: Du Fusheng was the grandson of Du Shenyan, a famous poet, in a family with a literary tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials". He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. He was unsuccessful all his life. He only worked as a small official such as Zuo Shiyi. Although later generations were called "poets" and poetry was called "the history of poetry", it did not get people's attention at that time in the Tang Dynasty. There is a poem "The Play is the Six Juequatrains (Part II)" which is written about "the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty": "Wang Yang and Lu Luo were contemporary, but they were frivolous; Ercao's body and name are destroyed, and the rivers will remain forever. " Among them, there are many poets' self-comparisons, and Du Fu's experience and poetry creation can be mainly divided into four periods:
1. Reading and roaming (before the age of 35)
The so-called "dissolute Qi and Zhao, Qiu Ma is quite clear and crazy".
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (at the age of 2), he began to roam in wuyue, and after five years, he returned to Luoyang to be promoted, and then Du Fu roamed Qi and Zhao. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two met each other after a brief encounter, forming a profound friendship. Then I met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Li Du went to Qizhou, and after breaking up, they met in Donglu, respectively. This was the last time that "Poet Fairy" and "Poet Saint" met each other.
Second, during the period of being trapped in Chang 'an (35-44 years old)
During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an first and came last. Li Linfu, the prime minister of the dynasty, even told Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty that no one was successful in the ruling and opposition. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "seizing the rich gate in the morning, catching up with the fat horse dust at dusk, smashing cups and cold roasting, and hiding sadness everywhere". Finally, he got a small official who led Cao Youwei to join the army (mainly guarding the weapons of the soldiers and the keys of the treasury). During this period, he wrote poems such as "The Car Shop" and "two for the road", which criticized current politics and satirized powerful people. The book "From Beijing to Fengxian County, Singing 5 Words" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
Third, during the period of being trapped as a thief and being an official (45-48 years old)
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled his family in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone, but was captured by Anshi rebels and taken to Chang 'an. Facing the chaotic Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops had repeatedly retreated, and wrote such poems as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Aijiangtou and so on. Later, he absconded to Fengxiang Hangzai, doing the left gleaning. Because of his advice, Shang Shu was demoted to join the army as the prime minister. (Fang Shu was a typical intellectual, but unrealistic. He fought against the rebels and adopted the Spring and Autumn Array, and the result was a big defeat. Du fu began to pick up the remains of Zuo, and he said that Fang was innocent, and he was angry and wanted to find fault. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems, which became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
"Three Officials": Shihao Officials, Xin 'an Officials and Tongguan Officials; "Three Farewells": Newly Married Farewell, Homelessness and Farewell to the Old.
IV. Wandering in Southwest China (48-58 years old)
With the disastrous defeat of government troops in Xiangzhou and the famine in Guanfu in the ninth quarter, Du Fu abandoned his official position and fled with his family to Chengdu via Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life. When Yanwu entered the DPRK, the warlords in the middle of Shu rebelled, and he drifted to Zizhou and Langzhou. After Yanwu was photographed in Chengdu for our time as a bo, Du Fu went to Yan, and Yanwu died. He drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, then drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, A Hut Broken by Autumn Wind, Shu Xiang, both sides of the yellow river recaptured by the imperial army, Denggao, Dengyueyanglou and many other famous works. Among them, the most famous poem is: "There are thousands of buildings in Ande, and all the poor people in the world are happy." And "leaves are dropping down like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river always rolling on" in "Climbing to the Top" is the eternal swan song.
Influence on later generations
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the poetic style of Han Yuefu. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focuses on the whole story, marking the high achievement of Chinese poetry art.. Du Fu also showed remarkable creativity in the Five-Seven Rhythm, and accumulated complete artistic experience in temperament, antithesis, and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage.
