1. Three basic functions of an organization: production and operation, financial management and marketing.
2. production operation: production operation is the process that all social organizations transform and add value to its input.
3. The goal of production operation management: to produce qualified products and provide satisfactory services efficiently, flexibly, punctually and cleanly.
4 production operation is divided into two categories: manufacturing production and service operation.
5. Manufacturing production is the process of transforming tangible input into tangible output through physical and chemical actions. Manufacturing production is divided into continuous production and discrete production according to technological characteristics. In discrete production, materials move discretely according to a certain technological order, and the shape and performance are constantly changed during the movement, and finally products such as automobile manufacturing are formed. Continuous production refers to the uniform and continuous movement of materials in a certain process sequence, which constantly changes the shape and performance during the movement and finally forms the production of products.
6. according to the organizational characteristics of enterprises, manufacturing production is divided into stocking production and ordering production. The stocking production MTS is forecast-driven, which refers to the production of existing standard products and product systems after market forecast when no orders are received from users. The direct purpose of production is to supplement the finished product inventory and meet the needs of users immediately by maintaining a certain amount of finished product inventory. Ordered production MTO is based on customers' orders and produces according to users' requirements.
7. The basic feature of service operation is to provide labor services instead of manufacturing tangible products, but not manufacturing tangible products does not mean not providing tangible products.
8. Characteristics of service operation: the production efficiency of service operation is difficult to be scheduled, the quality standard is difficult to be established, and contact with customers is an important part of it, which cannot be adjusted by inventory.
9. Classification of production types: mass production operation, single production operation and batch production operation.
1. Ways to improve the efficiency of multi-variety and small-batch production operations: reducing the changes of parts (ways: implementing the serialization of three products, standardization and generalization of parts, implementing group technology and change reduction methods) and improving the flexibility of production systems.
11.SWOT analysis, macro-environment (politics, economy, technology, society), five-force competition model (demand side's influence on the industry, supply side's influence on the industry, substitute threat, new entrant threat, enterprise competition in the industry).
12. advantages of vertical integration: it can improve the entry barriers of new competitors, increase the small investment rate of special assets, ensure product quality, and facilitate strengthening planning and control. Disadvantages: cost disadvantage, lack of ability to adapt to technological changes, and difficulty in coordination when demand is unstable.
13. Business strategy: Porter's three competitive strategies (cost leading, differentiation and concentration) and quick response strategy.
14. the importance of new product development: enhance the market competitiveness of enterprises, expand market share, meet the needs of personalized customized production and product upgrading. 15. Classification of new products: improved products, replacement products and innovative products.
16 Source of product conception: analysis of market demand, technical promotion, products and services of competitors.
17. product design principles: design products required by users, products with strong manufacturability, products with strong robustness and green products.
18. production process classification: by product, by processing route and by project.
19. Concurrent engineering is a systematic method for concurrent and integrated design of products and their related processes, including manufacturing process and supporting process, taking into account all factors of product life cycle from concept formation to scrapping, including quality, cost, schedule and user demand. The main idea is to consider all the factors of the product life cycle, the parallel and overlapping activities in the product design process, the full participation and collaborative work of technicians in different fields, and the efficient organizational structure. Personnel constitute manufacturing, quality and marketing personnel, customers and suppliers, and environmental protection personnel.
2. site selection factors: (1) economic factors: transportation conditions and costs, labor availability and costs, energy availability and costs, site reduction and costs. (2) Other factors: political factors, social factors and natural factors.
21. The principle of process specialization refers to the establishment of production units and the formation of process specialization workshops according to the characteristics of process specialization. Advantages: strong adaptability to product variety change, high reliability of production system and convenient process management. Disadvantages: long processing route, large transportation volume, high transportation cost, long production cycle and complicated organization and management. 22. The principle of object specialization refers to the establishment of production units according to products. Advantages: improving the degree of specialization, using high-efficiency special equipment, improving work efficiency, enhancing the continuity of production process, shortening production cycle and simplifying production management. Disadvantages: poor ability to adapt to market changes.
23. Equipment line balance: it is a scheme to find out the minimum number of workplaces and workers for a certain assembly line after giving the beat of the assembly line. Assembly line beat r= planned effective working time Fe/planned output n minimum number of working places in the planned period Smin={ total working time of process ÷ assembly line beat}
24. Levels of production plan: comprehensive production plan, product production plan and production operation plan. Index system of production plan: variety index, yield index, quality index, output value index and production period.
