Ten philosophers of Confucius
Virtue literature
Yan Yan? Shang Bu
catalogue
1
spring from a noble origin
The saint came into this world.
Early life
Start a career
Travel around the world
(of a respected person) die.
2 major achievements
teaching
Ideological system
High-legged disciple
main work
prescribe a diet
The ancestor of library collection
Famous quotations
Modern development
3-person evaluation
4 historical records
5 family members
6 anecdotes and allusions
Confucius saluted
Comment on The Salvation of Slaves
Save lives by falling into the water
Confucius learned the piano.
Love nature
Confucius and posthumous title
Commemorate future generations
the?Confucius Institute
Confucian temple
8 artistic image
film
TV plays
Dance drama:
1
Kong Qiu, Kong Shi, Zi Zi surname, Zi [3]. Xiang reigned for twenty-two years (55 BC1,julian calendar).
June 4th, 10, the current Gregorian calendar is September 28th, 55 BC1year, and the date of birth is August 27th in the lunar calendar, in Qufu, Shandong. He was a thinker, educator, politician, founder and representative of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Originally from Shangqiu, Henan [1], my ancestors were Shang Tang, the founding monarch of Shang Dynasty. Later, in the Song Dynasty, Shu gave birth to another item. Jia, the seventh ancestor of Confucius, was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court, and his son's father fled to Shandong. From then on, my father took the father's word as Kong's. According to legend, Confucius edited poems, books, rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. He has been engaged in preaching, teaching and dispelling doubts all his life, and is honored by the people of China as "the most holy teacher and an eternal model". After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled the famous Confucian classic The Analects.
According to legend, he has 3000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints [3], and once led some disciples to travel around the world. Confucius' thought has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Confucius and Mencius, one of the representatives of Confucianism in the Warring States period, were called "Confucius and Mencius" by later generations. The combination of Confucius and Mencius formed the Confucian "Tao of Confucius and Mencius". [4]
spring from a noble origin
Confucius is a descendant of Shang Tang, the founding monarch of Shang Dynasty, and an imperial clan of Shang Dynasty. King Wu attacked the Zhou Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius [5]
In order to appease the nobles of Shang Dynasty, it was given the title of "Bo" and "Song State", so it was a descendant of the nobles of Yin Dynasty.
After the Three Supervisors Rebellion, Duke Zhou was ordered by Zhou Chengwang to be named Wei Zi, an ordinary brother and loyal minister of Shang Dynasty, and was buried in the hometown of Song State (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province) after his death, with Cabbage Temple. After Wei's death, his brother Wei Zhong acceded to the throne.
After Zhong Wei's death, Zi Song Gong Ji followed; After the death of Song Dynasty, Zi Shen. After the death of Song Dinggong, Zi Xuan became a civil servant. After the death of Duke Guan of Song Dynasty, Brother Xi became independent. Why can't the Prince and his father become independent? So Fu Cha's younger brother Gong Bootstrap killed Yang Gong and wanted to make Fu Cha his father, but Fu Cha refused, so Gong Bootstrap became the monarch, for the sake of Song. How can Fu Dad become Zhengqing?
When the father died, the son Song father; Song's father died in the week, Prince Li succeeded, and Prince Kao succeeded. Sanjun, Song Guodai, Wu and Xuan are all studying their father's affairs, and they are all famous for their respect. "One life is awkward, two lives are exhausted, and three lives are easy." I wanted to test my father's experience in the Zhou Dynasty and got back the lost chapter "Shang Dynasty Fu" compiled and supplemented by the Song Dynasty.
When the father dies, the father of Confucius stands. Confucius' father, Jia Shi, Song Mugong. Before he died, Mu Gong did not set up his own son Feng, but set up his brother's son Feng Heyi to repay his brother's kindness to serve the country. Before he died, he ordered Jia to assist Yi (male). Jia Jia, the father of Confucius, was a martyr of foreigners and men. He fought against Zheng, Wei and other countries many times, but most of them ended in failure, causing dissatisfaction among Chinese people. Kong's wife is very beautiful, which makes another doctor, Hua, drool over her. Therefore, the governor of the founding father used the dissatisfaction of the Chinese people to launch a mutiny and killed Kong and Song. Mu, the son of Kong, fled to the state of Lu, and the Kong family became a native of Lu.
