It did not exist after the establishment of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, from the Song Dynasty, the Chinese empire began to decline, and the society began to close. By the "Empire" of the Revolution of 1911, it ended its history of more than 2, years.
The national seal, also known as the national seal and the national treasure, was handed down by emperors after the Qin Dynasty. It was made by Qin Shihuang. Fiona Fang was four inches long, and it was carved on the front. Chuan Guo Xi ran through the history of China for more than 15 years, flickering. After Qin Dynasty, emperors struggled to get the seal as the symbol. It is indeed a treasure handed down by the world and a heavy weapon of the country.
When it comes to the official seal, it is necessary to mention He Shibi.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian He, a native of Chu, got a rough jade in the mountains and presented it to King Li. The king made the jade worker identify it and said it was a stone, so he broke Bian He's left foot for deceiving the king. After King Wu ascended the throne, Bian He offered jade again, but he still broke his right foot for the crime of deceiving the monarch. In 69 BC, King Wen ascended the throne, and Bian He cried at the foot of Jingshan Mountain. King Wen sent someone to ask him, and he said, "I'm not sad. I'm sorry for my husband Baoyu, but I'm named after him." King Wen made people cut the skin and got Baoyu, because he was called a jade.
In Chu Weiwang, Zhaoyang's destruction made him more meritorious, and the King of Wei gave him He Shibi. After Zhaoyang traveled to Chishan, there was a deep pond under Chishan. It was said that Jiang Taigong had fished here, and Zhaoyang entertained guests at the high-rise building beside the water garden to admire the wall. At that time, there was a big fish leaping in the cloud garden, which was full of feet, and the fish followed it. Everyone left the room and went to the edge of the garden. After returning to the table, he found that Choi Ho was missing, suspected to have been stolen by his master Zhang Yi, and Zhang Yi was arrested for repeated trials without results. In a fit of pique, Zhang Yi left Chu for Wei and then returned to Qin. In 315 BC, Qin Huiwen became the prime minister of Qin, lobbying countries to obey Qin, so as to send envoys to Chu and disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance. After the defeat of Chu, Qin took the land of Chu and Hanzhong.
He Shibi was stolen by others, and Zhaoyang was rewarded with a thousand dollars. The thief was afraid to offer it, but he was pregnant with it. After Zhao Huiwen, Miao Xian, the inner servant of King Zhao Huiwen, got the goods with 5 gold, and King Zhao Huiwen got the jade from Ying Xian. In 283 BC, King Zhao Xiang of Qin learned that "the suicide note said that the prince of Zhao would like to invite Yi Bi in fifteen cities". At that time, Qin Qiang and Zhao Wei were weak, and King Huiwen feared that the wall would not get the city, so Lin Xiangru volunteered to serve the wall. To the state of Qin, after offering the wall, I saw that the king of Qin had no intention of compensating the city, so the court tried to get back the original wall and send it back to Zhao.
in 228 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, defeated Zhao and won the prize of harmony.
Ying Zheng ruled the country and was called the first emperor. In the twenty-sixth year of the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to seal the script with the words "I was ordered by heaven to live forever". Sun Shou, a jade worker in Xianyang, polished the stone and carved it into a seal, which is the national seal. In 219 BC, the first emperor made a patrol to Dongting Lake, and when the wind and waves were raging, the boat would be overturned, and the imperial seal was thrown into the lake, and the national seal disappeared. In the autumn of the thirty-sixth year, the emissary crossed Huayin Pingshu Road from Kanto night, and someone held a wall to cover the emissary, saying, "I left you a legacy of Chi Jun." Because he said, "Zulong died this year." . The following year in July 21 BC, the first emperor died in a sand dune.
in October 26 BC, Liu bang led an army into Xianyang to Bashang, and Zi Ying, the king of Qin, descended to Daodao and presented the first imperial seal. After the death of Qin, Liu Bang was the emperor. Because of his royal service to his seal, it was handed down from generation to generation, with the name "Han Chuan Guo Xi" and one as "Han Chuan Guo Bao".
