First, the practice (three essays):
This sect is mainly based on Kumarajiva's translation of Guan Zhong Lun, Bai Lun and Twelve Lun, and it is called Sanlun Sect because it is based on the Three Lun Lun Lun of Guan Zhong School. Its teachings take truth and vulgarity as the general program, and the ultimate goal is to understand the truth of China's way.
Second, the word "truth" is the true meaning, which follows the jurisprudence and the secular truth. According to common sense, things exist. If you follow the true meaning, all laws are empty. So truth and vulgarity are also called emptiness, and there are two truths. Color is empty, empty is color, color is empty, truth and vulgarity are the middle way, also known as the reality of all laws. This is the central idea of this Sect. From the aspect of vacuum management, this book reveals all the laws of the world based on non-ego, five yin and twelve places, and completely breaks the chaos, thus establishing the middle view without income, so as to achieve its goal of unimpeded liberation. This case is actually the direct successor of the theory of Indian Dragon Tree and Tipo Middle School.
Second, the method of incense (yoga):
Yoga sect was founded by Indian Maitreya, Zuo Wu and Qin Shi. This school is mainly based on the classic Jie Shen's Secret Sutra, The Theory of Yoga Master's Land, The Theory of Consciousness, etc. Because it is a sect founded on the basis of Maitreya's kinship theory and the yoga master's theory of non-recording, it is called yoga school. Master Xuanzang of our country translated this case and translated the Ten Teachers' Theory into Cheng Weizhi's Theory, so it was also called Fawei Zhengzong, also known as Ci Enzong. Its teachings are based on five laws, three self-natures, eight senses and two non-selves, and its purpose is to turn knowledge into wisdom.
The "five laws" are: one, two, three differences, four positive wisdom and five Ru Ru; The "three self-natures" are: considering persistence, relying on others and seeking truth from facts; "Eight senses" are: eye sense, ear sense, nose sense, tongue sense, body sense, sense, penultimate sense and eighth Aryan sense; "Two without me" means that people do not have me and law does not have me. The five laws are the summary of all the laws in the world. "Name" and "phase" mean that all laws in the world have names and phases, which is called the method of name and phase; "Difference" refers to people's subjective ability to understand things separately; "Righteousness" refers to the pure (not leaking) true wisdom of saints; Ru Ru refers to truth, wisdom and truth. The five laws are not pure, subjective and objective, so they sum up all the laws. Three self-natures: first, take persistence, say nothing, start to confuse and create a career, and become famous all over the world; Second, the three realms of mind are born according to their lives and named after them; Third, according to him, these two empty places are real. Without these three things, it is called three self-nature. Eight senses: "knowing" means not knowing, also called mind or mind. Every living being has the cognitive function of this kind of mind consciousness, and there are eight kinds, namely the eight kinds of knowledge listed above. Second, there is no self: every sentient being or sentient being has no eternal entity (so-called self or soul), which makes people have no self; There is no unchangeable entity (that is, self or absolute truth) in objective things. Two without me. Call me and falcon, too. This religious significance profoundly analyzes the essence of various laws and clarifies the use of mind and knowledge. Only by practicing knowledge and behavior can knowledge be transformed into wisdom and achieve liberation and bodhi. This sect was established by master Xuanzang's translation, and it is the direct successor of India's theory of "no writing, no blood".
Third, Tiantai Sect
This school is based on Kumarajiva's translation of The Golden Eye of Fire, The Theory of Great Wisdom and The Doctrine of the Mean. It absorbed the ideas of various schools from India and developed in China, and reorganized them systematically to form an ideological system. Because its founder Zhiyi lives in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, it is called Tiantai Sect. Its creed is based on the five-eight-time religion as the general program, with one heart, three views and three truths as the central idea.