Yuan Pengfei drew the road map of Confucius.
Father prays for Father's Day, father prays for Confucius to prevent uncle, and Confucius prevents uncle from being born and Shu from being born. He is the father of Confucius and a great general of Lu. In 563, Xun Ying of the State of Jin led eleven allied forces to attack a small country, forcing Yang to die (now the central area of Zaozhuang, Shandong Province) and forcing Yang to lie about surrender. After the Allies entered the city, they lowered the city gate to prepare to attack the Allies. At this time, the gate of the Shu army before entering the customs was held, so that the allied forces safely withdrew from forced Yang. Meng Xianzi praised him: "The so-called' fierce as a tiger' in the poem is also". [6]
The saint came into this world.
Shu's wife gave birth to nine daughters and no children, and my concubine gave birth to Meng Pi, but Meng Pi was ill enough to be an heir, so Shu asked Yan. Yan has three daughters and wants to marry them, but she is too old and impatient, so she asks her three daughters for advice. Neither of the two eldest daughters is willing, but the youngest daughter, Yan Zhizai, is willing to marry.
Yan Zhizhai is eighteen and Shu is seventy-two. Their ages are quite different. They got married by courtesy. The husband and wife lived in Nishan and were pregnant, so they called it "sexual intercourse". In the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (55 BC1), Confucius was born in August. Confucius was born with a dome on his head, so he was named "Qiu" because his mother prayed in Nishan.
Early life
When Confucius was three years old, Shu died of illness and was buried here. After the death of Shu, Yan Zhizai lost his asylum and was chased by his wife Shi, so he took his younger brothers Meng Pi and Confucius to Qubuque and lived a poor life. When Confucius grows up, he will also do a lot of rough work for his life. Confucius later said, "I am cheap, so I can be cheap."
Although his family was poor, Confucius was still diligent and eager to learn. As a game, young Confucius used it to decorate sacrificial vessels (cowpeas) and practice ceremonies. When Confucius grew up, he was nine feet six inches tall, so the villagers called him a "long man". The family was a book fan, and Confucius had been there, but Confucius came back without yang hu, the family's retainer.
Start a career
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about many issues of governing the country, and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous.
In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but was stopped by the doctor Yan Ying.
In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old.
Confucius ruled Zhongdu (now Wenshang County) for one year, and achieved outstanding results. He was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big Sikou, taking photos and taking care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken Sanhuan (,uncle, teacher), Confucius called it Sanhuan because it was the offspring of three sons. At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees, and adopted measures of "benefiting and" removing the three capitals. Later, the actions of Sandu were abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was exposed.
/kloc-in 0/3, Lu Dinggong of Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu to accept female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.
Travel around the world
Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he gave Confucius 60 thousand yuan, but gave him nothing.
Travel around the world
Yao didn't let him participate in politics when he took office. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen.
When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.
In the second year (Confucius was fifty-nine), Confucius left the country, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and arrived in the state of Chen, so he sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not in front of the village and the back shop. After eating all the food he brought, he had no food for seven days in a row. Finally, Zi Gong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius.
Confucius
Confucius and his disciples were spared from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful.
Confucius' family is very poor. Because of troubled times, the benevolent policy advocated by Confucius has no room for display, but during the three months of governing Lu, the powerful State of Qi was also afraid of Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is a well-deserved title of outstanding politician. Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius used to be a scout in the state of Lu, then traveled around the world with his disciples and asked Lao Tzu for advice in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty [7]. Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and started a private school, with as many as 3000 disciples, including 72 sages. Many of these 72 people are the pillars of senior officials in various countries, which have continued the glory for Confucianism. Among the "seventy-two wise men", Yan Hui is Confucius' favorite disciple.
(of a respected person) die.
During this period, Confucius paid attention to education and collation of ancient books. In the twelfth winter in Lu Aigong, Kong Li died before Confucius. Lu Aigong fourteen years, Yan Hui before him. Confucius felt it: "The people who followed me to Cai Chen before were not as good as the door." In the summer of the 14th year of Aigong, Chen Heng of Qi killed his monarch, and Confucius fasted and bathed for three days, pleading Aigong to cut Qi, and Aigong asked him to "sue". Confucius asked Ji Sun to send troops, but the result was met.
Confucius statue
Refuse.