Masterpiece: Du Fu had a rough life. He was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty and a world cultural celebrity. He was also called "Li Du" with Li Bai. Du Fu used to be a foreign minister of Zuo Shiyi and proofreading department, so he was later called Du Gongbu. He is good at ancient style and rhythmic poetry, and his styles are diverse. He accurately summarizes his own work style with the word "depressed and frustrated", and mainly focuses on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems were mostly about social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time, so he was honored as a "poet saint" by later generations as a "history of poetry". Du Fu was concerned about the country and people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1,4 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been passed down through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", and Du Gongbu Collection has been handed down from generation to generation. Among them, the "Three Officials" are Shihao Officials, Xin 'an Officials and Tongguan Officials, and the "Three Farewells" are Newly Married, Homeless and Farewell to the Old. Du Fu's poems are the most widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Second, Xin Qiji
Life: Xin Qiji (114.5.18-127.1.3) died at the age of 67 and was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The original word Tanfu was changed to Youan, and the middle-aged name lived in Jiaxuan, because it was named Jiaxuan layman. Licheng (now Zhacun, four winds, yaoqiang town, Licheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province). Xin Weiye, the ancestor, was a judge of Dali Temple in the Tang Dynasty and moved to Jinan from Didao in Longxi, so he died in Jinan. Gao Zuxin studied in ancient times and served as a scholar. Great-grandfather Xin Ji, once served as a Pennsylvania secretary to join the army. Grandfather Xin Zan, due to his family's fatigue, was unable to travel south with the Song family during the Jingkang Revolution, and served as an official in Jin, successively guarding orders in Qiaoxian and Kaifeng. Xin Qiji's father Xin Wenyu died early, and he lived with his grandfather Xin Zan since childhood.
He is a great uninhibited poet, patriot, strategist and politician in the history of our country. He is as famous as Su Shi and is called "Su Xin", and together with Li Qingzhao, he is called "Jinan Er 'an". Someone once praised him like this: Jia Xuan is the best among people and the dragon in words. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "Since Xinjiaxuan, if you use a word like this, you must keep your mouth shut. And Jia Xuan, which is rotten, is like a Zen stick. Another example is that I am full of sorrow, and I have been unhappy and drunk all my life, but I feel that the guest and the host are hearty and can't talk about it. Words are enough at this point. "
when he was born, the north had already fallen into the hands of the Jin people. Although his grandfather Xin Zan worked in the Jin State, he always hoped to have the opportunity to "throw trouble to relieve the anger of your father", and often took Xin Qiji to "climb high and look far, pointing to painting mountains and rivers" ("Ten Treatises on Meiqin"). At the same time, Xin Qiji also witnessed the humiliation and pain suffered by the Han people under the rule of Jin People, which made him set up the restoration of the Central Plains in his youth. On the other hand, because Xin Qiji grew up in the north under the rule of Jin people, he was less educated by the traditional culture that made people follow the rules blindly, and there was a chivalrous spirit in him.
He has served as an envoy to Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and eastern Zhejiang. Thirteen years before his birth, Shandong was occupied by Jin Bing. At the age of twenty-one, he joined the anti-Jin Yi Army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), two thousand people joined the northern anti-Jin Yi Army, and the following year, they returned to the Southern Song Dynasty and insisted on fighting against Jin Bing and recovering lost land. Zeng Jin played "Ten Theories of Mei Qin", analyzed the situation of the enemy and ourselves, and put forward the specific plan for Qiang Bing's rejuvenation; He also went to the Prime Minister's Nine Discussions to further expound the idea of "Ten Comments on Meiqin"; Have not been adopted and implemented. When he took office in various places, he seriously eliminated the accumulated disadvantages, actively prepared for the army, was constrained by capitulationists, and even was dismissed. He once lived in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province for a long time. The great ambition of recovering the motherland was not put into full play, and it was written with loyalty and anger, and its unique style of writing was called "Jiaxuan Style". Created a generation of great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. His words are passionate, generous and tragic. Strong brushwork, diverse artistic styles, and bold and unconstrained. There are "Jia Xuan Long and Short Sentences". Modern people have compiled "Xin Jiaxuan's Poems and Notes".