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, in the year of AD 8, Wang Mang, a consort, usurped power. At that time, Liu Ying, the obedient son, was still young, and the seal was kept in the place of the Empress Dowager Xiaoyuan, Wang Mang's aunt in Changle Palace. Wang Mang sent his cousin Anyang to ask for it before Wang Shun. The queen mother cursed: "I am old and dead, and if I am a brother, my family will be destroyed!" , helpless, throw the seal on the ground, collapse its corner, and make the craftsman set it with gold.
On October 4th, AD 23, when Wang Mang was defeated, Du Wu, a businessman, killed him and stepped onto the platform to get the seal ribbon. A captain's public guest beheaded him and presented it to Wang Xian, a captain. Xian claimed to be the general of Han Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the city belonged to Yan, leaving the East Palace and his wife's harem to ride in his car. On the 6th, Li Song and Deng Ye entered Chang 'an, and Wang Xian won the seal of the Emperor, so they held the maid-in-waiting and built the flag of the Emperor, and collected it. Li Song sent the seal to Wan, and presented it to Liu Xuan, the Emperor of Han Dynasty who was established in greenwood hero.
In the third year of make a new start, in June of 25 AD, the Red Eyebrow Army established Liu Penzi, a descendant of the royal family, as emperor, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to establish the world. In the same month, Liu Xiu was located in Gaoyi, the country name was Han, and changed to Jianwu; In September, hundreds of thousands of people, including Red Eyebrow Fan Chong, entered the customs, and the emperor fled naked. In October, Liu Xiu entered Luoyang, and in December, Liu Xuan, the first emperor, was hunted down by red eyebrows. In the third year of Jianwu, in the first month of AD 27, the Red Eyebrow Army was defeated by Yiyang, and Liu Penzi and Fan Chong led the crowd to surrender to Liu Xiu, giving the official seal to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
at the end of the eastern Han dynasty, eunuchs were autocratic. In August 189, the first year of Shaodi Guangxi, Yuan Shao entered the palace to kill eunuchs, Duan Gui took refuge in Bei Gong with the emperor, and the decree disappeared.
in Xian Di, Dong Zhuo made an insurrection.
In 191 AD, in the second year of Chuping, Sun Jian, the prefect of Changsha, led an army to attack Luoyang. When he saw Zhen Guanjing in the south of the city, Dan was full of five colors, which made people enter the well. He found the national seal of the Han Dynasty, saying, "I was ordered by heaven, so I can live forever." Fiona Fang was four inches long, and he went to New Zealand to make friends with five dragons, but the upper corner was missing. Sun Jian hid the seal in his wife Wu's place. After Sun Jian was shot by soldiers of Howie Zu, Yuan Shu detained Sun Jian's wife and seized the seal. After Yuan Shu's death, Xu Ying, the secretariat of Jingzhou, took the seal to Xuchang, while Cao Cao took the Han Emperor here. At this point, the official seal was returned to the Han Dynasty.
In 22 AD, in the first year of Yankang in Xian Di, Cao Pi usurped power, forcing Xian Di to abdicate and Han died. Cao Pi made people carve eight official characters on the shoulder of the national seal, "Da Wei was given the seal of the Han Dynasty".
In December of 265 AD, Sima Yan also usurped power, forcing Cao Huan, the Wei emperor, to abdicate, changing Wei to Jin, and calling him Emperor Wu of Jin, and passing the national seal to Jin.
in may of 311 ad, Liu Cong, the former Zhao (Xiongnu Han kingdom), captured Jin Huaidi Sima Chi, and the seal was returned to the former Zhao.
In September of 329 AD, the latter Zhao Shile destroyed the former Zhao, and obtained a seal, with the inscription "Destiny Stone Family" on the right side.
In January of 35 AD, Ran Min (Ran Min) killed Shi Jian, the Emperor of the Later Zhao Dynasty, and got a national seal. According to Yecheng, he became emperor himself, and his title was Da Wei (known as Ran Wei in history).