In the first 480 years, another favorite pupil of Confucius, Luz, died in the civil strife in Wei State and was chopped into meat paste. After this series of blows, Confucius knew that his time was running out.
One day in 479 BC, Zi Gong came to see Confucius, who stood in front of the door with a staff. He said to Zigong, "Here, why are you so late?" So he sighed: "Mount Tai (that is, Mount Tai) is not good! The beams and columns are destroyed! The philosopher is dying! " Say that finish, shed tears. Then he said to Zigong, "Xia people were buried in the east sequence, Zhou people were buried in the west sequence, and Yin people were buried between the two columns. Last night, I dreamed that I was drinking between two pillars. I am Yin. "
Seven days later, Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. Disciples mourned for him for 3 years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for 6 years. [8]
2 major achievements
teaching
trait
(1) set up private schools,
Confucius lecture map
Recruit disciples.
2 "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is good at inspiring students to think.
He educates students to have an honest learning attitude and be modest and eager to learn.
He asked students to review what they had learned from time to time, so as to "review the past and learn something new".
Be angry, forget food, be happy, forget troubles.
When Confucius was 62 years old, he once described himself like this: "He is also a human being. He is angry and forgets food, and he forgets happiness and worries. He doesn't know that his old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius didn't give up because of difficulties. He was still optimistic, stuck to his ideals and even knew he couldn't do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But his poor and happy way
It can't be regarded as not seeking wealth, but seeking protection is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; You can't go anywhere unless you take the main road. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "
be tireless in teaching
1. Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching.
Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "How dare I be a saint and a benevolent person?" Never tire of it, never tire of teaching. "Confucius learned that there was no regular teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. Therefore, he said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Follow the chosen ones, and change the bad ones. "
go straight
Pictures of Confucius' famous sayings: from The Analects of Confucius.
Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself. Confucius established a moral theory with benevolence as the core with the idea of being kind to others. He is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful and sincere. " Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. ""The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of adults, but that of young people. " "Bow from the thick, lightly blame others" and so on are his principles of life.
Ideological system
trait
He put forward the theory of "benevolence, courtesy and wisdom", and "benevolence" contains the highest expectation for society and politics.
(2) He advocated "love" and asked the rulers to observe the people's feelings, cherish the people's strength and "govern the country by virtue".
He opposed tyranny and arbitrary execution.
(4) Put forward the core thinking method of Confucianism and follow the golden mean.
political thought
Its core is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". This strategy applies morality and politeness to the people, tightens the hierarchy, and completely divides nobles and civilians into ruled and ruled. break
Confucius lecture (7 pictures)
An important boundary between nobility and commoners has been established.
Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
Confucius' highest ambition in his later years was called "Great Harmony". In the Datong world, people all over the world love not only their families, but also their parents and children, but also each other and all the people in the world. Children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home. There is no fraud, no thief, no road to pick up, no door to close at night, everyone is honest with each other, talent selection, and the trip to the avenue is also a public service.
Economic thought
Confucius' economic thought mainly emphasizes righteousness over profit, and "seeing Si Qi".
Confucius statue
The concept of justice and benefit and the thought of "enriching the people" are also the main contents of Confucian economic thought. Have a great influence on future generations. Confucius' so-called "righteousness" is a social moral standard, and "profit" refers to people's pursuit of material interests. In the relationship between "righteousness" and "benefit", Confucius put "righteousness" in the first place. He said, "see what you want". People are required to consider how to conform to "righteousness" in the face of material interests. He believes that "righteousness follows", that is, it can only be obtained if it conforms to "righteousness". Confucius even argued in The Analects of Confucius, Zi Han, that it is necessary to talk less about profits, but don't shy away from them. Zuo Zhuan's Two Years of Success records that doing immoral things to get rich is like floating clouds, disdaining ill-gotten gains. Confucius also believed that the attitude towards "righteousness" and "benefit" can distinguish "gentlemen" from "villains". A "gentleman" with morality is easy to understand the importance of righteousness, while a "villain" who lacks moral cultivation only knows "profit" but not "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius, "A gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial." Some people think that since Confucius emphasized "righteousness", he must despise manual labor. This view is wrong. According to the Analects of Confucius, he was very dissatisfied with Fan Chi, a disciple who wanted to study agriculture, and called him a "villain" because Confucius believed that people should have greater ideals and pursuits and shoulder greater responsibilities. He wants his students to be value bearers, not farmers.