in the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), Yan Yanliang, the gold master, invaded the south on a large scale, and the Han people in the rear of it rose up because they could not bear the harsh oppression of the Jin people. Twenty-one-year-old Xin Qiji also gathered 2, people to join a huge rebel army led by Geng Jing and served as the secretary in charge. When the internal contradictions among the Jin people broke out, Wan Yanliang was killed by his subordinates at the front line, and the Jin army retreated to the north, Xin Qiji was ordered to contact the Southern Song Dynasty court in the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1162). On his way back from his mission, he heard that Geng Jing was killed by the traitor Zhang Anguo and the rebel army broke up. He led more than 5 people to attack the enemy camp, took the traitor back to Jiankang and handed it over to the Southern Song Dynasty court for execution. Xin Qiji's amazing courage and decisiveness made him famous for a while. "A coward rises for it, and the Holy Son of Heaven sighs at the sight of it" (Hong Mai's Jia Xuan Ji). Song Gaozong appointed him to sign a sentence in Jiangyin and began his official career in the Southern Song Dynasty. At this time, he was only 23 years old.
When Xin Qiji first came to the south, he didn't understand the cowardice and cringe of the imperial court. In addition, Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou once praised his heroic behavior, and Song Xiaozong, who acceded to the throne soon after, once showed the spirit of wanting to restore lost land and avenge his disgrace. Therefore, during his first tenure in the Southern Song Dynasty, he enthusiastically wrote many suggestions on resisting the Northern Expedition of Jin Dynasty, such as the famous Ten Treatises of Mei Qin and Nine Discussions. Although these proposals were praised by people and widely circulated at that time, the imperial court, which was no longer willing to fight again, was indifferent. It was only interested in Xin Qiji's practical talents in the proposals, so he was sent to Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other places as an important local official post, to control famine and rectify public order. This is obviously very different from Xin Qiji's ideal. Although he has done a good job, he feels more and more depressed and painful because he deeply feels that time is fleeting and life is short and his ambition is hard to pay.
However, the reality is harsh to Xin Qiji. Although he has excellent talents, his heroic and stubborn personality and persistent enthusiasm for the Northern Expedition, it is difficult for him to gain a foothold in the shrinking, smooth and jealous officialdom. He also realized that he was "just clumsy and confident, and he was not accepted by everyone for years" ("On the Thief Zazi"), so he was ready to retire, and built a garden pavilion on the lakeside of Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, in order to settle down after leaving his job. Sure enough, in the winter of the eighth year of Chunxi (1181), when Xin Qiji was 42 years old, he was removed from office because of impeachment and returned to Shangrao. In the next 2 years, he spent most of his time in the countryside, except for serving as a prison and an envoy for peace in Fujian every two years.
"The iron plate and the bronze pipa, following Dongpo's singing of river of no return, the beautiful qin and the sorrowful millet, did not fly south with the Hongyan in the Southern Song Dynasty of Hebei." This is Guo Moruo's couplets on Xin Qiji's tomb in Yangyuan Mountain, which is carved behind Guashan Mountain in the lead mountain. In the history of China literature, Xin Qiji is an admirable all-rounder in civil and military affairs.
In p>1161, Xin Qiji led more than 2, hometown brothers to revolt against the Jin Dynasty at the age of 22, and made it his lifelong career to avenge the national humiliation and recover the lost land. After 2 years, he swallowed Wan Li like a tiger. However, in his middle age, he was repeatedly defamed and laid off for 2 years until he died of grief. From 1181 to 127, he basically lived a leisurely life in Shangrao Daihu and Qianshan Piaoquan, during which he was employed and dismissed from office for six years, traveling between Renshang and Daihu and Piaoquan in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. And living in the lake also goes to Piaoquan for a short stay. Piaoquan is the last destination of this patriotic poet after crossing the south.
in p>118, when 41-year-old Xin Qiji was re-appointed as the magistrate of Longxing (Nanchang) and the Anfu envoy of Jiangxi, he planned to build a garden-like manor in Shangrao and settle his family. In the spring of 1181, Xin Qiji came to Shangrao to start building a new house and manor with a lake. According to the topography around Daihu Lake, he personally designed the manor pattern of "building houses at high places and opening fields at low places" and said to his family: "Life is diligent, and we should give priority to the field." Therefore, he named Daihu Manor "Jiaxuan" and named it "Jiaxuan Jushi". In November of that year, due to impeachment, his official position was suspended, and the new house with the lake was just completed. Xin Qiji returned to Shangrao and began his leisurely life after middle age.