25. Production capacity refers to the maximum number of certain products that can be produced by the facilities of an enterprise under the conditions of advanced and reasonable technical organization in a certain period of time.
26. Strategies to deal with uneven demand: change the inventory level, change the production rate and change the number of workers.
27. Storage is a resource that is temporarily idle to meet future needs. Idleness of resources is inventory, which has nothing to do with whether such resources are put in the warehouse or not, and whether they are in sports or not. Function: shorten the order lead time, stabilize the function, share the order cost, prevent shortage and interruption.
28. Independent demand inventory refers to the demand for enterprise products and services from customers. Related demand refers to the demand for parts and raw materials, also known as dependent demand, which is determined by the independent demand of the product in the market.
29. The basic idea of MRP is to organize manufacturing resources around material transformation and realize on-time production as required. MRP input part: product production plan, product structure document and inventory status document.
3. The basic idea of ERP is to regard the manufacturing process of an enterprise as a supply chain connecting suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and customers, and emphasize the overall management of the supply chain to make the manufacturing process more effective and the enterprise processes more closely integrated, thus shortening the time from customer ordering to delivery and meeting the market demand quickly.
31. sequencing problem: according to the type and quantity of machines, it can be divided into single machine sequencing problem and multiple machine sequencing problem. The scheduling problem of multiple machines is divided into single job scheduling and assembly line scheduling according to the processing route of the workpiece.
32 Typical characteristics of different production types:
Features Single piece and small batch production and mass production
There is no main flow route for parts. There is a single flow route
Bottlenecks are constantly changing and stable
Equipment and general equipment, Flexible and efficient special equipment
low adjustment and preparation cost
how few workers operate
wide and narrow work scope of workers
work rhythm is controlled by workers themselves and foremen by machines and technological processes
high and low inventory of work in process
high inventory of products
frequent changes of suppliers
high uncertainty in preparing work plans and low uncertainty in large changes. Less change
33. Problems of service delivery system management: (1) Impact of customer participation: It affects the standardization of service operation, thus affecting service efficiency. Because customers feel comfortable and happy, it will also waste service capacity, feel subjective about service quality, and the deeper the participation, the greater the impact on efficiency. (2) Methods to reduce the influence of customer participation: reduce the variety of services through service standardization, reduce customer contact through automation, separate some operations from customers, and set a certain amount of inventory.
34. A project refers to a one-time work with clear objectives that is completed by specially organized personnel within a specified time. Features: one-off, uniqueness, clarity of goals, integrity, temporality and openness of organization. Goal: high quality, low cost and fast progress, that is, to complete high-quality projects with low cost and short time.
35. The network diagram is a network diagram composed of several circles and arrows, which can represent the sequence and required time of each work link or process in a project or a production task. There are two kinds of network diagrams, one is an arrow line representing activities, which is called an arrow linear network diagram; Another activity is represented by a circle, which is called a nodal network diagram. Estimation methods of activity time: single time estimation method and three-point time estimation method.
36. Virtual activity is unique in the arrow network diagram, and the node network diagram does not need virtual activity or virtual arrow line. The longest route is called the critical route. The basic idea of total production maintenance TPM; Full benefit, whole system and full participation.
37. quality process: design process quality, manufacturing process quality, use process quality and service process quality. Quality management refers to "all activities that define the quality policy, objectives and responsibilities, and realize all management functions through quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement in the quality system"
38. TQC refers to that all organizations, departments and personnel of an enterprise combine professional technology, management technology and mathematical statistics with the promotion of the whole society. Establish a scientific, rigorous and efficient quality assurance system, control the factors that affect the quality in the whole production process, and provide all activities of products that meet the needs of users with high-quality work and the most economical way. Features: total quality management, whole process quality management, quality management with full participation and quality management promoted by the whole society.
39. Fine production means less occupation of all resources and high utilization rate of all resources. Basic principles: continuous improvement, elimination of waste of resources, cooperation and communication. Continuous improvement is its guiding ideology, eliminating waste is its goal, and cooperative work and communication are its guarantee. Meaning of fine enterprise: product, production process, factory layout, organization and environment.
4. OPT objectives with the most production technology: net profit, return on investment and cash flow.