In this case, nigume's Confucian Classics was divided into five different periods, which were called Five-time Education, namely, the time of strict education, the time of Ahan, the time of equal education, the time of prajna, and the time of nirvana of France and China. The names of the five times are Buddhist scriptures, and it is considered that the scriptures mentioned by the Buddha cannot teach the categories of these five periods, so it is called five times. This sect divides Buddhism into four different levels in terms of teaching content, namely Tibetan Buddhism, general religion, other religions and circular religion, which are called "four major religions of Buddhism". Tibetan Buddhism is Hinayana Buddhism. General education, in which Hinayana comes first, Mahayana comes last and Mahayana comes last, is called general education. Not teaching is pure Mahayana, but every method prevents it from being called not teaching. Round teaching is the perfect practice of Mahayana, which is called round teaching. Tibet, Tong, Bie and Yuan are the four major religions. According to the different opportunities of the Buddha, this Sect divides the Buddha's teaching methods into four types: sudden, gradual, secret and indefinite, which are called "four religions of chemical instrument"
Three views are practical views, namely, empty view, false view and middle view. These three views can be called one thought and three views. Three truthfulness: the harmony between truthfulness, vulgarity and truth in China is called three truthfulness. These three truths, such as one, are three. Although it is three and unchanged, it is also possible to say three and one, so it is called harmony and three truths. One thought, three views and three views is really the doctrine of circular religion, which shows that everything is clear and things are harmonious Tiantai Sect regards this Sect as a circle religion, and other sects belong to the first three religions. This sect summed up the thoughts of various sects, developed the precise adjustment of Buddhist teachings into the theory of Mahayana circle, and showed China's original Mahayana thought.
Fourth, the sages (Hua Yanzong):
Based on Huayan Jing, this school has in-depth research and incisive interpretation of Huayan Jing, and is an ideological system formed on the basis of developing predecessors' theories (Three Theories, Tiantai, Ci 'en, Geologists, Photographers, etc.). ). The founder was the sage Buddhist teacher (Fazang) at the end of the seventh century, so he was called the Sage School, also known as Hua Yanzong. This Sect judges the whole Buddhism with five religions, and takes six phases, ten mysteries and three views as the central idea.
The so-called five religions: first, small religion, that is, Hinayana teaching; The second is to teach, that is, the doctrine that Mahayana begins its primary stage; The third is the final teaching, that is, the doctrine of the ultimate stage of Mahayana; The fourth is epiphany, that is, the practice of epiphany in Mahayana; Fifth, round teaching, that is, the theory of complete harmony. This Sect divides Buddhism into five different doctrines, one more than Tiantai Sect, so it is called five religions.
These six stages are: full phase, out-of-phase, in-phase, out-of-phase, forming phase and bad phase. These six simultaneities are manifested in everything and in one thing at the same time; No matter in everything or in one thing, they are opposites and complementary, at the same time, they are full, integrated and related, and do not interfere with each other, from which we can reveal the truth of the origin of the legal world.
The top ten mysterious doors are: 1. At the same time, it has corresponding doors; 2. Indra's realm gate; 3. All secrets are hidden in the door and exposed outside; 4. Good compatibility; 5. Different methods to form the door; 6. All treasures are pure and mixed with virtue; 7. More than one compatibility is different; 8. All methods are independent; 9. Ideal becomes a good door; 10. The overall significance of these ten mysterious doors is to show the truth that everything in Huayan religion is pure (dyed). Once it is clear, it will be clear for three generations, and it is also full, interrelated and endless.
The so-called three views: one is the view of absolute vacuum, the other is the view that things are unimpeded, and the third is the view that everything is inclusive. The establishment of the Six Phases, the Ten Xuans and the Three Views has clarified the theory of the origin of the law, the unobstructed direction, the unobstructed everything and the endless harmony in Huayanjing. The six phases and ten mysteries are based on the realm of Buddhism, and the three views of harmony can be said to be wise. Although this idea of endless harmony in the legal world originated from Hua Yan Jing, it was actually created by China. Its legal origin and clear theory greatly promoted Mahayana Buddhism thought from India.
Verb (short for verb) Zen
Zen is the abbreviation of Zen, which is translated into Chinese as meditation, which means thinking in silence, and is generally called meditation. This method is to focus on a legal field and study wholeheartedly to realize self-nature. This is called Zen, so it is called Zen. There are many kinds of Zen, such as hearing and hearing Zen, bodhisattva Zen, second Zen and super Zen. In Zen, China has a so-called "teaching others" Zen. What this sect has learned is not the second Zen that it has learned since ancient times, but the founder Zen that points to the epiphany of mind. According to legend, the Zen of this sect was introduced from Dharma in the early 6th century. In the past, it was said, "Zen only spreads its heart, not its words." It's called "Don't preach outside the church." However, in the early ancestral law, four volumes of Lengga Sutra were passed on to the second ancestor Hui Ke as the criteria for initiation, and forbearance and wisdom taught people to recite the Vajrayana Prajna. In this way, Lengga and Prajna are the classic basis of this Sect, and later there appeared the Six Ancestors Tanjing and many quotations.