Ehu Mountain, Lingshan Mountain, Boshan Mountain and other places are places where Xin Qiji often goes to explore the past and find seclusion. The Ehu Temple at the foot of Ehu Mountain is next to the ancient post station leading to Fujian. From the third day to the eighth day of the sixth lunar month in 1175, famous scholars Zhu Xi, Lv Zuqian, Lu Jiuling and Lu Jiuyuan held the famous "Meeting of the Goose Lake" (the first meeting of the Goose Lake) in the history of China philosophy. Goose Lake has thus become a cultural resort. Xin Qiji often goes to Goose Lake for recreation.
In the autumn of p>1188, Chen Liang wrote to Xin Qiji and Zhu Xi, and they met in Zixi, Qianshan to discuss the reunification plan. But later, Zhu Xi declined the lead mountain meeting for some reason. In the winter of this year, when we met, Xin Qiji was sick in bed, resting in the gourd ladle spring and waiting for cat. In the evening, after the snow in Chu Qing, the afterglow reflected the snowy earth. Xin Qiji looked out from the railing of Piaoquan Villa, and saw Cat Chen riding a red horse on the post road in front of Qiansi Village. He was overjoyed and his illness dissipated, so he went downstairs to ride with him. The two met after a long separation on the stone bridge in front of the village, and they were filled with emotion; Standing on the stone bridge, bathed in the sunset in Chu Qing after the snow, talking about state affairs, I was saddened by Jin Ou's disability, and my patriotic feelings surged in my chest, drawing my sword and beheading my mount, vowing to fight for the reunification of the motherland. Xin Qiji's cry of "A man's heart is as iron as a stone when he dies, see if he tries his hand, and mend the sky" in "He Xinlang's father sees peace and answers it with rhyme" written after leaving Cat is a portrayal of this lofty ambition.
Xin Qiji and Chen Liang's meeting, which was a wonderful story in the literary world, took a trip to Goose Lake, and Long song answered each other's questions. In order to commemorate these two patriots, later generations called this meeting the second "Meeting of the Goose Lake", called the stone bridge in front of Qisi Village the "Horse Cutting Bridge", and built a horse cutting pavilion beside the bridge. Up to now, the story of Xin Qiji and Chen Liang's "swearing the horse" has been circulated in the local area. The chopping horse pavilion is still there. Although it has experienced wind and rain, there are still many glazed tiles engraved with the words "chopping horse pavilion" covering it, which is a cultural relic protection unit in Lead Mountain County.
In the summer of p>1194, Xin Qiji was dismissed from office and returned to Shangrao. He lived in Piaoquan, started to build a new house, and managed Piaoquan Manor. He was determined to "take advantage of this place, settle down in my house, wait for a profound understanding, and plant more seeds in front of the door." In the spring of 1195, Piaoquan's garden-style manor was built, with the eaves newly renovated and the green hills facing the small windows.
In the summer of p>1196, Daihu Manor caught fire, so Xin abandoned his family and moved to Piaoquan. In the autumn of 1196, all the titles in Xin Qiji's life were stripped clean by the imperial court, and he lived a village life in Piaoquan, where he visited mountains and waters, drank wine and wrote poems, and wandered about the clouds and wild cranes. Xin Qiji was deeply moved by the tranquility of Piaoquan's pastoral and the simplicity of missing the villagers. He was inspired to sing and wrote a lot of poems describing Piaoquan's four seasons scenery, world customs and garden scenery, and expressing his feelings. Linjiang Fairy, Play for a Longevity, Huanxisha, Father's Argument for Even Rain, Yulouchun Play for Yunshan, etc., are all representative works describing Piaoquan's village life in Xin Ci. "The green hills are full of vigor, which seems to be charming for my return" ("Qinyuanchun, Re-expiration and Sibuzhu"); "I see castle peak more charming, castle peak, see me should be so. Love and appearance are slightly similar "("He Xin "