In 352 AD, Murong Miao of Xianbei invited the south to attack Wei in order to get the official seal. In March, Ran Min was defeated and captured, and was killed in May. Mr. Murong assessed that the elite rode ten thousand people to attack his powers, and Jiang Gan, the general of Wei, assisted the prince to close the city and refused to defend it. Ran Zhi was still young. The imperial secretary of Zhao was completely eaten because he was hungry. Jiang Gan asked for help from Xie Shang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At the beginning, Xie Shang sent Dai Shi as the official, Dai Shi heard Jiang Gan asking for help, and sent messengers to ask for the official seal. However, the suspicion could not be saved, and Shen Yin was still pending. In June, Dai Shi personally led more than 1 elite soldiers into Ye to help guard, and said, "The son of heaven has heard the seal in my place, and I trust your sincerity, and I will send a lot of military food to save my salary." Do it, but pay it with a seal. Dai Shi ordered He Rong to send the official seal to Fangtou, and Xie Shang sent Hu Bin to Jiankang overnight with three hundred fine riders, which was dedicated to Emperor Jinmu. The official seal was re-entered into Sima's family, and the monarch of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was finally not a "whiteboard son of heaven". In August, Murong Ping captured Yecheng, and Ran Wei perished. In November, the former Yan Murong Miao was the emperor, claiming to be granted the national seal and changed to Yuan seal.
In June of 42 AD, Emperor Wu of Song abolished Emperor Jin Gong of the East and established himself as emperor, with the title of Song, which was called Liu Song in history;
In April 479, Xiao Daocheng forced Song Shundi to abdicate and build Nanqi;
in April 52, Xiao Yan usurped the Southern Qi Liliang; In August of 548 AD, the second year of Liang Taiqing, Hou Jing rebelled against Liang in Shouyang. In 552 AD, Hou Jing was killed, and Zhao Sixian, his assistant and plain satrap, fled to Guangling with a seal. Guo Yuanjian received the seal and presented it to the Northern Qi Dynasty. The technique was transferred to the Northern Qi court, and the national seal was then owned by Gao.
In the first month of 577 AD in the sixth year of Jiande, Yuwen Yong, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, tied the Northern Qi, and the seal entered the Zhou Dynasty.
In February 581, the first year of Dading, Emperor Wen of Sui abolished the Jing Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and established the Sui Dynasty. He passed the national seal into the Sui Palace and changed it to the official seal. In 589 AD, the Chen Dynasty perished and the Sui Dynasty unified China.
In March of 618 AD in the second year of Yining, Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi, was killed by Yu Wenhuaji in Jiangdu. Empress Xiao and Sun Zhengdao, the youngest son of Emperor Yangdi, took the national seal and fled to Mobei Turkic, named Sui Wang. In May, Emperor Gong Yang You was in Zen, and Tang Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, for Tang Gaozu's sake, and he changed his name to Tang Dynasty, and died in Sui Dynasty.
at the beginning of the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin, the emperor Taizong, was given an imperial seal, saying, "The emperor has a heavenly view, and those who have virtue will prosper", and other imperial seals, such as "Treasure of God" and "Treasure of Order", were used as consolation.
In 63 AD, in the fourth year of Zhenguan, Li Jing led an army to crusade against the Turks; In March, he captured Jieli Khan and the East Turkistan perished. In the same year, Xiao Hou and Yang Zhengdao returned to the Central Plains, and the official seal was returned to Li Tang.
at the end of the Tang dynasty, the world was in chaos.
In April 97, God bless four years, Zhu Huang (Zhu Wen and Zhu Quanzhong) abolished Li Zhu of Tang Aidi, seized the national seal and built the back beam.
In October 923, the third year of Longde, Li Cunxu destroyed the back beam in the later Tang Dynasty, and the national seal was also passed to the later Tang Dynasty.
In the third year of the Qing Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty, on November 26th, January 11th, 937, the late Tang Dynasty Hedong made Shi Jingtang and the Qidan army attack Luoyang, and the last emperor Li Congke set himself on fire by climbing the Xuanwu Tower with the national seal, and the national seal disappeared.
In the first month of 951 AD, Guo Wei abolished the Han Dynasty and built the Zhou Dynasty, but he couldn't find the national seal everywhere. But in Guangshun's three years, he carved two seals, namely, "the treasure entrusted by the emperor from heaven" and "the treasure entrusted by the emperor". Later, Zhao Kuangyin was Zen, passed on these two treasures, changed the dynasty to the Da Song Dynasty, and made the "treasure entrusted by the Da Song Dynasty". To Taizong, don't make a "treasure from heaven." Zhenzong acceded to the throne and was appointed as the emperor's treasure. The text said, "The emperor worships the treasure of destiny."