Zen is very prosperous in China. In the eighth century, it was divided into two schools. Shen Xiu's Northern School (606-706) advocated gradual restoration, which was very popular for a period of time, but it soon declined. Nanzong Huineng (638-7 13) advocated epiphany, which was respected as the sixth ancestor by later generations and won the hearts of the people. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Nanzong Zen masters came forth in large numbers, and they were divided into five families and seven factions during these three or four hundred years. It is conceivable that they flourished for a while. This sect, like Pure Land Sect, has always been the most popular sect in China.
Among the Huineng disciples of the sixth ancestor of Nanzong, there are two branches, Nanyue Huairang and Qingyuan Hangsi, which are divided into five schools and seven schools. From Nanyue, there was a school called Sect. Qingyuan School has three schools: Cao Dongzong School, Yunmen School and Fayan School. It is divided into five cases by two departments. Later, Huanglong and Yang Qi were separated from Lin Jizong, and the top five were seven schools, all of which flourished for a while, and some disappeared after a period of time. Later, only Lin Ji and Cao Dong's Zen spread endlessly, and Lin Ji became more prosperous. All the descendants of Zen in modern times are descendants of Lin Ji and Cao Dongzong.
In the process of practicing meditation in Buddhism, there are some methods to recuperate one's body and mind, which can strengthen one's health and prolong one's life, but this is not the purpose of Buddhist meditation. Buddhism practices Zen (including the practice of various sects) in order to control the mind, study the truth, show wisdom and see the Buddhism thoroughly, which is called clarity and freedom. As for meditation, it is only the form or foundation of meditation, and it is only a by-product of meditation practice. Buddhism does not particularly advocate these and aims at them. However, beginners of meditation must understand these basic methods of regulating body and mind, so as to maintain physical and mental health, avoid the occurrence of Zen diseases and ensure the smooth progress of meditation.
Sixth, pure land Sect:
This sect is called Pure Land Sect because it advocates observing Buddha and chanting Buddha in the pure land of Amitabha in the west to survive according to the Infinite Life Sutra. In this case, the Buddha's view is divided into two kinds: Mohism and Yi Dao, which shows that he lived according to the precept of wisdom and practiced six degrees and ten thousand lines, and he had to be robbed by three monks to enter Mohism, which shows that the pure land practiced sincerely for Buddha all his life, and at the end of his life, according to Amitabha's wish, the pure land never retreated to Yi Dao. Therefore, this Sect advocates persuading people to read Buddhism and survive in the pure land of the West.
This sect is characterized by its simplicity and easy operation, which can be accepted by the public. To study this Sect, you don't have to be proficient in Buddhist scriptures, you don't have to study extensively, you don't have to teach students to ride horses, and you don't have to sit idle and be good at it. Living, sitting and lying down can all be called "Amitabha in the South". As long as you have enough faith, concentrate on becoming a Buddha and never be lazy, you can go to the pure land on your deathbed. Of course, we should also observe precepts and chant Buddhist scripture, and do good deeds and help others. Because the method is simple, it is the easiest to popularize. Scholars of other sects also practice this method, so Pure Land Sect is particularly popular in China.
Seven, the law:
Legalists mainly study and study precepts. Because of the prevalence of this situation, monks in China still attach importance to the precepts of becoming a monk and listening and riding in Mahayana.
