Composition: Talk with Zhang Xueliang, ask questions, and answer from Zhang Xueliang's point of view.

People usually use two things to evaluate Zhang Xueliang's life, one is the Xi incident, and the other is the September 18th incident. As the protagonist, he was once in the limelight, and two people praised him as an eternal hero; As the protagonist, he was humiliated and people called him a general who did not resist. He accepted the former calmly; For the latter, Zhang Xueliang once said, "There is no need to argue with him. I don't care whether people have the final say or you have the final say. " During his short political career, Zhang Xueliang experienced several major historical turning points, each of which was closely related to the fate of modern China. As a witness and creator of history, Zhang Xueliang played a major role in these turning points. However, among many historical events, the September 18th Incident was the one he talked about the most. He admitted "misjudgment" but denied "no resistance"; He admitted that he had given the order of non-resistance, but he also said, "My so-called order of non-resistance means that you should not conflict with him, not resist after knowing that the purpose is occupation." Some oral statements made by Zhang Xueliang in his later years clarified some unsolved cases and denied some theories. Core Tip: "A bright moon falls in the sorghum field, and the sky suddenly darkens. The stars are scattered, the sky is falling, and the whole earth is sleeping. None of them knows that after this moment, the whole earth will be completely changed. " Tiamatot, then assistant officer of Japanese secret service in Fengtian and one of the three direct planners of "September 18th", even described the night in Shenyang with lyrical style in his memoirs. At the same time, in the northeast corner of Shenyang, there was almost no sound except the sentry at the gate of Beidaying where the Northeast Army was stationed. According to the military regulations at that time, the Peking University Camp in charge of defense turned off the lights at 9 o'clock on time. "Everyone knows that the Kwantung Army will take action, but no one knows the exact date." Known as the leader of Zhang Xueliang's research in China. Hu Yuhai, a professor at the School of History of Liaoning University, Zhang Xueliang of Liaoning Province and president of the Northeast Military History Research Association, said, "This was a semi-open secret at that time." Thousands of miles away, the wedding and "Cosmic Frontline" starring Mei Lanfang were staged at the Zhonghe Theater in Qianmen, Beiping, and that night was a relief performance in southern Liaoning. Before being awakened by the "September 18th" foreign invasion, China in 193 1 was shrouded in a nationwide flood. As a good friend of Mei Lanfang, Zhang Xueliang not only joined in person, but also invited Dr. Lamberson, the British military attache in China, to watch the play together. A fuse that opened the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Pacific War happened around 10 this evening. "When an excuse is needed, a bombed track is enough to push Japan to the road of aggression failure." American journalist Mark Green wrote this sentence after the September 18th Incident broke out. In September, Shenyang, 193 1 "There were many roadblocks in the city, and the military exercise reached the edge of Peking University Camp, 15". Li Yi, who is only 8 years old, was deeply impressed by this date, because it was his birthday. 193 1 September in Shenyang, the surface is calm, but in fact it is undercurrent. The people at the bottom may feel the arrogance of the Kwantung Army, but they don't know the unresolved "Nakamura incident", which makes the two sides have an elastic arc relationship and instantly tense. "Shenyang citizens who face seven things to open their doors every day are used to the roadblocks outside the city, and their focus is not here." Some scholars who studied the life history of Shenyang summarized people's mentality at that time. 1931September 16 The hot news of Shengjing Daily is not the Japanese military barracks close at hand, but the news of party member classification within the Northeast Army and the news that Zhang Xueliang will come to Shenyang for military parade on the Double Tenth Festival. However, in the intellectual salon, they are worried about the already strong militant atmosphere. At that time, Shenyang elites liked to play tennis in YMCA (club), and Sun Jinghuan was one of them. At the age of 26, he served as the head of