Educational thought
Confucius put forward for the first time in the history of China that human beings are similar in natural qualities, and the differences in personality are mainly influenced by acquired education and social environment ("sexual similarity").
Confucius gives lectures
Xi xiang yuan is also "). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "no education for all", founded private schools and enrolled more students, which broke the monopoly of slave owners and nobles on school education and expanded the scope of education to civilians, conforming to the trend of social development at that time. He advocated "learning to be an official" and went to be an official after he completed his studies. The purpose of his education is to cultivate a political gentleman, who must have high moral quality. Therefore, Confucius emphasized that moral education must be placed in the first place in school education ("Disciples are filial when they enter, filial when they leave, sincere and trustworthy, loving the people and being kind. Learn to write if you have spare capacity "). The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the moral standard, and "benevolence" is the highest moral standard. "Rite" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "ceremony". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ceremony" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward methods such as determination, self-denial, practice, introspection and courage to reform. "Learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating being shameless and eager to learn, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), and at the same time, he should "apply what he has learned" and apply what he has learned to social practice. He first proposed heuristic teaching. He said, "No anger, no anger, no anger. "This means that when students think seriously and reach a certain level, teachers should inspire and inspire them. He was also the earliest educator who adopted the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in teaching practice. Through conversation and individual observation, he understands and is familiar with students' personality characteristics. On this basis, according to the specific situation of each student, different educational methods are adopted to cultivate talents in morality, language, politics and literature. Confucius loved education and engaged in educational activities all his life. He never tires of learning and teaching. We should not only set an example, but also teach by example and influence students with our own example behavior. He loves his students and they respect him very much. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient teachers in China. Confucius' educational activities not only cultivated many students, but also put forward his educational theory on the basis of practice, which laid a theoretical foundation for China's ancient education. Because of Confucius' conservative political attitude, the reform of economic system also reflects conservative thoughts. For example, in the fifteenth year of Shandong (594 BC), the "initial tax mu" was implemented to legally recognize the legal status of private land, which was a major economic reform in the Spring and Autumn Period; However, according to Zuo Zhuan, Confucius recorded the "first tax mu" when compiling Spring and Autumn Annals, with the purpose of criticizing its "indecency". People are not rich, and you are not rich. It is also recorded in the Analects of Confucius that Confucius advocated "benefiting people", that is, doing things that are beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he advocated that taxes should be lighter, and the apportionment of corvees should not delay the farming season. According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius also preached to politicians at that time, demanding that politicians should not be too extravagant and pay attention to thrift. He said: "luxury is not inferior, thrift is solid." It is better to be practical than to feel inferior. At the same time, it also advocates "saving and loving others". This includes applying Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to the economic field.
Aesthetic ideology
The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", and the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, and taking literature and art as a means to change social politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment. Confucius believes that a perfect person should cultivate his self-cultivation in three aspects: poetry, ceremony and music. Confucius' aesthetic thought has a great influence on later literary theories.
Four subjects and ten philosophers
Virtue: Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong.
Words: Kill me, Zi Gong.
Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji (Luz)
Literature: Freedom in Xia Zi
(See Advanced Analects of Confucius)
High-legged disciple
List of Confucius disciples
Confucius counted "3,000 disciples and 70 saints", and there were more than 70 people who tested the Four Books and Five Classics, as listed below [9]:
serial number
Qinpizi
Father Qin Zi joined the army of Shu.
main work
Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he "narrated but didn't do it", he was praised as a "heavenly saint", "numerous heavenly eyes" and "a saint through the ages" when he was alive, and he was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time. Later generations revered him as "the most holy" (the sage among saints) and "the teacher of all ages", and thought that he was a combination of poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and happiness, and wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals as a preface to the Book of Changes (also known as Ten Wings of the Book of Changes or Yi Zhuan). The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. The Analects of Confucius, University, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are also called the Four Books. There are twenty popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Moreover, in ancient times, Confucius was the first person that children worshipped when they entered school.
He has many disciples, such as Zigong, Luz and Yan Hui. Mencius, revered as a "saint" by later generations, and two disciples of his grandson Kong Ji.