There are two commandments: the sound and smell commandments and the bodhisattva commandments. The so-called practice here refers to the practice established by the sound, smell and law departments of Zhong Nanshan Daoxuan Law Department. As far as precepts are concerned, there are five precepts, ten precepts and foot precepts. The Five Commandments are the precepts for Buddhist disciples to become monks, while the Ten Commandments and the Foot Commandments are the precepts for Buddhist disciples to become monks. These have been described before, so I won't repeat them here. The statutes of various ministries are not only the karma of abstinence, but also the statutes of monks, all kinds of karma laws (social affairs), becoming a monk, giving precepts, fixing oneself, busa law, food and clothing law, and daily chores. Because of the different times and environments, many commandments have long been abandoned. Bodhisattva precepts include the precepts of staying at home and becoming a monk. Buddhist precepts of becoming a monk, such as Brahma Sutra, have ten heavy and forty-eight light precepts, while Buddhist precepts at home, such as Youposai Sutra, have six heavy and twenty-eight light precepts. There are always people who think that the precepts of Bodhisattva are triple, which means three kinds, and they are called triple precepts. First, taking the precepts of statutes as precepts is "all evils must be eliminated"; The second is to learn the precepts of good law, which is "all good deeds"; Third, Rao Yi has a love ring, which is "beneficial to all beings". China is Mahayana Buddhism. Here, let me briefly mention the precepts of Bodhisattva. The above is the content of the big and small multiplication commandment.
Although the quartering method belongs to the discipline of Mahayana, its literal meaning is related to Mahayana. Since ancient times, there has been a saying of "dividing into Mahayana". Mahayana is popular in China. The Mahayana doctrine is used to interpret the Dharma, is a part of the Mahayana precepts, and is a dharma-taking instrument among Buddhist monks.
A precept based on sound and smell. For example, the four commandments of killing, stealing, fornication and stupidity are observed by both the big and the small. For the study of jurisprudence, the most important thing is to be good at distinguishing, covering, upholding and committing crimes. In the discipline of becoming a monk, it should not be violated, but it is allowed under certain circumstances. This is called openness. Under normal circumstances and shall not be violated, this is called cover. Sometimes I don't know whether to keep or break the precepts, so it is necessary to learn the law. According to the distinction between law and possession, lawyers clearly define the boundaries of opening, covering, possessing and committing crimes. Except under the temptation (killing, stealing, fornication, jumping off a building), or adding thirteen monks (Buddhist precepts are eight quit and seventeen monks), most other precepts must be strictly observed and not violated. Permission may be granted under special circumstances and when necessary. For example, the rule of "eating out of season" usually means not eating after noon, but eating after work. But how to make a promise depends on the precepts. It can be seen that apart from the fundamental precepts, Buddhist precepts are not rigid, but flexible.
Eight, tantric (Shinrikyo):
In the 8th century, Indian tantra was introduced to China by Sumitomo Buddha, Vajrayana and Bukong. Since then, it has been practiced and taught to form tantra. This sect established Sammi Yoga according to the Great Sun Sutra and King Kong Ding Jing, observing things and doing things, and practicing this method of respect. This Sect is based on the mystery of the secret law. Without initiation, you are not allowed to spread and show others at will, so it is called tantric.
This deity is the most respected Buddha, bodhisattva or wise king chosen by scholars, so it is called this deity. To achieve all the merits and wisdom of this deity, it is necessary to practice the Three Secrets Yoga. The three secrets are body, mouth and heart, and yoga is also translated accordingly. Three secrets yoga is the correspondence of three professions, that is, the body and mouth of the yogi correspond to the body and mouth of the deity. When practicing Buddhism, the practitioner should be the deity, make seals with both hands, recite the true words of the deity, that is, the vision or seed words of the deity, and make sure that his three karma corresponds to the three secrets of the deity. This is yoga practice. If you complete this rule, you can immediately reach your own body. There are many profound practices, and this is just one example. This highest theory is still based on the jurisprudence of emptiness. As the saying goes, nothing is born, and nothing is empty.
Other sects besides the eight sects: in addition to the eight sects, there is also a sect mainly called "Quan She"; The school that specializes in achievement theory is called Cheng Sejong. Shi Cheng and other schools belong to Hinayana religion, which became less popular after the Tang Dynasty. If you add these two factions to eight cases, you will get ten cases. In addition, there are Nirvana teachers who carry forward Nirvana Sutra, photographers who specialize in Mahayana, and land theorists who specialize in the Ten Terrestrial Classics. These schools once flourished, but they soon lost their inheritance or merged into other sects themselves.