Fengtian Border Bank Credit opened by Zhang Xueliang. "The members of the YMCA are mostly professors, bankers and social activists. They are well-informed people. When a member surnamed Yan gave a report to the Chamber of Commerce, he revealed the news he had received, and the Japanese had taken action. Everyone focused on the activities of the Japanese, and the atmosphere of the YMCA was a little tense. However, at that time, Japan had 1000 soldiers in Shenyang to defend the Nanman Railway, while the Northeast Army had as many as 250,000. Everyone felt that there was no need to be too nervous. " Sun Jinghuan described this to reporters before his death. The reputation of the Northeast Army reassured the people of Shencheng. "Military and political officials in Northeast China, including Zhang Xueliang, were not prepared for the war," Hu Yuhai said. At that time, the Northeast Army who stayed in Shenyang "put the sword in the warehouse and put the horse in the south." "The Last Quiet Night" After Zhang Xueliang took charge of North China, he basically lived in Beijing and rarely returned to Shenyang. After staying in Concord, Zhang Xueliang appointed five people to handle general government affairs. Hu Yuhai described Zhang Xueliang's long-range command to the Northeast at that time. "Since Zhang Xueliang 13 moved from Shenyang to Beiping in April, most of the affairs in Northeast China were handled by Rong Zhen, chief of staff of Northeast Frontier Defense Bureau, and Zang Shiyi, chairman of Liaoning Province. "On September 17, Zhang Xueliang, who was hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital for more than three months, looked almost normal. As his condition improved, he began to handle official duties slowly. " At this time, Zhang Xueliang is more worried about the unresolved "Nakamura incident." Kwantung Army frequently practiced in Shenyang, and he didn't care much. "Hu Yuhai said that Zhang Xueliang, like Shenyang people, has become accustomed to it. Hu Yuhai summarized the impact of the "Nakamura Incident" on the situation in Northeast China. " This incident has given the Japanese Kwantung Army, which has been hostile to the Northeast, an excuse, and the situation in the Northeast is becoming more and more disturbing. "This secret espionage case began in June 193 1, 10. On the same day, Nobutaro Nakamura, the Japanese chief of staff, and others disguised themselves as China people, set out from Hailar and went to Solon Mountain Area in Xing 'an Mountains for military investigation, and were arrested by the defenders. Various maps and self-drawn cross-sectional drawings of bridges and culverts were found from him, as well as a force distribution and force record of Xing 'an Reclamation Army. Later, Nakamura was secretly shot and burned to death, and interrogation records and exhibits were secretly exchanged with Zhang Xueliang in Peiping. For three months, the Japanese have been staring at this matter and are pressing hard. In August, Zhang Xueliang inquired about Tokyo's attitude through a friend channel, which made him very worried. /kloc-One day in September, 2007, Zang Shiyi and Rong Zhen, two senior officials in Northeast China, immediately started negotiations, which quickly resolved the Nakamura incident and reported it to Zhang Xueliang. September 17 is the last quiet night before the disaster, whether for Zhang Xueliang in Beijing or Shenyang thousands of miles away. On September 18, in the rhyme of Mei Lanfang's "Cosmic Front", Zhang Xueliang received a telegram from the Japanese army in Rongzhen attacking Peking University Camp, "With the fish." Zhang Xueliang received instructions after receiving the electricity. The word "fish" in Zhang Xueliang's mouth refers to a telegram sent to Rong Zhen and others on September 6: "No matter how the Japanese make trouble, we must tolerate it, be irresistible and not make trouble." At the same time, the lights of the Fengtian Club, located on the main road of Shenyang Commercial Port Center, flashed, and there was a loud noise before the representatives of various countries in Fengtian enjoyed themselves. With the loud noise, the Japanese army advanced to various targets in Shenyang according to its familiar route. Among them, with 500 troops, it attacked the Northeast Army Peking University Camp with about 6,000 people. Hu Yuhai said in his monograph: "On the day of the incident, Rong Zhen was busy celebrating his father's birthday at home. Brigadier General Wang Yizhe and the commanders of the two regiments were not in the army." . "This situation in China