a nine-year-old child.
Year of foreign happiness: refers to a ten-year-old child.
Dance spoon year: refers to the age of thirteen for children.
All the above are from Ji.
The year of broken melon: refers to a sixteen-year-old woman.
This is the old literati who split the word "melon" into two words to mark the year. "Popular Edition/Women": "Song Xieyou's Ci:' A boy with a broken melon has a small waist'. According to custom, it is wrong to beat a woman to pieces. The word melon is broken into two or eight words, and it is said that it is two or eight years old. " The year of the broken melon is also called sixty-four. "Popular Compilation" says: "If you give Zhang:' Success should be in the year of breaking melons', then he will be 8864 years old". In the year of having a house, men take women as their houses and women take men as their homes, so the year of having a house is the year of getting married. The language is "Li/Qu Li Shang".
The year of the Zhang family: refers to fifty years old.
Year of Zhang Xiang: refers to sixty years old.
Zhang Guo year: refers to 70 years old.
Age of the staff: eighty years old.
All the above titles are from Wang Zhi.
Summer harvest: sixty years old.
Tadashi: Eighty years old.
Shang Shou: One hundred years old.
The above title is from Zhuangzi.
Flowers bloom again: 120 years old.
Celebrate both antiquity and rarity: 140 years old.
In addition, people over the age of 60 are collectively referred to as "old people" and people over the age of 80 are called "otters". Others refer to the elderly as "Dragon Bell" and "Down and Out Year". Guang Yun: "Dragon bells, bamboos and old people shake like bamboo sticks, and they are forbidden to hold them until they are cured. People's embarrassment, the flowing water of the Tao is also blocked, such as people's experience, so the cloud. "