In 196, in the third year of Shaosheng, Zhezong, a citizen of Xianyang County, got an ancient jade seal by digging a ground. He said that he had built a house in Liuyin Village, Henan Township, and he got it by digging the ground. "The color is green as blue, moist and lustrous, and the back is glazed with a new plate." After Shaosheng was four years old, he went up to it, and he was inspected below the Ministry of Rites and the Yushitai. In the fifth year of Shaosheng, thirteen bachelor officials of the current dynasty, based on the remains of the previous dynasty, made many textual researches and finally confirmed that it was the official seal made by the first emperor. Zhezong was overjoyed, and the title was "Heaven-given and the country was ordered to treasure", and the symbol was changed to Yuan Yuan.
in April of 1127, after the change of Jingkang, Emperor Huiqin was plundered, and the seal of the State of Chuan was also plundered by the Great Jin State, and it was nowhere to be found.
in the first month of 1294, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu passed away, and the national seal suddenly appeared in the city.
in the first month of 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor and built Daming in Yingtianfu (Nanjing). Yuan Shundi fled to Mongolian grassland.
In the first month of 1372, the fifth year of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, sent Xu Da and his elite soldiers to Mobei with 15, troops to pursue the fleeing Mongolian court in order to get the national seal, but he finally returned empty-handed.
At this point, the official seal that has gone through more than 1,6 years of ups and downs has been lost in the long history.
In addition, the official seal of the country says, "I was ordered to live in Yongchang"; "Han Shu" is called "Emperor Shou Chang by Heaven" or "Emperor Shou Chang by Heaven". The two are different, generally referring to "being ordered by Tianshou Yongchang".
the spectrum of the jade seal says: the national seal was carved by Qin Shihuang at the beginning of the establishment of the world, and its jade came from Lantian Mountain, written by Prime Minister Li Si, and its text said, "I am ordered by heaven to live forever." High-impedance to bully, Zi Ying, king of Qin, offered it. When Wang Mang usurped the throne, he asked for a seal after Yuan Dynasty, but if he didn't make peace, he threatened it, so he cast a seal on the ground. A corner of the seal is missing. And mang defeat, Li Song took the seal to make a new start; Make a new start defeated, and the seal entered the red eyebrow; Liu Penzi lost, in order to serve guangwu.
In addition, Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, had the eight-character "Liao History" inscribed as "the treasure handed down by Han Dynasty". I thought it should be "the seal handed down by Han Dynasty", and Tang Wu changed it to "treasure" at the right time, which should be changed at that time. "The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty": The word "evil seal" was changed to "treasure".
the history of the song dynasty: treasure. Qin system, the son of heaven has six seals, and there is a national seal, which has been the reason for generations. Tang dynasty changed to treasure, and its system has eight. Five generations of chaos, or more lost.
the emperor has six seals, and the text says, "The emperor will do the seal, the emperor will believe the seal, the emperor will do the seal, the emperor will believe the seal, and the emperor will believe the seal".
The Eight Treasures of the Emperor, namely, the Treasure of God, the Treasure of Orders, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor, the Treasure of the Emperor and the Treasure of the Emperor.
"Wei Benji" record: In March of the seventh year of the True King of Taiping, he summoned the Shamans in various states and destroyed the Buddha statues. Wuzi, who destroyed the five-story Buddha map in Yecheng, won the second jade seal in the clay statue, all of which said, "I was ordered by heaven to live forever." At one moment, he said, "Wei was handed the national seal by Han."