from top to bottom is the inevitable result of pursuing the policy of' avoiding conflicts'." As a result, the leaderless officers and men of the Northeast Army were in a panic, killing more than 400 people, while the Japanese army only killed 2 people and injured 23 people. By 9: 00 on June 19, Shenyang's Northeast Frontier Bureau, Arsenal, Liangmo Factory, Aviation Department, Warehouse and Ammunition Depot were occupied. At noon 19, 1 1: 55, the commander of Kwantung Army arrived in Shenyang today and set up a headquarters in Toyo Colonial Company. "As soon as we entered the bank, a colleague ran over and said,' It was occupied by Japan, so we can't leave …' Just when everyone was at a loss, the Japanese pointed their guns at the bank door. "The next morning, Sun Jinghuan saw that the wall was full of Japanese soldiers. Shenyang fell overnight. Zhang Xueliang, who was under a spell, talked to reporters about the Shenyang incident twice on 19. " 19 in the morning, 10, Zhang Xueliang told the reporter of Ta Kung Pao,' Our officials and people all know that they are not prepared to resist'; At 2 pm, foreign newspapers said, "I have solemnly warned it never to resist and let the Japanese army occupy it." "Zhang Xueliang said this, one is in line with the actual situation in Shenyang at that time, and the other is to tell it to the international community to win the sympathy and support of the international community. But it also led to the formation of "non-resistance". Hu Yuhai analyzed Zhang Xueliang's mentality at that time. Zhang Xueliang, who was scheduled to leave the hospital on September 20th, met with foreign journalists again in the reception room of Union Medical College Hospital that night. Compared with the boiling anti-Japanese voices from all walks of life, Zhang Xueliang and the central government are surprisingly restrained and calm. Zhang Xueliang, reasons for not resisting and continuing to resist "I gave the order of not resisting, which has nothing to do with the central government and Jiang Gong." In the early 1990s, Zhang Xueliang regained his freedom and subverted the traditional view as soon as he opened his mouth. Zhang Xueliang's subsequent oral statement clarified some unsolved cases and denied some theories. "This is what Zhang Xueliang saw clearly", and Hu Yuhai admitted that "I gave the order not to resist". In Hu Yuhai's years of research on Zhang Xueliang, one thing impressed him deeply. "In the early 1990s, a provincial leader saw a report by Zhang Xueliang in Southern Weekend. In this report, Zhang admitted for the first time that he had given an order of non-resistance. The leader was shocked after reading it, because it was a subversion of traditional views. Let someone forward the report to me to see what is going on. " "The traditional view is that Zhang Xueliang carried out Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance order. In fact, the order of non-resistance was given by Zhang. What needs to be clear is that Zhang advocated the use of force to resist Japan before the September 18th Incident. Hu Yuhai divided the change of Zhang Xueliang's view on Japan into four stages: advocating the formation of the policy of avoiding conflicts by force, from avoiding conflicts to not resisting and then continuing to implement non-resistance. Hu Yuhai said that this is a gradual process. " Zhang has negotiated with Jiang many times. Obviously, the Japanese strategy of launching armed aggression is to invade China in the south or the Soviet Union in the north. The direction is still uncertain, but the northeast bears the brunt. ""Jiang did not give a positive answer to these opinions. At this time, it still belongs to the exchange of views between superiors and subordinates. As a result of the exchange of views, "13 July, Chiang Kai-shek called Zhang Xueliang and said,' Anti-Japanese activities in Northeast China may be * * *, which will aggravate the Sino-Japanese dispute at the same time. Therefore, he hoped that the northeast officials and people would make concerted efforts to curb the anti-Japanese movement, and should do their respective duties and wait for the meeting. On the same day, Yu Youren, a member of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee, also sent a secret telegram to Zhang Xueliang: "The central government is now taking the suppression of civil strife as its top priority, and comrades in the Northeast should study more." Hu Yuhai explained the meaning of the news in vernacular. "The so-called northeast comrades should understand this. To put it bluntly, how