The first volume of the first Chinese book of the People's Education Edition has been included in the Twelve Chapters of the Analects of Confucius. Now the 12 primary school Chinese book published by Jiangsu Education Publishing House has included Confucius' famous words in Exercise 7. Now the Changchun edition of 10 language book has included four Analects of Confucius. The current Chinese language book on the first day of the first volume has included six Analects of Confucius. Ten Analects of Confucius has been included in the first volume of the third-grade Chinese book in the current Chinese translation.
Go sledding
A woman's mouth can run away. A woman's admiration will be defeated by death. It is easy to live, but it is time to die.
Zhege
Ten miles outside the mountain, the sound of flies is still in my ears.
Guishancao
Give your desire to Lu, and Kameyama will be built. What can you do if you don't have an axe in your hand?
Note: "Cao Qin": "Ji Gai-lu was delighted by his daughters, and Confucius wanted to remonstrate, so he retired and looked to Lu Guishan to compose songs." Cao Qin is a collection of guqin music, which was circulated as Cai Yong Collection in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Disc operation
Fish in low water, dragons don't swim. Cover the nest and destroy the eggs, and the phoenix will not stay. Grief rushed to my heart and restored my interest.
Note: See Cao Qin.
General engineering
He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu.
(The Analects of Confucius was collected by Confucius' disciples. )
prescribe a diet
Confucius attached great importance to diet. His dietary concept is complete and self-contained, involving dietary principles, dietary etiquette, cooking techniques and so on. , expanding the thinking space of China's ancient diet theory. The following is Confucius' classic exposition on diet:
Confucius emphasized that "food never tires of essence and taste never tires of freshness", that is, when cooking, Gu Mi should be carefully selected, and when cooking with raw materials with strong fishy smell such as cattle, sheep and fish, it should be cut into small pieces as much as possible. He requires careful diet, Excellence, and constantly improve the level of cooking technology.
Under the guidance of this thought, he put forward the dietary thought of "eight no food". Judging from the requirements of food hygiene, human health and cooking technology, most of his opinions are correct, but he thinks it is too careful not to eat wine and bacon bought in the market because they may be unclean.
Confucius also put forward some dietary ideas, such as "only wine is boundless, so it won't be chaotic". Although there is no need to limit the amount of alcohol, it should be moderate. In addition, there are "eating without words, sleeping without words" and "sitting without straight". Pay attention to eating and sitting, everything should conform to etiquette.
These dietary thoughts of Confucius have been fully reflected in Confucius' house. Later generations of Confucius respected his thoughts and ideas, formed their own system in diet and cooking, and formed a dish with exquisite production, rich nutrition and unique flavor, which was called "Confucian cuisine".
The ancestor of library collection
3-person evaluation
The Analects of Confucius
During the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in which Confucius lived, the political system based on blood clan in the Western Zhou Dynasty collapsed, while the Han ethnic group based on cultural identity was forming. This is the era when China people's cultural awareness first occurred. Classicism became fashionable, and some people began to think about the problems of heaven, life and world order. Cultural education, which was originally monopolized by nobles, is gradually flowing into the people. Confucius is the representative and master of the spirit of this era. He initiated a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period.
Confucius was a great educator. He founded a private school, put forward the slogan of "teaching without class", took the lead in breaking the aristocratic monopoly cultural pattern of "learning among officials" in ancient times, advocated popularizing cultural education among the civilian class, and practiced it. Confucius teachers and students had a great influence on the society, and they became prominent scholars for a while, forming the first Confucian school in ancient China.
In the long-term teaching practice, Confucius has accumulated and summarized many teaching experiences. He advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. He put forward the heuristic teaching method of "no anger, no anger and no frustration", that is, don't tell students ready-made answers easily until students don't understand. He also put forward many teaching proverbs that are still valuable today: for example,' it is better to speak when learning', emphasizing the importance of review; Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous', emphasizing the combination of learning and thinking; Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also', emphasizing the correct learning attitude; In a threesome, there must be a teacher, and choose the good and follow it; If it is not good, change it, advocate not being ashamed to ask questions, and be good at learning from others.
Confucius also collected and sorted out China's ancient poems, books, rituals and other documents, and compiled the history book Lu Chunqiu, which he read in his later years and made great contributions to the preservation and inheritance of ancient China culture. [ 1 1]
The Analects of Confucius is the main work to understand his thoughts.