"Liao History": a national treasure, written by Qin Shihuang, with aquamarine, a new button, six sides, its text "ordered by heaven, longevity Yongchang", fish and birds seal, Zi Ying above Han left his ancestors. Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, and Empress Ping cast a seal on the steps of the temple, and her horn was slightly dented. Xian Di's loss, Sun Jian's gain in the well, spread to Sun Quan, to Wei. Wei Wendi carved his shoulder and said, "Great Wei was handed down by Han as a national treasure". Tang changed its name to "Shouzhibao". Jin died and returned to Liao. Since the Three Kingdoms, the usurping countries have often imitated private ownership, and the treasures of the past dynasties are different, so it is impossible to distinguish between authenticity and falsehood. In the tenth year of Emperor Taizong Kaitai, Chiyi took the imperial seal from Shijin Institute in Zhongjing. In the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Xing Zong, he tried to be a scholar with "Those who pass on national treasures as orthodox fu". In his sophomore year, Tianzuo Bao inherited the national seal from Sanggan River.
another thing: all the official seals after the late Tang dynasty are suspected to be fakes. Even the official seal of Khitan from the late Jin Dynasty was carved by Shi Jingtang according to Qin Xi, and was later acquired by Dayuan.
At that time, some people suspected that Zhang Dun and Cai Jing had forged the official seal when they were in North Song Zhezong.
"History of the Song Dynasty": At the end of Shao Sheng's reign, the imperial court won the imperial seal, and the courtiers discussed it with Confucianism, saying that people were different. Li Gonglin said, "Qin Xi used lantian jade. Today, the jade color is blue, with dragons, worms, birds and fish as the text and' the symbol of the emperor's orders'. The jade quality is very strong, and it can't be cured without Kunwu's knife and toad fat. This is really true for Qin Lisi." The discussion is decided.
"History of the Song Dynasty" also notes that in March of the first year of Yuan Fu, the academician gave orders to Cai Jing and thirteen lecturers to play: According to the presented jade seal, it was green as blue, moist and lustrous, and its text said, "I was ordered by heaven to live forever". There are five buttons on its back, and there are small holes between the buttons for penetration. I also got a jade decapitated head, which is as white as cream and moist. There are also five buttons on its back, and there are also small holes between the buttons. Its face is silent, which is consistent with the size of the seal. The work of seal writing is not done in modern times. I have studied it in the official history of the past dynasties, and the text of the seal is called "Emperor Shou Chang", and Jin Xi is also; Those who said "ordered by heaven" were later Wei Xi; "Those who have virtue prosper", Tang Xi also; "Only Deyunchang", Shi Jinxi also; Qin Xi knows who is "longevity Yongchang". Today, the seal is made in Xianyang, and its jade is the color of Lantian, and its seal is combined with Lisi's small seal. Decorated with dragons, phoenixes, birds and fish, it is the method of insect book and bird trace, and the ancient books handed down today are incomparable, which were not made clear after the Han Dynasty.
There seems to be no mention of inscriptions such as "Great Wei Shouhan handed the national seal" and "Destiny of the Stone" in several records of Song history, which is even more suspicious. Moreover, the textual research methods of Li Gonglin and Cai Jing are taken for granted.
In 1294, in the thirty-first year of Yuan Zhiyuan, a great-grandson of Muqali was awarded the imperial seal. Yang Huan, the censor, recognized his writing, saying, "By God's command, I will live forever." He suddenly said, "The national seal has been passed down for a long time." . Yang Huan's identification is so simple that it makes people sigh.
In the 13th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, in 15 AD, Mao Zhi, a citizen of Zhangxian County, Shaanxi Province, learned the imperial seal on the bank of Nihe River, which said, "I will live forever if I am ordered by heaven". The color is white and slightly blue. Xiong Xian, the governor of Shaanxi Province, thought Qin Xi was coming back and sent someone to offer it. Fu Hanyan, an official of the Ministry of Rites, said: "Since Qin Xi, there have been traces of the loss of authenticity in past dynasties with historical records. Today, the seal script is different from the fish and bird seal script copied in books such as "The Record of Dropping Farms", and the new seal script is different from the one carved by Wei Lu in Ji Wen Pan by Shi Chuan Institute. Gai Qin Xi has been dead for a long time, and what he gained today and what he gained in Song and Yuan Dynasties are all suspected to have been engraved by later generations. " Ming Xiaozong followed his words, but did not use them.
in 1632 ad, the late Jin dynasty emperor taiji completely defeated the Chahar tribe in monan Mongolia, the descendant of Dayuan, Ligdan Khan, and Tiancong was in power for eight years.