can comrades in the northeast not be sensible? The main task of the Central Committee is to "suppress the Communist Party". Why must we resist Japan? " "If the former is advice and guidance, the latter is decision-making and command", Hu Yuhai pointed out that on July 23, the national policy statement of "busy outside must be decided first" will be issued on the front line of communist suppression. "Compared with the last time, this time is not a discussion, but a national policy, and the localities can only obey the central government." On July 24th, Zhang sent a telegram to every official in Northeast China, telling him to carry out the orders of Jiang Gong. On September 6, Zhang Xueliang once again sent a telegram to the northeast politicians to avoid conflict. "Such instructions are constantly issued. Of course, the Northeast is not ready to fight, and the policy of avoiding conflicts has since formed. The concession policy to avoid conflict has led to the formation of non-resistance. " "Just remember the order of non-resistance and ignore the previous national policy statement", Hu Yuhai believes that people generally ignore this important issue. In his view, this is a question of not resisting orders. "It is not based on knowing that Japan has begun to invade, but on the premise of Japan's long-term provocation. This is an essential difference. " Hu Yuhai believes that non-resistance continued after the incident, especially when the League of Nations showed its inability to stop Japanese aggression. "Its nature is a mistake or a crime." Hu Yuhai analyzed the reasons why Zhang did not resist and continued to resist from four proximate causes and one distant cause. "(Four proximate causes are) misjudgment; Superstitious treaties; Preserve the strength of the Northeast Army; There is a deep fear of the sun in my heart; (A distant cause is the Zhongdong Road incident. " Among the four reasons, Hu Yuhai attributed misjudgment to the root cause. "Before the incident, Zhang Xueliang thought that the Japanese attempt to use force in northeast China was only a provocation, not an armed aggression. This view is related to his historical limitations. On the night of the incident, Zhang once analyzed to senior generals, "It is the responsibility to defend the country and should have fought side by side with them. However, the Japanese army is more than just a wing, and its national strength can continue. I am by no means alone, and I can handle it in a corner of Northeast China. We advocate the war of resistance, but we must fight the whole country. If you can fight all over the country, it is incumbent on the Northeast Army to fight on the front line. " Zhang Xueliang knew that his strength and status were equal at that time. Zhang Xueliang is very familiar with Japan, and this familiarity sometimes brings negative effects. "There is also a fear of Japan in the depths of Zhang Xueliang's thought. Zhang Xueliang talked about the Japanese army more than once in his oral history, thinking that the Japanese army was very strong, well-trained and well-equipped. During the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese engineers destroyed the barbed wire of the Russian army. They carry explosives with them, and every soldier lies on the barbed wire and explodes it. They really have the spirit of a soldier. " At that time, Chinese Weekly published an article saying that Zhang Xueliang's resistance had a distant reason. This remote cause is the Zhongdong Road incident. 1July, 929, Chiang Kai-shek ordered him to take over Zhongdong Road by force, and promised that once the Northeast Army went to war with the Soviet Union, the central government would send 654.38+10,000 troops to support it. As a result, 7,000 people in the northeast were captured and the Heilongjiang fleet was wiped out. There are still 65,438+10,000 reinforcements, but not a single soldier. This incident has brought a great psychological shadow to Zhang Xueliang. "All orders from the central government are the result. What would it be like if you rebelled against the orders of the central authorities? " "Wrong judgment leads to wrong expectations." First, I expect the Japanese government to stop the aggression of the Kwantung Army against the Northeast. Second, expect Chiang Kai-shek to change his policy of non-resistance; I look forward to the League of Nations putting pressure on Japan to repeat the old dream of "Three Kingdoms Returning to Liao". Three expectations are three dreams of good people. When Zhang Xueliang woke up, his dream had already become empty.